Among the enrolled subjects (n=400), 17 dropped out, 8 dropped out in HFD group and 9 dropped out in LFD group by the end of the 12-week dietary intervention for personal reasons or poor compliance, leaving 383 subjects.
Clinical characteristics and nutrient intake before and after dietary intervention
After 12-week follow-up in HFD group, weight (P<0.001), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (P=0.037), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P=0.001), and daily nutrient intake, especially, energy intake (P<0.001) and carbohydrate intake (P<0.001) were decreased (Table 1). However, total energy expenditure (TEE) (P<0.001), protein (P=0.027), fat (P<0.001), and fiber (P=0.003) intake were increased. These result patterns were not showed in the LFD group after the intervention, except TEE (P<0.001) and fiber intake (P=0.037) were increased. Between HFD and LFD group, weight, BMI, energy intake, carbohydrate, and fat intake showed significant after 12-week follow-up and changed values (difference from baseline), while SBP showed significant only in 12-week (Table 1).
Serum glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, hs-CRP, and 8-epi-PGF2α
In HFD group, glucose (P<0.001), insulin (P<0.001), and 8-epi-PGF2α (P=0.021) had decreased after the 12-week intervention, while HDL-cholesterol (P<0.001) had significantly increased (Table 2). Unlike HFD group, there were no changes and significant differences shown in LFD group. Compared with HFD and LFD groups, HDL-cholesterol (P=0.003), fasting glucose (P=0.039), and insulin (P<0.001) were significantly different at the end of the 12-week intervention period. Besides, the changed value of insulin (P=0.020) was significantly different between the two groups; also, 8-epi-PGF2α tended to different after the 12-week intervention period (Table 2).
Triglyceride, HOMA-IR index, and adiponectin
Triglyceride (P<0.001) and HOMA-IR index (P<0.001) significantly decreased, and adiponectin (P<0.001) increased at the end of the 12-week follow-up in HFD group, while LFD group had not shown any differences after a dietary intervention (Figure 1). Between HFD and LFD group, the HOMA-IR index was significantly different at follow-up (P<0.001) and difference from baseline (P=0.016), as similar to adiponectin change was significantly different at follow-up (P<0.001) and difference from baseline (P<0.001). In the case of triglyceride, only at the end of the 12-week follow-up tended to differentiate between two groups (Figure 1).
Correlations among changes in BMI, HDL-cholesterol, HOMA-IR index, and adiponectin
In total, 383 subjects, changes in BMI and HDL-cholesterol (r=-0.146, P=0.004), and changes in BMI and adiponectin negatively correlated (r=-0.314, P<0.001) in a linear manner (Figure 2). Changes in BMI positively correlated with changes HOMA-IR index (r=0.154, P=0.003). In HFD group, only changes in BMI negatively correlated with changes in adiponectin (r=-0.271, P=0.003). In the case of LFD group, changes BMI and HDL-cholesterol negatively correlated (r=-0.161, P=0.016), while changes BMI tended positively associated with changes HOMA-IR index and negatively correlated with changes adiponectin (Figure 2).
Relationship among adiponectin, hs-CRP, 8-epi-PGF2α, anthropometric, and biochemical markers before and after 12-week intervention
All subjects in baseline, though adiponectin negatively correlated with weight (r=-0.150, P=0.009), triglyceride (r=-0.202, P<0.001), glucose (r=-0.140, P=0.015), insulin (r=-0.115, P=0.048), HOMA-IR index (r=-0.150, P=0.010), and hs-CRP (r=-0.129, P=0.026), positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r=0.162, P<0.001) and LDL-cholesterol (r=0.162, P=0.005). At the end of the 12-week intervention, adiponectin negatively correlated with triglyceride (r=-0.349, P<0.001), HDL-cholesterol (r=0.189, P=0.042), insulin (r=-0.236, P=0.012), and HOMA-IR (r=-0.215, P=0.022) in HFD group. However, in LFD group, adiponectin negatively correlated with triglyceride and glucose (r=-0.193, P=0.029; r=0.204, P=0.021, respectively), and positively correlated with HDL-cholesterol (r=0.352, P<0.001) after follow-up. In case of hs-CRP, insulin (r=0.191, P=0.019), HOMA-IR (r=0.199, P=0.015), and 8-epi-PGF2α (r=0.431, P<0.001) were positively correlated, and positively tended to correlated with triglyceride in HFD group at 12-week period. These result patterns were shown in LFD group as similar as HFD group after intervention. Furthermore, 8-epi-PGF2α was positively correlated with glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR (r=0.264, P=0.002; r=0.219, P=0.010; r=0.264, P=0.002, respectively) in HFD group at the end of the 12-week intervention, also, these relationships were shown in LFD group likewise HFD group.