Table 1 Mean metal concentrations in Lake water, forage, soil, cow milk, cow urine and cow-dung samples (water, milk and urine values are in mg/L whereas forage and dung values are in mg/kg)
Type of sample
|
Parameter
|
Al
|
Cd
|
Cr
|
Cu
|
Fe
|
Mn
|
Pb
|
Zn
|
Lake water
|
1.24 ± 0.12
|
0.05 ± 0.00
|
3.66 ± 0.18
|
0.44 ± 0.03
|
0.88 ± 0.08
|
0.89 ± 0.09
|
BDL
|
0.27 ± 0.02
|
Forage from lake-bed area
|
1037.04 ± 2.65
|
1.29 ± 0.12
|
726.40 ± 1.26
|
17.10 ± 0.22
|
1239.43 ± 2.48
|
77.95 ± 0.48
|
2.92 ± 0.04
|
29.86 ± 0.43
|
Soil
|
36061.64 ± 12.57
|
BDL
|
877.11 ± 4.68
|
75.42 ± 0.21
|
22396.11 ± 8.90
|
310.72 ± 1.03
|
7.76 ± 0.36
|
26.75 ± 0.24
|
Cow milk
|
7.08 ± 0.07
|
0.01 ± 0.00
|
0.18 ± 0.04
|
0.01 ± 0.00
|
3.31 ± 0.10
|
0.08 ± 0.00
|
0.12 ± 0.00
|
24.93 ± 0.02
|
Cow urine
|
4.78 ± 0.59
|
BDL
|
0.17 ± 0.00
|
0.01 ± 0.00
|
2.91 ± 0.11
|
0.22 ± 0.01
|
0.06 ± 0.00
|
0.35 ± 0.00
|
Cow-dung
|
1953.78 ± 11.32
|
0.50 ± 0.00
|
119.35 ± 1.04
|
61.54 ± 0.64
|
1940.11 ± 2.41
|
197.94 ± 0.42
|
8.55 ± 0.08
|
82.18 ± 0.82
|
*BDL (Below Detection Level) values for Cd and Pb are <0.005 and <0.05 mg L-1
Table 2 Survey results of estimation of total milk yield and self-consumption patterns from cattle owners
S.no
|
Cattle owners
|
number of cows
|
|
Number of people in family
|
Self-consumption of milk in L/day
|
Number of people consuming milk in family
|
Yield of milk in L/day
|
Adult
|
Child
|
Adult
|
Child
|
1
|
CO-1
|
2
|
5
|
2
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
2
|
CO -2
|
4
|
16
|
3
|
0
|
0.6
|
2
|
0
|
3
|
CO -3
|
2
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
0.5
|
2
|
1
|
4
|
CO -4
|
2
|
4
|
5
|
1
|
0.6
|
3
|
1
|
5
|
CO -5
|
1
|
6
|
4
|
2
|
0.5
|
2
|
2
|
6
|
CO -6
|
3
|
12
|
5
|
0
|
0.6
|
5
|
0
|
7
|
CO -7
|
1
|
6
|
4
|
1
|
0.6
|
2
|
1
|
8
|
CO -8
|
1
|
3
|
4
|
2
|
0.5
|
2
|
2
|
9
|
CO -9
|
4
|
16
|
4
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
10
|
CO -10
|
2
|
4
|
3
|
2
|
0.6
|
1
|
2
|
11
|
CO -11
|
2
|
10
|
4
|
0
|
0.5
|
4
|
0
|
12
|
CO -12
|
3
|
12
|
4
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
13
|
CO -13
|
4
|
14
|
4
|
2
|
1
|
2
|
2
|
14
|
CO -14
|
4
|
16
|
6
|
0
|
1
|
6
|
0
|
15
|
CO -15
|
3
|
14
|
5
|
1
|
1
|
3
|
1
|
16
|
CO -16
|
2
|
8
|
5
|
0
|
0.5
|
5
|
0
|
17
|
CO -17
|
2
|
6
|
5
|
2
|
0.5
|
1
|
2
|
18
|
CO -18
|
4
|
12
|
4
|
2
|
0.6
|
3
|
2
|
19
|
CO -19
|
1
|
4
|
4
|
1
|
0.3
|
1
|
1
|
20
|
CO -20
|
3
|
10
|
5
|
3
|
0.5
|
1
|
3
|
21
|
CO -21
|
2
|
6
|
2
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
22
|
CO -22
|
1
|
4
|
4
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
23
|
CO -23
|
3
|
12
|
3
|
0
|
0.4
|
2
|
0
|
24
|
CO -24
|
3
|
12
|
3
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
25
|
CO -25
|
2
|
8
|
3
|
0
|
0.3
|
2
|
0
|
26
|
CO -26
|
2
|
8
|
5
|
0
|
1
|
5
|
0
|
27
|
CO -27
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
3
|
1
|
2
|
3
|
28
|
CO -28
|
1
|
4
|
3
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
29
|
CO -29
|
4
|
16
|
2
|
1
|
0.2
|
0
|
1
|
30
|
CO -30
|
5
|
15
|
5
|
1
|
0.6
|
3
|
1
|
31
|
CO -31
|
3
|
12
|
4
|
2
|
0.5
|
2
|
2
|
32
|
CO -32
|
1
|
4
|
4
|
2
|
0.5
|
2
|
2
|
33
|
CO -33
|
2
|
5
|
3
|
2
|
0.6
|
1
|
2
|
34
|
CO -34
|
3
|
12
|
4
|
0
|
0.6
|
4
|
0
|
35
|
CO -35
|
1
|
5
|
6
|
0
|
1
|
6
|
0
|
36
|
CO -36
|
2
|
8
|
4
|
2
|
0.5
|
2
|
2
|
37
|
CO -37
|
2
|
8
|
3
|
2
|
0.6
|
1
|
2
|
38
|
CO -38
|
3
|
12
|
4
|
0
|
0.5
|
2
|
0
|
Total number of Cattle = 91
|
Total yield of milk
= 339 L/day
|
Total number of adults = 149
|
Total number of children = 35
|
Total self-consumption of milk by 38 families = 21.2 L/day
Mean self-consumption of milk by one family = 0.56 L/day
|
Adults consuming milk = 89
|
Children consuming milk = 35
|
Table 3 Market survey results of estimation of daily milk intake in child and adult from consumers
S.no
|
Consumers
|
Total milk acquired (mL/day)
|
Number of children consuming milk
|
Number of adults consuming milk
|
Total milk intake by child (mL/day)
|
Total milk intake by adult (mL/day)
|
1
|
MB-1
|
1000
|
2
|
4
|
100
|
90
|
2
|
MB-2
|
500
|
1
|
1
|
100
|
85
|
3
|
MB-3
|
350
|
0
|
1
|
NA
|
310
|
4
|
MB-4
|
1250
|
2
|
2
|
250
|
320
|
5
|
MB-5
|
1000
|
0
|
3
|
NA
|
310
|
6
|
MB-6
|
500
|
0
|
3
|
NA
|
135
|
7
|
MB-7
|
300
|
1
|
2
|
80
|
110
|
8
|
MB-8
|
600
|
0
|
2
|
NA
|
290
|
9
|
MB-9
|
1250
|
3
|
2
|
190
|
290
|
10
|
MB-10
|
750
|
1
|
4
|
150
|
125
|
Mean milk intake per child per day = 145 mL/day
|
Mean milk intake per adult per day = 206.5 mL/day
|
*NA indicates unavailability of data as few families do not have children
Table 4 Survey results of estimation of average daily intakes, excretions and milk yield of cattle from cow herds and owners
Cattle number
|
Food intake per day (kg/day)
|
Water intake per day (L/day)
|
Urine excretion per day (L/day)
|
Dung excretion per day (kg/day)
|
milk yield per day (L/day)
|
C - 1
|
20
|
30
|
6
|
8
|
5
|
C - 2
|
23
|
40
|
5
|
7
|
3
|
C - 3
|
25
|
40
|
7
|
9
|
3
|
C - 4
|
25
|
40
|
7
|
8
|
6
|
C - 5
|
27
|
30
|
8
|
8
|
6
|
C - 6
|
30
|
30
|
8
|
6
|
3
|
C - 7
|
25
|
40
|
7
|
9
|
2.5
|
C - 8
|
30
|
30
|
8
|
6
|
2
|
C - 9
|
25
|
30
|
7
|
8
|
2
|
C -10
|
30
|
40
|
8
|
10
|
2.5
|
Mean
|
26
|
35
|
7.1
|
7.9
|
3.5
|
Table 5 Chronic daily intake (CDI) of metals by consumption of milk from study area
Parameter
|
Mean CDI values
|
PTDIa
|
Child
|
Adult
|
Al
|
0.0684
|
0.0281
|
285
|
Cd
|
0.0001
|
0.0000
|
0.83
|
Cr
|
0.0017
|
0.0007
|
3
|
Cu
|
0.0001
|
0.0001
|
500
|
Fe
|
0.0320
|
0.0132
|
800
|
Mn
|
0.0008
|
0.0003
|
140
|
Pb
|
0.0011
|
0.0005
|
3.57
|
Zn
|
0.2410
|
0.0990
|
1000
|
CDI values in mg kg body wt-1 d-1
aPTDI values (in mg kg body wt-1 d-1) of the metals were based on JECFA (2003)
Table 6 Hazard quotient (HQ) of metals by consumption of milk from study area
Milk Samples
|
HQ for child
|
Hazard Index (HI)
|
Al
|
Cd
|
Cr
|
Cu
|
Fe
|
Mn
|
Pb
|
Zn
|
M-1
|
0.0588
|
0.0546
|
0.0008
|
0.0000
|
0.0354
|
0.0103
|
0.0000
|
1.0123
|
1.1723
|
M-2
|
0.0207
|
0.0349
|
0.0004
|
0.0097
|
0.0163
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.9772
|
1.0592
|
M-3
|
0.1509
|
0.0678
|
0.0015
|
0.0000
|
0.1148
|
0.0070
|
0.3457
|
1.1679
|
1.8556
|
M-4
|
0.1177
|
0.0739
|
0.0012
|
0.0000
|
0.0850
|
0.0033
|
0.3944
|
0.7024
|
1.3779
|
M-5
|
0.0637
|
0.1365
|
0.0009
|
0.0106
|
0.0412
|
0.0195
|
1.0360
|
0.3229
|
1.6313
|
M-6
|
0.0254
|
0.0890
|
0.0014
|
0.0000
|
0.0298
|
0.0053
|
0.3140
|
0.9915
|
1.4564
|
M-7
|
0.0060
|
0.0568
|
0.0007
|
0.0079
|
0.0054
|
0.0000
|
0.0237
|
0.4559
|
0.5564
|
M-8
|
0.1884
|
0.1072
|
0.0020
|
0.0000
|
0.0871
|
0.0050
|
0.5029
|
0.8657
|
1.7584
|
M-9
|
0.0221
|
0.0691
|
0.0012
|
0.0064
|
0.0193
|
0.0033
|
0.3536
|
0.8384
|
1.3135
|
M-10
|
0.0306
|
0.0578
|
0.0014
|
0.0002
|
0.0230
|
0.0017
|
0.1359
|
0.6982
|
0.9487
|
HQ for adult
|
M-1
|
0.0242
|
0.0224
|
0.0003
|
0.0000
|
0.0146
|
0.0042
|
0.0000
|
0.4158
|
0.4816
|
M-2
|
0.0085
|
0.0143
|
0.0002
|
0.0040
|
0.0067
|
0.0000
|
0.0000
|
0.4014
|
0.4351
|
M-3
|
0.0620
|
0.0279
|
0.0006
|
0.0000
|
0.0472
|
0.0029
|
0.1420
|
0.4798
|
0.7622
|
M-4
|
0.0484
|
0.0304
|
0.0005
|
0.0000
|
0.0349
|
0.0014
|
0.1620
|
0.2885
|
0.5660
|
M-5
|
0.0262
|
0.0561
|
0.0004
|
0.0044
|
0.0169
|
0.0080
|
0.4256
|
0.1326
|
0.6701
|
M-6
|
0.0104
|
0.0366
|
0.0006
|
0.0000
|
0.0122
|
0.0022
|
0.1290
|
0.4073
|
0.5983
|
M-7
|
0.0025
|
0.0233
|
0.0003
|
0.0032
|
0.0022
|
0.0000
|
0.0098
|
0.1873
|
0.2286
|
M-8
|
0.0774
|
0.0441
|
0.0008
|
0.0000
|
0.0358
|
0.0021
|
0.2066
|
0.3556
|
0.7223
|
M-9
|
0.0091
|
0.0284
|
0.0005
|
0.0026
|
0.0079
|
0.0014
|
0.1453
|
0.3444
|
0.5396
|
M-10
|
0.0126
|
0.0238
|
0.0006
|
0.0001
|
0.0094
|
0.0007
|
0.0558
|
0.2868
|
0.3897
|
Table 7 Principal component analysis loadings for the metals in the milk samples
Parameter
|
PC 1
|
PC 2
|
Al
|
0.873
|
0.277
|
Cd
|
0.214
|
0.944
|
Cr
|
0.821
|
0.186
|
Cu
|
-0.816
|
0.319
|
Fe
|
0.882
|
0.218
|
Mn
|
0.048
|
0.823
|
Pb
|
0.164
|
0.959
|
Zn
|
0.557
|
-0.603
|
Eigenvalues
|
3.585
|
2.792
|
% Total variance
|
44.810
|
34.895
|
Cumulative variance
|
44.810
|
79.705
|