Table 1: Literature Review of the case reports of EBM secondary to carcinoma prostate (till November 2023)
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S. No.
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Author (Ref), Year
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Treatment status of primary tumor
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Age (years) at presentation of EBM
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Presentation of EBM
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Treatment for EBM initially
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Bronchoscopic finding
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1
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Current Case
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Metachronous EBM with Gleason 3+4 (7) prostate cancer resistant to castration (radical retropubic prostatectomy with positive margins pT3b+N0), hormone/radiotherapy with metastasis to bone and lymph nodes under leurprolin
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73
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Shortness of breath and hemothorax
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Endobronchial tumor ablation as chemotherapy was not effective for his EBM
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Initially a distal bronchus intermedius mass arising from the anterior aspect of the airway occluding the orifices of the right middle and right lower lobes and later a small polypoid mass on the carina between the superior segment and the basilar segment of the left lower lobe
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2
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Freund et al. [3], 2019
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Metachronous EBM after 9 years with Radical retropubic prostatectomy (RPR) with bilateral pelvic lymph node dissection for Stage pT3bN0MX moderately-differentiated carcinoma of the prostate with seminal vesicle involvement and salvage external radiation therapy (XRT) for a pelvic nodule
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63
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Cough, dyspnea, and hemoptysis without chest pain.
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Hormonal therapy including Total androgen blockade, employing depot leuprolide and flutamide
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Endobronchial disease traversing the carina
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3
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Gerogianni et al. [4], 2008
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Metachronous EBM with radical prostatectomy done for T3aN0 Gleason 8 (4+4) prostate cancer 5 years ago with adjuvant radiotherapy followed by complete androgen blockade
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64
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Dyspnea and dry cough
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Chemotherapy including paclitaxel, estramustine phosphate and carboplatine,
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Mucosal and submucosal infiltration with multiple polypoid lesions in the distal trachea, both main, and the upper lobar bronchus causing partial obstruction of them. Widening of the main carina was also observed due to extrinsic compression caused by mediastinal lymph nodes
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4
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Hameed et al. [5], 2021
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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61
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Dyspnoea with chest tightness
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Hormonal therapy, Chemotherapy (declined by patient)
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Multiple tiny endotracheal and bronchial nodules in the anterior wall of the distal trachea and major bronchi
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5
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Asghar et al. [9], 2019
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Metachronous EBM with prior metastatic stromal cell sarcoma of the prostate with gluteal and bilateral pulmonary metastasis diagnosed 1 year earlier
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80
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Dyspnoea
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Cryotherapy
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Endobronchial lesion in the right main bronchus, causing complete collapse of the right lung
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6
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Kim et al. [10], 2016
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Metachronous EBM with prior metastatic prostatic carcinoma under treatment
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68
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Haemoptysis
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Argon plasma coagulation
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Large non pedunculated endobronchial mass in right middle lobe bronchus
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7
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Hatakeyama et al. [12], 2019
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Metachronous EBM with previous total prostatectomy for prostate cancer (pT3cN1M0, Gleason score 3 + 3) 20 years ago
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78
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Chest pain, weight loss and cough
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Hormonal therapy with degarelix (a gonadotropin-releasing hormone)
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Multiple soft polypoid masses and obstruction of the lingular segment.
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8
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Garai et al. [13], 2010
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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84
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Weight loss and haemoptysis.
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Hormonal therapy and bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy
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Mucosal irregularity with possibility of tumor in the right intermediate bronchus.
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9
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Takahashi et al. [14], 2001
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Metachronous EBM with previous radical prostatectomy
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73
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Haemoptysis
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Right upper sleeve lobectomy and hilar/mediastinal node dissection
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Complete obstruction of right B3 b with a bleeding tumor
the right upper bronchus and adhered to #11-S and #12 lymph nodes
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10
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Martinez et al. [15], 2016
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Metachronous EBM with s/p radiotherapy and brachytherapy for Prostatic carcinoma approximately 11 years ago
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80
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Pleuritic chest pain and dry cough
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Not available
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Left upper lobe apical segment endobronchial lesion
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11
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Shen et al. [16], 2010
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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72
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Asymptomatic
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Chemotherapy including docetaxel in combination with the hormonal therapy including goserelin and the bicalutamide
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Lingual branch of the left superior lobar bronchus
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12
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Ganem et al. [17], 2022
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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53
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Dyspnoea and back pain
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Hormonal therapy including Androgen Deprivation Therapy and radiation therapy to the lumbosacral spine along with chemotheraphy including docetaxel and other adjuncts including Denosumab with calcium and vitamin D supplementation
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Endobronchial tumor in the right upper lobe bronchus occluding the right upper lobe anterior and posterior segments and an endobronchial tumor in the right middle lobe medial segment
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13
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Jin et al. [18], 2020
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Metachronous EBM with S/P for prostate cancer 5 years ago with adjuvant hormonal therapy for 2 years
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68
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Cough and chest distress
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Hormonal therapy including Total androgen blockade treatment with goserelin and flutamide
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Multiple tumors in the bilateral main stem bronchi
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14
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Taylor et al. [19], 1990
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Metachronous EBM with Prostatic carcinoma post transurethral resection with normal bone scan
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81
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Dyspnoea and haemoptysis
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Hormonal therapy including Anti-androgen treatment and cyproterone acetate
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Mucosa of the distal trachea, the main carina, and the right main and intermediate bronchus to be diffusely affected by endobronchial carcinoma, though without reduction in calibre. left main bronchus was substantially narrowed throughout its length by endobronchial tumour, and the left upper lobe orifice was completely occluded
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15
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Yamada et al. [20], 2004
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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67
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Asymptomatic
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Not available
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Soft polypoid mass in the lumen of the right B6b ii, which was considered to be an endobronchial neoplasm
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16
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Perez et al. [21], 1995
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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72
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Asymptomatic for respiratory findings
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Endocrine/Hormonal therapy
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Bilateral endobronchial metastases, synchronously affecting both upper lobes,
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17
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Kwon et al. [22], 2000
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Not available
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73
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Cough
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Hormonal therapy (LHRH agonist)
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Central bronchi
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18
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Lee et al. [23], 2006
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Not available
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74
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Cough
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Hormonal therapy (LHRH agonist)
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Not available
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19
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Bonney et al. [24], 2017
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Metachronous EBM with prostate cancer s/p resection and salvage radiotherapy 3 years earlier
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67
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Asymptomatic detected on positron emission tomography (PET) scan
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Not available
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Bronchial tumor in RML bronchus
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20
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Bonney et al. [24], 2017
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Metachronous EBM with radical prostatectomy 10 years earlier
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77
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Asymptomatic with an intense pulmonary prostate specific membrane antigen uptake in the left upper lobe in PET scan
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Not available
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Large tumour obstructing the anterior segment of the left upper lobe bronchus
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21
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Lalli et al. [25], 1983
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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55
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Haemoptysis, cough, dyspnoea and weight loss
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Not available
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Many small polypoid lesions in the segmental and sub-segmental bronchi of both lungs, confluence of these nodules obstructing the orifice of the right middle lobe bronchus
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22
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Shaffer et al. [26], 2021
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Metachronous EBM with T2b prostate cancer 'successfully' treated with transurethral prostate resection and radioactive seed implants 4 years prior.
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86
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Recurrent fever, cough, and pleuritic chest pain
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Hormonal therapy with leuprolide
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Polypoid endobronchial mass obstructing the left upper lobe
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23
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Scherz et al. [27], 1986
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Metachronous EBM with pelvic lymphadenectomy and Retropubic enucleation of the gland, followed by radiotherapy to the pelvis and prostate over a two-month interval.
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67
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Asymptomatic for respiratory findings and incidentally detected while evaluating for bleeding duodenal ulcer
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Bilateral orchiectomy as per the national cooperative protocol as the patient refused cytotoxic chemotherapy
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Intraluminal mass observed to be filling the left upper lobe bronchus
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24
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Morrone et al. [28], 1996
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Synchronous diagnosis of EBM with metastases in bones, bronchus, lung parenchyma and hilar lymph nodes
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65
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Respiratory and urinary symptoms
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Prostatectomy with bilateral orchiectomy followed by hormonal therapy including anti-androgenic hormone therapy.
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Not available
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25
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Lee et al. [29], 1990
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Metachronous EBM with prostatic adenocarcinoma, diagnosed 3 years earlier during a prostatic transurethral resection (TURP)
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78
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Haemoptysis
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Bilateral scrotal orchiectomy followed by hormonal (estrogen) therapy
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Polypoid lesion in the right lower lobe of the main bronchus
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26
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Kenny et al. [30], 1988
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer along with bony metastases
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59
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Haemoptysis and dyspnoea
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Bilateral orchiectomy
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Edema of the carina and severe bronchial compression in the right upper lobe
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27
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Scoggins et al. [31], 1978
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Metachronous EBM with treatment of Stage IIB adenocarcinoma prostate with radiotherapy 4 years earlier
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58
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Cough and weight loss
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Endocrine/Hormonal therapy with diethylstilbestrol
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Widening of the carina and complete obstruction of the right upper lobe bronchus by an endobronchial mass
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28
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Hotta et al. [3], 2017
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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67
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Cough and dyspnoea
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Not available
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Not available
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29
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Egawa et al. [3], 1993
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Synchronous EBM with primary prostate cancer
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63
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Cough and dyspnoea
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Not available
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Not available
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Note:
1. Calculated Mean Age at presentation for EBM secondary to carcinoma prostate from the reported cases till date from the table excluding the present case was found to be 69.75 years (Range: 53-86 years).
2. The studies by Hotta et al. (2017) and Egawa et al. (1993) on EBM secondary to carcinoma prostate could not be retrieved via the internet so the specific study details have been retrieved from the literature review done by Freund et al. [3] in 2019. Likewise, a study on EBM from carcinoma prostate by Ciria Recasens et al. (1997) entitled “The endobronchial metastases of a prostatic neoplasm with normal radiology” has been omitted in this review since the paper could not be retrieved in English language and the necessary details for this tabulation was not obtained from the abstract (in English) alone.
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