Ethics approval and consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication:
Not applicable.
Data Availability statement:
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this article.
Competing interests:
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Funding:
I declare that there was not any source of funding for this research work.
Acknowledgements:
“Not applicable”.
Authors’ Contribution:
1. Ifrah Siddiqui (IS)* is the author of the study and contributed to its conceptualization, design, and methodology, as well as the literature search and referencing. She was responsible for writing, editing, and revising the manuscript, as well as delineating the findings, results, conclusions, implications, and all other aspects of the study. IS conducted data extraction and analysis, critically evaluated every aspect of the study, ensured adherence to relevant PRISMA guidelines, and addressed study limitations and references. Additionally, she created Figure 1. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
She investigated the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Ifrah Siddiqui (IS)* holds a Bachelor's Degree with a focus on Psychology from the University of Karachi, Pakistan. Currently, she is undertaking training/course in Health & Medicine from Harvard Medical School. She has a passion for investigating the disease mechanisms and psychological aspects of various diseases, with a particular interest in exploring the interplay of environmental and psychosocial factors in disease pathogenesis.
Email address*: [email protected]
Corresponding author: IS
Correspondence to Ifrah Siddiqui
2. Fatima Ahmad (FA) is the co-author of the study and contributed to the writing, editing and revision. She contributed to the background, results, discussion and conclusion sections of the study along with working on the findings, interpretation of the data and references. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
She contributed to investigating the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Fatima Ahmad (FA) is currently pursuing MSc Pharmaceutical Science at Kingston University, London, UK, and holds a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from Baqai Medical University, Karachi, Pakistan. Her ongoing research project in Kingston University is on synthesis of homoisoflavonoids for treatment of macular degeneration, and her other research interests include molecular biology and cancer chemotherapy, focusing on understanding the molecular mechanisms behind cancer progression and treatment resistance. Additionally, she explores the causal link between environmental factors and the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease. By employing advanced molecular biology techniques, Fatima aims to develop innovative therapeutic strategies for combating cancer and contributing to the advancement of precision medicine approaches that improve patient outcomes in oncology.
3. Nabeel Ahmad Khan (NAK) is the co-author of the study and contributed to the writing, editing and revision. He contributed to the results and conclusion sections of the study along with working on the findings, interpretation of the data and references. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
He contributed to investigating the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Nabeel Ahmad Khan (NAK) holds a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree from Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan, completed in 2015, and a Master's in Multidisciplinary Biomedical Sciences with a concentration in pharmacology from the University of Alabama at Birmingham, completed in 2022. His research interests include exploring the causal link between environmental factors and disease pathogenesis. Nabeel is dedicated to understanding how environmental influences contribute to the development and progression of various diseases, aiming to identify new therapeutic targets and strategies. Through his work, he seeks to advance the field of biomedical sciences by uncovering critical insights that can lead to improved disease prevention and treatment.
4. Almas Naeem (AN) is the co-author of the study and contributed to the writing, editing and revision. She contributed to the background, results, discussion and conclusion sections of the study along with working on the findings, interpretation of the data and references. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
She contributed to investigating the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Almas Naeem (AN) holds a Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) degree and completed an MPhil in Pharmacology from Dow University of Health Sciences. Her research interests span the fields of pharmacology, with a specific focus on in vitro and in vivo pharmacological models. She used different procedures involving cellular signal transduction mechanisms and treatment protocols as well as statistical techniques. Her previous hard work and demonstrated experience in pharmacology make her a central point in the immensely attractive field of nanotechnology.
5. Mahesh Kumar (MK) is the co-author of the study and contributed to the writing, editing and revision. He contributed to the results and conclusion sections of the study along with working on the findings, interpretation of the data and references. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
He contributed to investigating the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Mahesh Kumar (MK) is currently pursuing an M. Phil in Pharmacology at Salim Habib University in Karachi, Pakistan, and has earned a Master's in Public Health from SZABIST, Karachi. He previously completed his Pharm.D at Dow University of Health Sciences, where he developed a strong foundation in Medicine Management, Pharmacy Practice, and Clinical Pharmacy. Currently employed as a Pharmacist at the Health Department, Government of Sindh, Mahesh focuses on providing rational therapy to patients, improving medicine efficacy, and ensuring the provision of quality medicines. He is an active member of the procurement committee and has played a key role in guaranteeing that patients receive high-quality medications. Additionally, he served as the project coordinator for the establishment of the Trauma and Psychiatry Institute at a Public Sector Hospital. His research interests include Public Health, Mental Wellbeing, and Antibiotic Resistance, with a particular emphasis on Pediatrics.
6. Muhammad Usaid Khalid (MUK) is the co-author of the study and contributed to the writing, editing and revision. He contributed to the background, results, discussion and conclusion sections of the study along with working on the findings, interpretation of the data and references. The author reviewed and approved the manuscript.
He contributed to investigating the causal links between diet, physical activity, tobacco smoke, air pollution, psychosocial factors, occupational exposures, noise pollution, climate factors, urbanization, socioeconomic status, and the pathophysiological processes underlying CAD, including inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis, plaque rupture, and thrombosis.
Muhammad Usaid Khalid (MUK), a Pharm.D. graduate from Dow University of Health Sciences, focuses on the latest medical advancements. His valuable contributions in pharmacology, exploring different techniques and clinical trials in this area, are admirable.