Studies | Frequency | Intensity | Type (exercise, sets, repetitions) | Equipment | Time (min) | Pattern | Duration (week) | Progression | Adherence | Adverse events | Delivery of exercise |
Cormie2013 (43) | 2 | Moderate to vigorous intensity by RPE | 8 exercises, 2–4 sets, 8–12 reps | NR | 60 | NR | 12 | Intensity progressed every two weeks | NR | No | Group exercise supervised by exercise physiologists |
Galvao2021 (44) | 2 | NR | 6 exercises, 2–4 sets, 6–12 RM | NR | NR | NR | 48 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise physiologists |
Nilsen2015 (45) | 3 | 40–50% of 1RM progress to 80–90% of RM | 9 exercises, 1–3 sets, 6–10 reps | weight machine | NR | NR | 16 | Intensity alternated from low to vigorous in one week | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise physiologists |
Ribeiro2020 (46) | 3 | NR | NR | NR | 45 | NR | 12 | NR | 96.7% | No | Supervised by physiotherapists |
Segal 2003 (47) | 3 | 60–70% 1RM | 9 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps | NR | NR | NR | 12 | Resistance increased when 12 reps could be finished | 79% | NR | Supervised by fitness consultant |
Segal 2008 (48) | 3 | 60–70% 1RM | 10 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps | NR | NR | NR | 24 | Resistance increased when 12 reps could be finished | 85.5% | 3 adverse events | Supervised by exercise physiologists |
Taaffe2017 (49) | 2 | NR | 6 exercises, 2–4 sets, 6–12 reps | NR | 60 | 1-2min between sets | 48 | Resistance increased 5–10% in the next session | 69% | No | Supervised group exercise |
Winters stone2015 (50) | 3 | NR | 10 exercises, 1–2 sets, 8–14 reps | Free weights | 60 | NR | 48 | NR | 84% | No | Supervised classes |
Winters stone2015 (51) | 2 | NR | 8–10 exercises, 2–3 sets, 8–15 reps | Free weights | 60 | NR | 24 | Intensity for lower-body exercise increased from 4–15% body weight | 78% | No | Group exercise supervised by exercise physiologist |
Winters stone2021 (52) | 3 | Low to moderate intensity | 10 exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps | Free weights | 60 | NR | 48 | Intensity for lower-body exercise increased from 1–10% body weight | 72% | No | Supervised training by exercise physiologist or certified fitness instructor |
Cardiac disease |
Ades2003 (53) | 3 | 80%1RM | 8 exercises, 1–2 sets, 10 reps | Weight machine | NR | 2 min between sets | 24 | Resistance increased every 2 weeks | > 75% | NR | Supervised by exercise physiologist |
Pu2001 (54) | 3 | 80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | 60 | 2–3 s rest between reps and a 60–90 s rest between sets. | 10 | Strength was retested every tenth session to establish a new 1 RM. | 98% | No | Group exercise, and supervised by trainer |
CKD |
Gadelha 2021 (55) | 3 | Moderate to high intensity measured by RPE | 12 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Machines such as dumbbells, and free weights | 40 | 2 min rest between each set | 24 | Exercise intensity increased from moderate to vigorous | NR | NR | Supervised by experienced professionals |
Marinho2016 (56) | 3 | 60% of 3-RM test | 4 exercise | Elastic bands | NR | 1 min between sets and 3 minute2s between categories | 8 | NR | NR | No | Supervised by a physical education professional |
COPD |
Alexander2008 (57) | 2 | RPE = 12–13 | 5 exercises, 1 set, 12 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 8–10 | Resistance increased when 12 reps could be finished. | NR | NR | NR |
Casaburi2004 (58) | 3 | 60–80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 12 reps | NR | NR | NR | 10 | Intensity was adjusted every 4 weeks | NR | No | Supervised by exercise trainer |
Chen2017 (59) | 3 | NR | 6 exercises, 6sets, 8–12 reps | Elastic band | 20–30 | 1–2 min between sets | 12 | NR | 80% | No | Supervised by family members |
Frei2022 (60) | 6 | NR | NR | Chair and resistance band | 20 | NR | 48 | NR | 70% | No | NR |
Kongsgaard2004 (61) | 2 | 80%1RM | 3 exercises, 4 sets | Weight machine | 60 | 2-3min between sets | 12 | Intensity was adjusted every week | NR | NR | Supervised training |
Nyberg2014 (62) | 3 | NR | 8 exercises, 2 sets, 25 reps | Elastic band | 40 | 1min between sets | 8 | Progression was individually administered | NR | NR | Group exercise with supervision by physiotherapist |
Oshea2007 (63) | 3 | NR | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Elastic band | NR | NR | 12 | Intensity was adjusted when 3sets with 12 reps could be finished | 85% | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Zambom Ferrraresi2015 (64) | 2 | 50–70%1RM | 6 exercises, 3–4 sets, 6–12 reps | Weight machine | 90 | NR | 12 | NR | 96% | NR | NR |
Depression |
Moraes2020 (65) | 3 | 70% 1RM | 4 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Machine based training | 30 | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise physiologist and physiotherapist |
Sims2006 (66) | 3 | 80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 10 | Intensity was adjusted every 4 weeks | 58% | No | NR |
Singh1997 (67) | 3 | 80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | 45 | NR | 10 | Intensity was adjusted every 4 weeks | 93% | No | Supervised by principal investigator |
Singh2001 (68) | 2–3 | 80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine and free weights | NR | NR | 20 | Intensity was adjusted every 4 weeks | 94% | No | Supervised mixed with un-supervised training |
Singh2005 (69) | 3 | High-intensity: 80% 1RM Low-intensity: 20% 1RM | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine based training | NR | NR | 8 | Intensity was adjusted every 4 weeks | > 95% | No | Supervised training |
Hypertension |
Bertani2018 (70) | 3 | 75% 1RM | 9 exercises, 2sets, 6–10 reps | Weight machine and free weights | NR | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Mota2013 (71) | 3 | 60–80% 1RM | 10 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine based training, and free weights training | 40 | 30–90 s between sets | 16 | Load of exercise intensity increased every month | 95% | NR | Not supervised |
Oliveira dantas2019 (72) | 2–3 | Moderate to vigorous intensity by RPE | 9 exercises, 1–3 sets, 9–15 reps | NR | NR | 60-120s between sets | 10 | Training volume increased gradually. 5% load increase or decrease in each session | 100% | No | Supervised by physical education professionals |
Park2011 (73) | 2 | NR | 12–15 exercises, 2–3 sets, 15–25 reps | Elastic bands | 40 | NR | 12 | Not reported | NR | NR | NR |
Ruangthai2019 (74) | 3 | 50%-80%1RM | 13 exercises, 3 sets, 15 reps | NR | 60 | NR | 12 | Exercise intensity increased from moderate to vigorous | 93.6% | NR | Supervised by experienced trainer |
Son2019 (75) | 3 | 60–80%1RM | 9 exercises, 2–4 sets, 10–20 reps | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 12 | Exercise intensity and volume increased every 4 weeks | NR | No | Supervised by qualified researchers |
Thomas2005 (76) | 3 | NR | 7 exercises, 30 reps | Elastic band | 45 | NR | 48 | NR | 76% | NR | Supervised by a qualified trainer |
Timmons2018 (77) | 3 | 60%1RM | 6 exercises, 15 reps, | Machines based training | 40 | 30 s rest between exercises, | 12 | 5% load increase in each session | 90% | NR | Supervised by professionals |
Tomeleri2017 (78) | 2 | NR | 8 exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 reps | Weight machines and free weights | NR | 2-3min rest between each exercise | 12 | Weight was increased gradually for 2–5% in the upper limb exercises and 5–10% in the lower limb exercises | > 85% | NR | Supervised by experienced professionals |
MCI and dementia |
Nagamatsu2012 (79) | 2 | RPE:13–15 | 8-11exercises, 2 sets, 6–8 reps | Weight machine and free-weights | 40 | NR | 26 | By 7RM method | NR | NR | Group exercise by certified fitness instructors. |
Cavalcante 2020 (80) | 3 | NR | 7 exercises, 3 sets, 10–15 reps | Free weights and machines | NR | Rest interval between the sets: 60-90s; between exercises: 2-3min | 12 | The load was increased 2–5% for the upper limb exercises and 5–10% for the lower limb exercises gradually | 67% | No | Therapists supervised exercise |
Chang2019 (81) | 3 | RPE:12–13 | NR | Elastic bands | 40 | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | Not reported |
Fiataronesingh2014 (82) | 2–3 | 80%1 RM, RPE:15–18 | 5–6 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine and free weights | 75 | NR | 24 | Intensity progressed for each session | NR | 6 adverse musculoskeletal events | Supervised by experienced research assistants |
Mollinedo Cardalda 2019 (83) | 2 | NR | 10 exercises, 2 sets, 10–15 reps | Elastic bands | 60 | Rest interval between the sets: 30–60 s; between exercises: 50s | 12 | Numbers of exercise increased gradually, rest periods gradually shortened | NR | NR | Supervised by health and fitness professionals |
Chen2016 (84) | 3 | NR | 18 elastic band exercises | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 12 | Progressed from basic to advanced level | NR | NR | Volunteers or video |
Chen2016-2 (85) | 3 | NR | 18 elastic band exercises | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 24 | Progressed from basic to advanced level | NR | NR | Group practice instructed by volunteers |
Yoon2016 (86) | 2 | RPE = 12–13 in high speed group, RPE = 15–16 in low-speed group | 2–3 sets, 12–15 reps. | Elastic band | 40 | 1 min between sets and 2 min between exercises | 12 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised training |
Yoon2018 (87) | 3 | RPE: 12–13 | 8 exercises, 2–3 sets, 12–15 reps | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 16 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Osteoarthritis |
Baker2001 (88) | 3 | Moderate to vigorous by RPE | 7 exercises, 2 sets, 12 reps | Free weights and machine | NR | NR | 16 | NR | 84% | No | Not supervised |
Foroughi2011 (89) | 3 | 80%1RM | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | NR | 10–15 s rest between reps and 1–2 min rest between sets. | 24 | 3% increments in resistance per session as tolerated | 97% | No | Supervised by exercise physiologist |
Sayers2011 (90) | 3 | 80% for low speed group, 40% for high speed group | 3 sets, 8–10 reps for low speed group; 3 sets, 12–14 reps for high-speed group. | Weight machine | NR | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Vincent2020 (91) | 3 | 60%1RM | 8 exercises, 2 sets, 12 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 12 | NR | NR | NR | NR |
Calatayud2016 (92) | 3 | 75%1RM | 4 exercises, 5 sets, 10 reps | Weight machine | NR | 1 min between sets | 8 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Skoffer2016 (93) | 3 | 65%-80%1RM | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine | 60 | 2 min between sets and exercise | 4 | Intensity was individually progressed | 94% | No | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Holsgaard-Larsen2020 (94) | 2 | 65%-80%1RM | 4 exercises (unilateral), 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine | 60 | NR | 10 | Intensity was individually progressed | 93% | No | Supervised by exercise physiologist |
Van-Leeuwen2014 (95) | 2–3 | NR | 3 exercises (bilateral), 3–4 sets, 8–15 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 6 | Resistance was increased when the number of repetitions decreased (∼3% per repetition) | 100% | No | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Suetta2004 (96) | 3 | 50%-80%1RM | 2 exercises (affected leg), 3–5 sets, 8–10 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 12 | Intensity increased in the first 6 weeks | NR | No | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Peripheral artery disease |
Chteetham2004 (97) | 1 | NR | 7 exercises | Free weights | 30 | NR | 24 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Hiatt1994 (98) | 3 | NR | 5 exercises | Machine based | 60 | NR | 12 | Intensity increased every 2 weeks | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Hobbs2006 (99) | 2 | Moderate intensity | NR | Free weights | 60 | NR | 24 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Hobbs 2007 (100) | 2 | Moderate intensity | NR | Free weights | 60 | NR | 24 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
McDermott2009 (101) | 3 | 50–80% 1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 24 | Weight increased every month | 92% | NR | Supervised training |
McGuigan2001 (102) | 3 | NR | 8 exercises, 2sets, 8–15 reps | Weight machine, and free weights | NR | 1 min rest between sets | 24 | NR | NR | NR | Supervised by trainer |
Parmenter2013 (103) | 3 | High-intensity group: 50–80% 1RM Low-intensity group: 20–30%1RM | 7 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 24 | NR | NR | One adverse event during high-intensity RE | Supervised by exercise physiologists |
Stewart2008 (104) | 2 | NR | 5 exercises | Free weights | 40 | NR | 12 | NR | 79% | NR | Supervised home exercises |
Tebbutt2011 (105) | 3 | NR | Lower extremity exercise | Weight machine | 20 | 2 min rest between each exercise | 12 | NR | NR | NR | Unsupervised home exercises |
Parkinson’s Disease |
Delima2019 (106) | 2 | NR | 5 exercises, 2 sets, 8–12 reps | Free weights and machine | 30–40 | 1-2min between sets | 20 | Resistance would be increased 2–10% when 12 reps would be finished | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise physiologists |
Ni2016 (107) | 2 | 30–90%1RM | 11 exercises, 3 sets, 10–12 reps | Machine training | NR | NR | 12 | Resistance increased 5% every two sessions | NR | NR | NR |
Hass2012 (108) | 2 | 70%1RM | 6 exercises, 2 sets, 12–20 reps | NR | NR | 5 min between sets | 10 | NR | 100% | No | Supervised by fitness instructor |
Leal2019 (109) | 2 | NR | 5 exercises, 2 sets, 12 reps | Free weights and machine | 30–40 | 1–2 min between sets | 24 | When 12 repetitions could be finished, resistance would increase 2–10% | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise specialist |
Morris2015 (110) | 1 | NR | 3 sets, 15 reps, | Free weights and machine | NR | NR | 48 | NR | 90% | No | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Paul2013 (111) | 2 | 40–60%1RM | 4 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | 45 | NR | 12 | Resistance would increase 5% when 10 reps could be finished | 84% | No | Group and supervised training by physiotherapist |
Santos2017 (112) | 2 | 70–85%1RM | 6 exercises, 2 sets, number of reps adjusted by intensity | NR | 30–35 | 100-140s between sets | 8 | Intensity increased from low, moderate to vigorous by weeks | > 90% | No | Supervised by conditioning coach |
Sarcopenia |
Cebrià i Iranzo2018 (113) | 3 | 40–60%1RM | 10 exercises, 12 reps | Free weights and machine | 20–30 | 2 min between sets | 12 | NR | > 80% | NR | Group exercise and supervised by physiotherapist |
Chen2017 (114) | 2 | 60–70% 1RM | 10 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine | 60 | 2-3min between sets | 8 | Resistance was adjusted every 2 weeks | NR | NR | Supervised by professionals. |
Chen2018 (115) | 2 | 60–70% 1RM | 11 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine | 60 | NR | 8 | Resistance was adjusted individually | NR | NR | Supervised by professionals. |
Flor-Rufino2023 (116) | 2 | 70%1RM | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 10–15 reps | NR | 45 | NR | 24 | Resistance was adjusted every 6 sessions | 72.4% | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Huang2017 (117) | 3 | RPE = 13 | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 10 reps | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 12 | Resistance increased 20% progressively | NR | NR | Group exercise and supervised by physiotherapist |
Lee2021 (118) | 3 | RPE = 13 | 5–10 exercises, 3 sets, 10 reps | Elastic band | 40 | NR | 12 | Intensity was individually adjusted by RPE | NR | No | Group training supervised by physiotherapist |
Liao2017 (119) | 3 | RPE = 15 | 3 sets, 10 reps | Elastic band | 35–40 | NR | 12 | Intensity was individually adjusted by RPE | 97.6% | No | NR |
Mafi2018 (120) | 3 | 60–80%1RM | 8 exercises, 2–4 sets, 10 reps | Weight machine | 45 | 90 seconds between sets | 8 | Resistance was adjusted every 2 weeks | NR | NR | Supervised by exercise trainers |
Seo2021 (121) | 3 | Moderate to vigorous intensity by RPE | 17 exercises, 3–5 sets, 6–15 reps | Free weight and elastic band | 50 | 1 min between sets | 16 | Resistance was adjusted every 4 weeks | NR | NR | NR |
Vikberg2019 (122) | 3 | vigorous intensity by RPE | 8 exercises, 2–4 sets, 10 reps | Free weight and elastic band | 45 | NR | 10 | NR | NR | One shoulder pain, one knee pain, one vertigo | Supervised by instructors |
Yamada2019 (123) | 2 | NR | 7 exercises, 3 sets, 20 reps | Free weights | 30 | NR | 12 | NR | 81% | No | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Stroke |
Cooke2009 (124) | 4 | NR | 8 exercises,1–5 sets, 10 reps | Free weights | 60 | NR | 6 | Weights and volume increased progressively | NR | NR | Supervised by physiotherapist |
Ouellette2004 (125) | 3 | 70% 1RM | 4 exercises, 3 sets, 8-10reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 12 | NR | 85.4% | 4 adverse events | NR |
Severinsen2014 (126) | 3 | 80% 1RM | 7 exercises, 3 sets, 8–12 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 12 | Resistance was adjusted every 2 weeks | 80% | No | NR |
Sims2009 (127) | 2 | 80% 1RM | 6 exercises, 3 sets, 8–10 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 10 | Resistance was adjusted when 3 sets and 10 reps could be reached. | 75% | No | Group exercise supervised by fitness trainer |
Type 2 diabetes mellitus |
Bottom2018 (128) | 3 | 50–65%1RM | 9 exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps | Free weights and machine | NR | 60-90s between sets | 12 | Resistance was adjusted based on number of reps | 87.3% | No | NR |
Castaneda2002 (129) | 3 | 60–80%1RM | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | 35 | NR | 16 | Resistance was increased progressively with periodic weeks | 90% | No | Supervised training |
Hangping2019 (130) | 1 | Vigorous intensity | 4 exercises | Weight machine | 5–10 | NR | 24 | Resistance was increased progressively | 100% | No | Supervised by qualified trainer |
Rech2019 (131) | 3 | 50–65%1RM | 12 exercises, 2–3 sets, 10–15 reps | Free weights and machine | NR | 60-90s between sets | 12 | Resistance was increased progressively with periodic weeks | 74% | NR | NR |
Rodriguez manas2019 (132) | 2 | 40–80%1RM | 2 exercises, 2–3 sets, 8–10 reps | Weight machine | 45 | NR | 16 | Intensity was individually prescribed | NR | NR | Supervised training |
Yamamoto2021 (133) | 5 | NR | 6 exercises | Elastic band and free weights | 20 | NR | 48 | Intensity was individually adjusted | 87.8% | No | not supervised |
Zhao2022 (134) | 3 | RPE = 15–18 | 5 exercises, 3 sets, 8 reps | Weight machine | NR | NR | 48 | Intensity was individually prescribed | 76% | 8 adverse events | Group exercise and supervised by exercise physiologists |