Cardiovascular diseases have become the world's major source of morbidity and death (Alamgeer et al., 2013). Hypertension sometimes referred to as arterial hypertension is a chronic medical condition that elevates blood pressure in the arteries. This requires the heart to work harder than normal to circulate blood through the blood vessels. Hypertension is a significant risk factor for a number of cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, renal failure, coronary artery disease and stroke (Alamgeer et al., 2013). The risk factor in both gender rises with era. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), about one-third of the world's population is suffering from hypertension and owing to lifestyle modification the incidence has increased rapidly (WHO, 2011). Because of its effect on infant death and morbidity, hypertension continues to be a significant health problem in most nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) survey, it is projected that hypertension causes 7.1 million early fatalities and 4.5% of the illness toll per year (WHO, 2002). Hypertension raises the danger of multiple cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, heart failure, kidney failure, coronary artery disease, and depression. Hypertension threat variables increase with era in both gender, according to Alamgeer et al. (2013).
28% of the twenty-year-old male Sub-Saharan population is affected, in specific, by certain cultural differences, predominant in metropolitan areas (Fourcade et al., 2007). The ordinary blood pressure is below 140/90 mmHg in relation to this. The earth would be liable for at approximately 8 million deaths per year for arterial hypertension. The elevated percentage of individuals aged 60 and older who receive antihypertensive drugs/medicines for females is 46% and for males 38%. Many danger variables that cause arterial hypertension, such as unnecessary salt in meat, altering food habits with hyper-caloric drinks, age, overweight, smoking, or alcohol consumption. This pathology is often disclosed in severe cardiovascular or renal crashes that sometimes end up deadly. (M'Buyanba-Kabangu et al., 2009). Benin's public health concerns include cardiovascular hypertension-related illnesses (Fourn et al., 2005). One in four middle-aged adolescents in Pakistan are suffering from elevated blood stress (Jafar et al., 2005).
Studies in Ghana have shown that it is not known to many individuals residing with hypertension. For instance, the incidence of hypertension in Accra was 34%. Of this, 15% had earlier been infected with hypertension and 19% had not been treated (Aryeetey, 2011). Hypertension is listed among the top ten diseases in the municipality, according to the Hohoe Municipal Health Directorate. It also stood for one-third of all admissions in 2013. There has also been a rise in the amount of recorded instances of outpatient hypertension. The number of outpatient hypertensives at the Hohoe Municipal Hospital increased from 441 in 2011 to 2713 in 2013 (Hohoe Municipal Health Directorate Annual Report, 2014). The prevalence of hypertension in Ghana has steadily increased over the past two decades, with more than tenfold increase in reported new cases of the disease in public facilities, from 49,087 in 1988 to 505,180 in 2007(Centre for Health Information Management, 2008). However, a Ghana study showed that the prevalence of hypertension was between 25%-48%, with a higher prevalence in urban populations than in rural populations (Bosu, 2010).
Synthetic drugs are considered to have greater effectiveness but elucidates an amount of side effects such as dizziness and nausea.
Herbal medicines therefore, have become more important due to their convenience of accessibility, less side effects and cost-effectiveness (Kalia, 2005). As appropriate drugs for the therapy and avoidance of cardiovascular issues, recent focus has been concentrated on herbal preparations. Ethno botanical studies of different medicinal plants show their extensive use in cardiovascular disorder medicines. In America, Africa and the tropics, Persea americana (avocado fruit) is commonly discovered. The colour of the leaf is easy, bright and purple. The plant is mostly yellow or purple in a ring form. The plant has several species and can grow up to 20 m tall in its tree. Extracts from the plant's leaf and seed were discovered to be of excellent medicinal value in addition to the dietary significance of Persea americana (Owolabi et al., 2005, Ojewole et al., 2007). Persea americana fruit is discovered abundantly for its culinary seeds in Africa and other islands. They are considered to be wealthy in vitamin B, vitamin E and vitamin K. It is also recognized that Persea americana has fatty triol (fatty acid) with one double bond, avocadene (16-heptadecene-1,2,4-triol), and anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory characteristics have been studied. The curative impacts of avocado pear mentioned for high blood pressure are probable to be associated with these characteristics (Odubanjo et al., 2016). For example, people in Ghana are boiling the plant's leaf for consumption. While research on the plant's antihypertensive characteristics is concentrated on aqueous leaf components (Owolabi et al., 2005, Ojewole et al., 2007), no scientific report on the use of ethanol and methanol leaf and seed powder for hypertension leadership is available.
This research was therefore intended to explore the impact of the components of ethanol on the blood pressure of rats caused by hypertension. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the anti-hypertensive effect of ethanol extracts of Persea americana leaf and seed on rat model. Our specific objectives were to determine the phytochemical constituent of ethanol extracts of the leaf and seed of Persea americana and to determine the blood pressure reducing effect of the leaf and seed of Persea americana on hypertension induced male rats.