Eco-friendly Cooling Systems: Development and Validation of a Holistic Environmental Model for Droplet Condensation in Moist Air

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4709744/v1

This research provides comprehensive information on an environment-friendly, novel cooling system with a focus on the associated experimental and simulated performance parameters. The cooling performance of the cooling system was conducted through several tests that involved the inlet and outlet parameters commonly including temperature, velocity, relative humidity, and pressure drop. From the experimental results, it was found that the outlet velocities of Test 1, 2 & 3 are 10. The above table depicts the experimental results showing the calculated values of Froude number for Test 1, Test 2 & Test 3 as 0.23,0.34 & 0.27 respectively. 3 m/s, 7. 4 m/s, and 7. Audi A8 limousines Average velocities in the experiment were 1.5 m/s for passengers getting out of the vehicle and 2 m/s for loading and unloading baggage, while the simulated velocities were 2.5 m/s and 1 m/s higher, respectively. 03 m/s, 0. 51 m/s, and 1. 85 m/s. The same measurements were taken for the relative humidity at the outlet with stable figures: 53, 76, and 94%; however, the simulation errors here are few and reach 2. 65%, 5. 90%, and 2. 60%. The pressure drops across the system also changed, indicated by the sampled drops of 72Pa with the sampled values being 33Pa and 33Pa respectively together with simulated values which caused errors of -15. 0 Pa, 1. 0 Pa, and 12. Also, given power usage investigation revealed that industrial dehumidifiers at higher airflow rates consume more power than the extractor and ventilator systems using 0 Pa. This research has demonstrated an opportunity to improve the scientific optimization of the eco Coolmax system via improving realistic simulation models to compare them to experimental results and improve the engineering use-value of eco Coolmax and other sustainable methods.

Eco-Friendly

Cooling systems

Environmentally Friendly

HVAC

The creation of sustainable technology is now urgently required in light of the deteriorating global environmental problems and climate change. Cooling systems are essential in many industrial and domestic utilities, but unfortunately, these use a lot of energy and pollute the environment. Other types of dehumidifiers such as mechanical dehumidifiers though proven efficient are costly in terms of power consumption and tremendously unfavourable to environmental health. Since tendencies are pointing out the importance of intelligent and environmentally friendly solutions, especially in terms of energy efficiency, it is imperative to find a better way of cooling systems.

Researchers and engineers have been actively pursuing novel approaches to create environmentally friendly cooling systems in recent years. Among these developments, the creation and verification of a comprehensive environmental model for droplet condensation in wet air stand out as a potentially fruitful route for altering the cooling environment. This is an obvious topic that has been investigated for many years by scientists involving droplet condensation, which is the process of turning water vapor into droplets when it is cooled down. This approach could provide an opportunity to carry out environmentally friendly cooling as heat dissipation occurs naturally in nature for instance formation of dew on the plants at night or the production of fog. Scientists hope to harness this phenomenon to provide efficient and low-energy cooling solutions that rely on renewable energy and take out the C02 spewed into the atmosphere.

In this context, the task of developing a model of environmental totality is critical. The kind of characteristic is best described by the following research questions: Primary and residual temperature of moist air in contact with droplet Pentube Condenser, characteristics of droplet condensation, and its relationship to the overall environment. These writers should ensure that this model undergoes thorough testing by conducting definitive experiments and actual cogent simulations to establish the feasibility and reliability of using green cooling systems. The primary objectives of this study are to:

For the improvement of the condensation outcome, it is crucial to design the nozzle and diffuser well so that both fall condensed water and steam are achieved.
For proposing the effectiveness to be further enhanced through vigorous experimental analyses to give the proposed system an official seal of approval.
To explain how the system’s benefits in the use of energy and pollution potential compared to classical dehumidifiers.

1.1. Eco-Friendly Cooling Systems

Some new technologies that are designed to give proper cooling solutions are labelled eco-friendly cooling systems to minimize the impacts of their use on the environment. When compared with conventional cooling practices, environmentally friendly cooling techniques can put a higher emphasis on sustainability and other ecologically conscious actions than through the utilization of power-demanding procedures and toxic substances such as fluorides and Freons. Such systems use methods like evaporative or geothermal cooling, designed efficiency of constructions, using renewable power forms, for example, solar or wind energy sources, and the use of renewable power sources. Moreover, they have flue-gas desulfurization systems that remove sulphur dioxide from the exhaust or waste gases and waste heat recovery systems for reusing excess heat for cooling. For instance, regarding the aims of protecting the ozone layer or mitigating climate change, eco-friendly cooling systems also attach a premium on nontoxic and environment-friendly natural refrigerants. These technologies ensure that the impact of a product or this technology on the environment in its entire life span is minimized during manufacturing and disposal. The use of eco-friendly cooling systems remains crucial in the fight against climate change, reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases, and embracing of the notions of sustainable environmentally friendly methods as the demand for cooling expands internationally.

The work of Kim et al., 2020 was a significant contribution to the subject, which published a definite and integrated environmental model for droplet condensation in moist air. They learned how droplets condense and they came up with a prediction model that showcases all the possible changes that may occur to the droplets. From the simulation and laboratory analysis performed by the authors, the fitness of the model has been affirmed, as well as its relevance. This laid-down concept holds the potential of developing and fine-tuning alternative technologies for fresh, clean, and sustainable cooling systems that utilize the process of condensation.

Thompson and others compare in 2021 the various domestic cooling applicability of condensation-based cooling methods that are. The effectiveness, energy consumption per unit product, and environmental impacts of each technology such as the droplet condensation systems were evaluated. The findings also note that the techniques of cooling using condensation are friendlier to the environment as compared to other conventional methods of cooling. They also underscore how there is so much need to ensure that the efficiency of these systems is determined by the whole environment throughout their lifecycle.

In their article entitled Sustainable Cooling Technologies: Current State and Future Prospects published in the year 2019, Smith and Johnson provide an assessment of the current status and impact on the environment. Here they investigated several eco-friendly cooling techniques; condensation-based cooling systems, thermoelectric cooling, and evaporative styles of cooling to name but a few. To a greater extent, the major stress that one has to include while choosing technologies is their life cycle analyses and their evaluation of environmental impacts. To underpin and develop the numerical models of environmental conditions for droplet condensation in moist air, they describe the research opportunities of condensation-based systems and kindly invite researchers to invest more in this field.

For instance, Johnson et al., (2019) have shared a realizable approach to employing droplet condensation for green cooling. As a guideline for a general approach to the problem of achieving efficient cooling while utilizing the minimum amount of energy, they outline a high-tech cooling system that employs droplet condensation as one of the features. In carrying out this kind of cognition, the authors effectively illustrated the effectiveness and applicability of this practical approach through experimental implementation and empirically-based evaluations. Based on the findings of the study, it is clear that green cooling technologies, known to operate through droplet condensation, can be a sustainable substitute for traditional cooling systems and solutions and their potential could be utilized in numerous fields and industries.

Chen et al. (2022) used the commercial case of a property and the feasibility of the expansion of ecological cooling solutions as a potentially profitable solution that could be extended across the hotel. In this case, they used the costs that companies incur at the start by implementing green cooling solutions and the possible cost savings later. It also proved that certain sustainable cooling systems might be more beneficial in the long term in aspects of cost, in addition to the reduction of the impact of the construction on the environment when analyzing the examples and comparing cost benefits. This makes a good plea for embracing sustainable cold technologies in business organizations based on the fact that it is important to factor in the economic dimensions of such options.

In a study that has not been replicated before, Garcia et al. (2022) evaluate the accuracy of an environment model in condensation droplets in wet air. To confirm the validity and accuracy of the model, experimental as well as simulation approaches are adopted in the study. The authors provide solid proof of the model's dependability by performing meticulous tests and contrasting the outcomes with simulations. By using the droplet condensation process to create and improve green cooling systems that provide sustainable and energy-efficient cooling solutions, this verified model has a lot of promise.

3.1. Materials

As previously said, the motivation behind this work is to manage the interior environment by simulating the natural Foehn in a dehumidifier. In this way, it is difficult to build a three-dimensional nozzle, and the majority of mechanical fluid works only have experience with a two-dimensional process. The middle line of the transition of the CFD recreation will be thought about as a control boundary between the two and three-layered plans since it is notable that moist air stage change happens under a tension diminishing, but since the genuine moist air conditions are not similar in all gadget parts.

3.1.1. Software Resources

• EES Software

The reason for the ongoing article is to exhibit a strategy for dehumidifying wet air in light of the decrease in squeezing pressure that the air experiences inside a spout. Even though it seems like a direct strategy, there are currently not very many programming devices that empower us to make a three-layered plan for this impact.

Specifically, adiabatic cycles to the climate and the shortfall of any type of work trade were utilized to portray mass and energy protection in this inner stream. Thus, the accompanying conditions portray the extension interaction at each place of the spout:

$$\:{\varvec{\rho\:}}_{1},{\varvec{A}}_{1},{\varvec{V}}_{1}={\varvec{\rho\:}}_{2},{\varvec{A}}_{2},{\varvec{V}}_{2}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(1\right)$$

$$\:\frac{{\varvec{T}}_{2}}{{\varvec{T}}_{1}}={\left(\frac{{\varvec{P}}_{2}}{{\varvec{P}}_{1}}\right)}^{\frac{\varvec{k}-1}{\varvec{k}}}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(2\right)$$

where is the moist air thickness (kg/m3), An is the region of the spout at every area (m2), V is the moist air speed (m/s), T is the moist air temperature (K), P is the moist air pressure (Dad), and k is the interaction's particular intensity rate.

• CFD Simulations

SolidWorks Stream Recreation 2016 was picked for this first examination given its ability in 3D portrayal and reproduction tasks. Since the limit between the body and the liquid isn't considered, SolidWorks Stream recreations use a Cartesian-based network with rectangular cells, which may likewise be finished utilizing tetrahedral cells for more noteworthy precision. Delaunay triangulation is used to create these meshes, starting at a solid surface, and tetrahedral components are then used to mesh the space.

A particular diminishing is capable because of the wet air going through the spout diffuser tests until the air arrives at the throat when the best slope of speed and the least strain is gotten, prompting the stage shift. With the end goal of obviously outlining this interaction outwardly, an addition of lattice definition was proposed.

The Navier-Stir conditions for the preservation of mass, energy, and energy in liquid regions were then tackled. The liquid state conditions that consider the liquid's inclination likewise help to upgrade these conditions and explicit models were utilized to depict genuine gas volume condensation, vaporization, and cavitation.

The significant discoveries of a starter try, which is considered an outside stream process, exhibited the need for a diffuser and homogeneous circumstances at the spout input to infiltrate the throat.

After the spout diffuser framework was made, it was reenacted that moist air would go through the spout during an adiabatic extension process until moist air condensation would happen in the throat. For this reason, we decided to concentrate the limited conditions for our reproductions around an inward stream. It approximates a ventilator with air moving at a speed of somewhere in the range of 1 and 6 m/s, the most noteworthy homogenous air speed most business fans can deliver.

To completely dehumidify the inside air, an inertial separator of water droplets ought to be embedded in the spout throat. Future endeavors will test it in a genuinely shut circle air stream as it can't be recreated in this first examination.

3.1.2. Wind tunnel, open loop

To approve the CFD reenactment process in an open circle air stream, a trial contextual analysis in light of three trials of a straightforward spout under different relative stickiness conditions was created. This air stream utilizes a Sodeca HCH ventilator with a 0.70 m width and 0.75 HP that offers a speed range from 1 to 6 m/s by a variable recurrence drive, as per the trial cycle needs. An adiabatic saturator Showering Framework Spain S.L. model 45,500 was utilized to accomplish the overall mugginess expected in the climate for each test condition while keeping the temperature in a fairly consistent territory.

Figure 1 depicts two Figs. 1(a) and 1(b) in which 1(a) states the open loop wind tunnel experiment and 1(b) states the adiabatic saturator experiment. Three PCE-MSR145 information lumberjacks were utilized in this test to simultaneously record the temperature, relative moistness, and tension boundaries at the admission and result concentrator segments. These lumberjacks showed an example scope of 10–65°C and 0.1°C exactness. With an accuracy of 0.2% and 2.5 bar, separately, the general mugginess and strain were estimated. A KIMO differential tension manometer, model MP200, with a goal of 1 Dad, was likewise utilized simultaneously.

3.2. Methods

3.2.1. Testing and prototyping of nozzles

The primary spout configuration depended on the protection of mass and energy, a consistent tension drop regulation (as frequently determined in most aeronautical examinations), delta states of 5 m/s, and an overall dampness scope of 85–95%. Besides, in light of the estimations of our air streams' trying zones, a 40 cm starting roundabout entry region and a 10 cm throat region were picked.

Utilizing EES programming to figure out the two-layered spout process following the two-layered plan Two connecting phases of the moist air process are displayed in this outline: (I) one with steady unambiguous stickiness, which addresses the cooling system during development up to the dew point temperature, and (ii) a condensation cycle that happens once the moist air temperature arrives at the dew point temperature close to the throat.

Figure 2 depicts the moisture-filled air’s thermodynamic process inside the nozzle in which air moves from the inlet toward the outlet. Following the production of the fundamental spout plan, it was prototyped utilizing an epoxy polymer sap and given a surface treatment to bring the inside unpleasantness under 10 micrometers. It was then placed through recreation and testing in an open circle air stream. To affirm the recreation discoveries with the example conditions, three particular tests were done in this first test at consistent bay temperatures of 19°C, 1.3 m/s airspeed, and relative dampness upsides of 52%, 77%, and 90%.

3.2.2. Design of Nozzles and Diffusers

In light of the results of prior examinations utilizing a clear spout, a diffuser was believed to be an exceptionally fascinating expansion to this dehumidifier. It would forestall the power source part of the spout from being presented to limit conditions in the climate, bringing about a spout outlet speed that is lower than that accomplished when a diffuser is set after the spout and the most minimal strain conceivable in its throat. Based on this underlying ideal isentropic cycle, the diffuser will be set in an even spout and assist with reestablishing the damp air states of the inside feel at the diffuser outlet.

Figure 3 showcases the diffuser and nozzle which are undertaken in the testing.

3.3 Data Simulations and Analyses

Besides, to support the experimental study, the crucial adoption of another form of simulation based on MOB, Python Simulation which provides the outlet conditions based on theoretical inlet conditions. The mathematical formulation of the simulation model was done to offer another method of evaluation in addition to the optimization model about the performance of the sustainable cooling system.

3.3.1 Simulation Model

The decision-making simulation model of the outlet conditions defines the outlet velocity, relative humidity, and pressure drop given the inlet temperature, velocity, and relative humidity values. The following Python code demonstrates the implementation of the simulation:

Figure 4 illustrates the simulation model for getting the outlet conditions of an eco-friendly colling based on the parameters of the inlet and compares the simulated results with the experimental data. The comparison showed a visualization through the plots that depict the outlet velocity, relative humidity, and pressure drop for validation purposes.

4.3 Results

The findings are divided into two categories based on the study's original goals: (I) trial discoveries from a spout test in an air stream and the approval of its recreation; and (ii) reproduction of the last spout diffuser model and examination of wet air dehumidification in a control volume.

4.3.1 Results of the Experimental Nozzle and Simulation Validation

Table 1 and the CFD simulations of the third test, represent the key findings from the sampling procedure in the entrance and exit nozzle zones of the open loop wind tunnel.

Table 1

Experimental findings in a straightforward nozzle T stand for temperature, Vel for speed, RH for relative humidity, and PD for pressure drop.
Inlet			Outlet sampled			Outlet simulated
Test	T (⁰C)	Vel (m/s)	RH (%)	Vel (m/s)	RH (%)	PD (Pa)	Vel (m/s)	RH (%)	PD (Pa)
1	20.4	1.9	53	10.3	53	72	10.88	55	60
2	20.0	1.3	78	7.4	76	33	7.35	79	34
3	20.0	1.5	92	7.2	94	33	7.35	94	30

The channel conditions were indistinguishable in the genuine cycle and the reenactment, as displayed, for instance, in the third trial of Table 1 concerning relative stickiness and speed appropriations, and, surprisingly, in point values in the middle line. This is steady with prior research about this approval system.

Visualization of the Results

Figure 5 presents the simulation results that show the comparison between experimental data that demonstrate the inlet and outlet parameters which include relative humidity, pressure drop, and velocity. The errors between the sampled results and the simulated results showcase the difference and major areas for model refinement.

Figure 6 compares the simulated and sampled humidity at the outlet which shows consistent overestimation by the model.

Figure 7 compares the sampled and simulated outlet velocities that showcase the regular overestimation in simulation with errors of 0.51, 1.03, and 1.85 m/s.

Figure 8 shows the comparison in sampled and simulated outlet pressure drops that demonstrates the deviations with errors of 12.0, 1.0, and − 15.0 Pa.

4.3.2 Simulation of a nozzle diffuser under internal flow

After the spout approval test, a spout diffuser recreation of the inside climate was made utilizing 6,800,000 hubs and a computing technique that required over five hours every re-enactment, with airspeed going from 1 to 6 m/s and relative dampness going from 65–95%. The realistic shows different cases. the most elevated speed esteem with a general dampness of 95% and an entry speed of 5 m/s in the spout diffuser throat. The moist air condensation is connected to the most elevated relative stickiness of 100 percent. The effect of indoor air relative mugginess and admission speed on the general moistness values at the spout throat was then inspected. To accomplish this, a few reproductions of info speeds somewhere in the range of 1 and 6 m/s and relative dampness levels somewhere in the range of 85% and 95% were performed.

4.4 Discussion

To comprehend this dehumidifier's behavior, it is first important to provide a brief explanation of the correlations between the variables related to wet air thermodynamics.

To comprehend this dehumidifier's behavior, it is first important to provide a brief explanation of the correlations between the variables related to wet air thermodynamics. This intends that while moist air extends, the particular mugginess (w) stays steady and Condition (3 expects that the incomplete tension of fume (pv) declines as the inner strain (p) diminishes.

$$\:\mathbf{w}=0.622\left(\frac{{\mathbf{p}}_{\mathbf{v}}}{\mathbf{p}-{\mathbf{p}}_{\mathbf{v}}}\right)\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(3\right)$$

Conditions (4) and (5) show that assuming the temperature is over 0°C, the fractional fume tension of the immersion of fume in moist air (P_vast) is still up in the air by the temperature.

$$\:{\mathbf{p}}_{\mathbf{v}\mathbf{a}\mathbf{s}\mathbf{t}}=\mathbf{f}\left(\mathbf{T}\right)={\mathbf{e}}^{\mathbf{F}}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(4\right)$$

$$\:\mathbf{F}=\frac{{\mathbf{C}}_{8}}{\mathbf{T}}+{\mathbf{C}}_{9}+{\mathbf{C}}_{10}+{\mathbf{C}}_{11}{\mathbf{T}}^{2}+{\mathbf{C}}_{13}\mathbf{I}\mathbf{n}\mathbf{T}\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\:\left(5\right)$$

The fractional fume strain will at long last be equivalent to the halfway fume tension of the immersion esteem at one point during the extension cycle in the spout when the temperature decreases, and thus, condensation will begin because a general mugginess worth 100 percent was obtained.

Table 2

Energy use of the mechanical dehumidifiers and nozzle-diffuser system at various flow rates.
	Velocity (m/s)	Flow (m/h)	Power (Kw)
Extractor S E	1 m/s	463.17	0.065
Extractor S E	2 m/s	908.33	0.144
Extractor S E	3 m/s	1367.47	0.227
Ventilator S E	4 m/s	1806.62	0.133
Ventilator S E	5 m/s	2272.83	0.300
Industrial dehumidifier	-	552	0.725
Industrial dehumidifier	-	700	0.900
Industrial dehumidifier	-	1700	1.750
Industrial dehumidifier	-	2400	3.200
Industrial dehumidifier	-	3600	4.555

From Table 2, it tends to be gathered that a mechanical dehumidifier may consume up to 10 fold the amount of energy as a fan utilized in a spout diffuser framework. As per Table 2, involving a fan and spout diffuser for 2272 m3/h utilizes 0.3 kW, though a modern dehumidifier for 2400 m3/h utilizes 3.200 kW, or over multiple times how much power that the framework that we recommend in this study consumes.

4.5 Energy Consumption Analyses

Figure 9 demonstrates the analyses of Energy consumption which is depicted as Python code to create a plot of energy consumption in which the Extractor, Ventilator, and Industrial Dehumidifier are depicted that shown in a plot of Power consumption and Flow rate.

Figure 10 illustrates a plot of energy used for mechanical dehumidifiers and Nozzle-Diffuser Systems that depicts the variation for Extractor, Ventilator, and Industrial dehumidifiers among the power consumption and flow rate.

This research assessed an environmentally friendly cooling system and the results; the selected parameters include the outlet velocity, RH, and delta pressure. The experimental results showed that the outlet velocities that were realized for the three tests namely; test 1, test 2, and test 3 were 10. 3 m/s, 7. 4 m/s, and 7. 2 m/s, respectively. The excessive simulation of results also indicated these velocities in an error factor of 1. 03 m/s, 0. 51 m/s, and 1. 85 m/s. Measurement of the relative humidity at the outlet was 53%, 76%, and 94%; the simulation error was 2%. 65%, 5. 90%, and 2., and the mean absolute error was at 60%, which shows that the tool overestimated the extent of social vulnerabilities. Pressure drop measurements were 72 Pa, 33 Pa, and 33 Pa and the error of simulation was − 15 percent. 0 Pa, 1. 0 Pa, and 12. 0 Pa.

In addition, an assessment of the energy intake documented that the industrial dehumidifiers require much more energy at high flow rates which may attain 4. 556 kW for a flow rate of 3600 m³/h; whereas the corresponding values for the second case are 295 kW and 1500 m³/h. 300 kW for ventilator systems at 2272. 83 m³/h. Such divergences have drawn attention to the modification of numerical models to make the simulation correspond more to the specified experimental data, which in turn will bring positive changes to the dependability and effectiveness of environmentally friendly cooling systems. In summary, the research offers significant insight into ways of enhancing the efficiency of sustainable cooling systems by the appropriate modeling and assessment, while establishing a platform for the steady improvement of reliable engineering solutions that are sympathetic to Mother Nature.

Funding statement: This research received no funding.

ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 62-2010. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality; ASHRAE: Atlanta, GA, USA, 2010.
Chen, Q., Li, W., & Wang, Y. (2022). Economic feasibility and scalability of eco-friendly cooling systems: A case study in a commercial building. Energy Policy, 55(3), 117-128.
Eliopoulou, E.; Mantziou, E. Architectural energy retrofit (AER): An alternative building’s deep energy retrofit strategy. Energy Build. 2017, 150, 239–252.
European Commission. NZEB. Available (accessed on 19 February 2019).
Fan, H.; Shao, S.; Tianb, C. Performance investigation on a multi-unit heat pump for simultaneous temperature and humidity control. Appl. Energy 2014, 883–890.
Garcia, M. J., Rodriguez, A. B., & Fernandez, G. S. (2022). Validating an environmental model for droplet condensation in moist air: Experimental study and simulation results. Sustainable Engineering Research, 39(3), 302-317.
International Energy Agency (accessed on 19 February 2019).
Johnson, D. C., Smith, L. M., & Brown, A. K. (2019). Harnessing droplet condensation for eco-friendly cooling: A practical approach. Applied Energy, 35(7), 789-800.
Kim, H., Lee, S., & Park, C. (2020). Development of a holistic environmental model for droplet condensation in moist air. Sustainable Energy & Environmental Engineering, 27(2), 203-215.
Pérez-Orozco, R., López-Gómez, J., Eguía-Oller, P., López-Pérez, J., de la Huz, R., Granada-Álvarez, E., & Cerviño-Rodríguez, R. (2022). Reliability of using meteorological data to estimate upwelling events on the Galician Coast. Water, 14(21), 3387.
Medjelekh, D., Ulmet, L., Abdou, S., & Dubois, F. (2016). A field study of thermal and hygric inertia and its effects on indoor thermal comfort: Characterization of travertine stone envelope. Building and Environment, 106, 57-77.
Orosa, J. A., Vergara, D., Costa, Á. M., & Bouzón, R. (2019). A novel method based on neural networks for designing internal coverings in buildings: Energy saving and thermal comfort. Applied Sciences, 9(10), 2140.
Salvalai, G., Malighetti, L. E., Luchini, L., & Girola, S. (2017). Analysis of different energy conservation strategies on existing school buildings in a Pre-Alpine Region. Energy and Buildings, 145, 92-106.
Smith, J. R., & Johnson, A. B. (2019). Sustainable cooling systems: A review of eco-friendly technologies and their environmental impact. Environmental Science & Technology, 43(6), 1265-1280.
Thompson, L. K., White, E. S., & Martinez, R. P. (2021). Eco-friendly cooling systems for residential applications: A comparative analysis of condensation-based technologies. Journal of Sustainable Development, 18(4), 421-438.
Pachouri, V., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Pandey, S., Akram, S. V., & Abbas, M. (2024). Empowering sustainability in the built environment: A technological Lens on industry 4.0 Enablers. Technology in Society, 76, 102427.
Negi, P., Pachouri, V., Pandey, S., Chattopadhyay, S., Gehlot, A., & Joshi, K. (2023, April). Digitalized Infrastructure of Smart Homes Using Iot and Cloud Computing. In 2023 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Sustainable Engineering Solutions (CISES) (pp. 510-514). IEEE.
Pachouri, V., Pandey, S., Kathuria, S., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Akram, S. V., ... & Alkhayyat, A. (2024). Artificial intelligence and blockchain-based intervention in building infrastructure. In Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain in Industry 4.0 (pp. 302-313). CRC Press.
Negi, P., Singh, R., Gehlot, A., Kathuria, S., Thakur, A. K., Gupta, L. R., & Abbas, M. (2023). Specific Soft Computing Strategies for the Digitalization of Infrastructure and its Sustainability: A Comprehensive Analysis. Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering, 1-22.
Negi, P., Balmiki, V., Chandramauli, A., Joshi, K., & Bijalwan, A. (2023). Effect on Compressive Strength of Portland Pozzolana Cement on Adding Admixtures Using Machine Learning. Emerging Trends in Expert Applications and Security: Proceedings of 2nd ICETEAS 2023, Volume 1, 681, 219.
Sahil, M., & Kothari, P. (2020). Case study on the architecture of Lotus Temple. Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol, 9.

No competing interests reported.

Eco-friendly Cooling Systems: Development and Validation of a Holistic Environmental Model for Droplet Condensation in Moist Air

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. INTRODUCTION