Hybrid post-processing effects of electropolishing-assisted magnetic abrasive finishing using CNTs-Co abrasive on stainless steel 316 surface

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4727946/v1

The magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) process has potential as an advanced surface finishing technique, capable of achieving micro/nano-level finishes with minimal residual effects. However, it faces limitations in surface accuracy and finishing efficiency, especially with advanced materials used in engineering industries. To address these issues, recent trends in the MAF process focus on hybridizations that integrate techniques such as chemo-assisted MAF, electrochemical-assisted MAF, and ultrasonic-assisted MAF. These approaches aim to increase the material removal rate and obtain better surface conditions. This study examined an electropolishing-assisted MAF process using carbon nanotubes and cobalt composites to achieve fine surfaces on stainless steel (SS) 316. The experimental approach explored the effects and interactions of process parameters, which affect mechanical finishing and electrochemical reactions on surface improvement. It was concluded that the main contribution was the magnetic flux density for 30 minutes. In addition, a 32.9% reduction in surface roughness R_α from 0.210 µm to 0.141 µm was obtained under the optimal condition. Thus, it demonstrates that the proposed hybrid finishing process significantly improves the surface quality of SS316 and has potential for various industrial applications.

Hybrid post-processing

Magnetic abrasive finishing

Electropolishing

Carbon nanotubes with cobalt

Surface finishing performance

With the rapid advancement of industry, there is a growing demand for high-precision manufacturing technologies in various fields such as aerospace, semiconductors, display technologies, and optics. Simultaneously, materials with characteristics like high strength-to-weight ratio, toughness, and high hardness, which are popular in various industries, present significant challenges to finishing processes. As a result, research on ultra-precision and micro-manufacturing technologies is actively being investigated to achieve superior accuracy and surface quality.[1]

Magnetic abrasive finishing (MAF) is known for its effectiveness and feasibility in achieving high surface quality. It utilizes a magnetized flexible tool that aligns fine abrasives and magnetic particles along magnetic field lines, allowing for the fine surface regardless of the shape and material of the workpiece [2, 3]. Gao et al. established a theoretical prediction model for material removal and compared the experimental results to yield a fine surface on an stainless steel (SS) 304 planar workpiece using a bonded type of spherical abrasive. As a result, the theoretical and experimental values were found to be in good agreement, and atomized diamond abrasives demonstrated superior finishing performance compared to CBN and alumina particles [4]. Xie and Zou studied the reduction in surface roughness and material removal efficiency of austenitic SS by applying sinusoidal and square waveforms for AC current, as well as a DC current waveform. The result indicated that the best surface finishing performance was achieved with the square wave due to the faster magnetic cluster fluctuation speed [5]. Nagdeve et al. developed a novel fixture to significantly enhance the surface roughness of a cylindrical aluminum shaft. It presented that the surface roughness reduction reached about 76% [6]. Deng et al. examined the MAF process for the inner surface of Ni-Ti alloy cardiovascular stent tubes. It revealed that the surface roughness was reduced from 0.75 µm to 0.08 µm after 180 minutes of the finishing process. [7]. Singh et al. conducted a numerical study to evaluate the effect of surface temperature and magnetic field on an aluminum alloy workpiece. The results showed the excellent consistency between the simulation results and experimental verification, with over 90% accuracy [8]. Based on previous research, it has been proven that the conventional MAF process yields high-quality surfaces. However, it still has limitations in terms of finishing efficiency and surface accuracy when applied to difficult-to-cut materials, such as superalloys and stainless steels [9, 10].

Attempts are being made to develop hybrid finishing processes that integrate multiple techniques to satisfy the demand for high quality and finishing efficiency simultaneously. The MAF with an electrochemical process has prominent advantages for most metallic materials, which improves finishing performance and efficiency in a single operation. In this advanced finishing process, the electrochemical reaction flattens the workpiece peaks by dissolution. In addition, a passive film forms on the surface, where hardness is less than the base material. This film layer is then easily removed by abrasive particles [11, 12]. Chaudhari and Judal developed a mathematical model using response surface methodology to predict material removal and surface roughness of non-ferrous cylindrical shape. The results indicated that the major contributions of surface improvement were working gap and electrolytic current [13]. Muhamad et al. claimed that the electrochemical assisted MAF process was a feasible approach to reducing surface roughness on an inner aluminum pipe in a short time [14]. Chaudhari and Judal developed an advanced cylindrical apparatus for a stable finishing process. It concluded that a newly developed setup was feasible and adequate for cylindrical stainless steel(SS) 304, achieving a maximum surface improvement of 0.239 µm and a material removal of 49.4 mg [15]. Judal and Yadava established a simulation model to predict the surface roughness and material removal of AISI-420 SS based on anodic current, magnetic flux density, and rotational speed under various current electromagnet. It demonstrated that simulation results corresponded with experimental findings [16]. Du et al. conducted a lot of experimental studies on the surface improvement of nickel-based superalloys. According to the experimental results, the surface quality was significantly improved by 75% and it provided better surface finishing compared to the single MAF process [17].

While previous studies have extensively explored the MAF process combined with electrochemical reactions, there remains a notable gap in research concerning their application to freeform surfaces and micro molds. Therefore, in this study, spherical carbon nanotubes and cobalt (CNTs-Co) are applied as abrasive particles to investigate the effects on the hybrid post-processing of SS 316 surface, a difficult-to-machine material commonly used in micro mold applications. In order to study characteristics of the finishing process and optimize a condition for achieving a fine surface, this study is organized as follows. Chapter 2 provides a brief overview of the operating mechanism of suggested the hybrid finishing process. Chapter 3 presents experimental setup and conditions used in this study. Chapter 4 describes the effects of various process parameters, such as voltage, electrolytic concentration, magnetic flux density, rotational speed, feed rate, working gap, on surface roughness improvement. Chapter 5 identifies the main contributions and optimum process parameters by adopting Taguchi’s orthogonal array and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chapter 6 concludes with the observations of this study.

This study proposes an electropolishing-assisted MAF process using CNTs-Co composites to improve the surface quality of hard-to-machine materials. This hybrid finishing process combines mechanical surface finishing and electrochemical dissolution, occurring simultaneously. Thus, it leads to higher finishing efficiency and surface roughness improvement compared to conventional individual surface finishing processes.

Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of an operating mechanism. The main components of the apparatus include an electric magnetic inductor, a BLDC motor, a DC power supply, an electrolyte tank, and a

container. The electric magnetic inductor generates magnetic force and is controlled by the BLDC motor, allowing rotation in both directions. The magnetic flux density in the finishing region varies based on the number of permanent magnets attached to the end of the magnetic inductor. When CNTs-Co composites are supplied in the form of slurry into the working gap between the magnetized tool and the workpiece, the composites align into a chain structure due to the magnetic force. This alignment allows for mechanical surface finishing through the rotation of the tool. The flexible composites makes it suitable for applications on freeform surfaces, patterns, and microchannels, with minimal residual stress. The DC power supply is used for electrochemical material removal, and the electrolyte tank with a filter is employed for electrolyte circulation. Sludge formed by electrochemical dissolution and chips produced in mechanical surface finishing process disrupt electrochemical reactions and restrict electrolyte circulation. Consequently, there is a risk of surface damage due to the intense thermal energy generated by an increased resistance. Therefore, the circulation of the electrolyte during the finishing process significantly affects surface finishing efficiency and surface quality improvement. To address this problem, chips and sludge are discharged from the magnetic field by a pump, while the surrounding electrolyte fills the voids, maintaining a consistent density of CNTs-Co composites within the magnetic field. The surface finishing process takes place within the container that is equipped with the micro finishing device capable of adjusting linear movement along both the x and y axes. These rotational and linear motions improve surface roughness for complex geometries of the workpiece.

Based on the aforementioned operating mechanism, the total energy acting on CTNs-Co composites in this hybrid finishing process is represented as the sum of three main energies: $\:{W}_{m}$, $\:\:{W}_{r}$, and $\:{W}_{e}$, as shown in Eq. (1).

$$\:{W}_{total}={W}_{m}+{W}_{r}+{W}_{e}$$

1

$\:{W}_{m}$ denotes the energy related to mechanical surface finishing process, where CNTs-Co composites align along the magnetic field lines and maintain tension due to attractive forces. The abrasive pressure and strength on CNTs-Co composites are affected by the magnitude of $\:{W}_{m}$. As the magnetized tool rotates, the mechanical surface finishing process occurs at the tip of the composites, as depicted in Fig. 2.

$\:{W}_{r}$ signifies the repulsive energy between CNTs-Co composites. Within the magnetic field, CNTs-Co composites and the electrolyte maintain a consistent density influenced by $\:{W}_{m}$ and $\:{W}_{r}$. However, when $\:{W}_{m}$ exceeds $\:{W}_{r}$, the quantity of composites increases, resulting in higher density. The large amount of composites within the magnetic field restricts electrolyte circulation. As a result, surface damage can be accelerated due to increased resistance and higher thermal energy.

$\:{W}_{e}$ play an important role in the electrochemical finishing process. When current is applied to the magnetized tool and workpiece connected to the cathode and anode, respectively, electrons from the tool move toward CNTs-Co composites and the electrolyte, inducing electrochemical dissolution on the workpiece surface. $\:{W}_{e}$ can be controlled via voltage adjustments, allowing control over the magnitude of electrochemical removal depending on voltage variations. In addition, bubbles generated by electrochemical reactions, as depicted in Fig. 2, cause CNTs-Co composites to float upward due to buoyancy, filling voids with new CNTs-Co composites. This cyclic circulation of abrasive particles eliminates the need for dressing and facilitates to easy discharge of chips and sludge.

Figure 3 represents the external view of the experimental setup and the finishing region of the electropolishing-assisted MAF process aimed at achieving an ultra-smooth surface of SS316 used in this study. The electrolyte used in typical electropolishing depends largely on the metal material and finishing objectives. In the hybridization of the MAF process suggested in this study, the adequate electrolyte should be selected, taking into consideration the CNTs-Co composites, as shown in Fig. 4(a). In these composites, ferromagnetic cobalt serves as magnetic particles, and CNTs, known for their excellent mechanical and electrical properties, serve as abrasives. Based on the preliminary experiments, the acidic solution based on HNO₃ was found unsuitable for achieving surface finishing performance as it dissolved the cobalt particles. The alkaline electrolyte solution such as NaOH led to deformations in the CNTs-Co composites, resulting in reduced finishing efficiency and surface quality. Therefore, in this study, NaNO₃, a neutral salt solution that maintains the shape and properties of the composites even after mixing with the electrolyte, as shown in Fig. 4(b), was selected for the experiment.

In order to understand the correlation between the main process parameters of hybrid finishing process and surface roughness improvement, the effects of magnetic flux density, rotational speed, feed rate, electrolyte concentration, voltage, and the working gap between the magnetized tool and workpiece were investigated. Detailed conditions of each process parameter are given in Table 1. The average initial surface roughness($\:{R}_{a}$) of SS316 was approximately 0.210 µm, obtained by the preliminary polishing process. To quantitatively assess the surface roughness improvement, the final $\:{R}_{a}$ value was measured using a contact-based profilometer (SJ-301, Mitutoyo). The stylus of the profilometer has a tip radius of 2.5 µm, with a cutoff and sampling lengths of 0.8 mm and 4.0 mm, respectively.

Based on the experimental results, an orthogonal L₉(3⁴) array of the Taguchi method was constructed in this study to optimize the hybrid finishing process and analyze the main effects of process parameters. The surface improvement was evaluated by the ratio of surface roughness($\:\varDelta\:SR$) across the workpiece, as defined by Eq. (2).

$$\:\varDelta\:SR=1-\frac{{R}_{a,initial}-{R}_{a,final}}{{R}_{a,initial}}$$

2

The initial and final surface roughness denote $\:{R}_{a,initial}$ and $\:{R}_{a,final}$, respectively.

The analysis and optimization of the performed experiments are based on a ‘smaller the better’ type of signal to noise(S/N) ratio, as expressed by Eq. (3). In addition, ANOVA is adopted to validate for the investigation of the finishing performance of each parameter.

$$\:S/N\:ratio=-10\text{log}\left[\frac{1}{n}\:\sum\:_{i=1}^{n}\frac{1}{{y}_{i}^{2}}\right]$$

3

$\:n$ is the number of iterations performed of each experiment and $\:{y}_{i}$ represents the corresponding response value.

Table 1 Experimental condition with process parameters and levels

Factor	Level
Magnetic flux density(mT)	30, 50, 70
Spindle speed(rpm)	300, 450, 600
Electrolyte concentration(%)	5, 10, 15
Voltage(V)	5, 15, 25
Feed rate(mm/min)	10, 15, 20
Working gap(mm)	0.5, 1.0, 1.5
Working time(min)	30

4.1 The effects of magnetic flux density and electrolyte concentration

In the hybrid finishing process, the ultra-fine surface of the workpiece is achieved through the combined effects of magnetic force generated by the magnetic field, rotational force from the magnetized tool’s rotation, and electrochemical force from electron movement.

To evaluate the surface finishing characteristics under varying magnetic flux density and electrolyte concentration, experiments were conducted for 30 minutes with fixed rotational force and voltage, allowing sensitive responses to changes in magnetic force. The intensity of the magnetic field was adjusted by the number of permanent magnets, with selected values of 30, 50, and 70 mT. In addition, the concentration of the electrolyte, which affects electrochemical surface finishing, was selected as 5, 10, and 15%. Other process parameters, such as the tool’s rotational speed and feed rate, were held constant at 300 rpm and 15 mm/min, respectively, with the voltage of 25 V and the working distance of 1 mm between the tool and the workpiece.

According to the experimental results in Fig. 5, as the electrolyte concentration decreased, surface roughness improved at magnetic flux densities of 30 mT and 50 mT. In addition, the highest improvement in surface roughness was observed at 50 mT. When the magnetic flux density was 70 mT and the electrolyte concentration was 5%, the surface roughness improved by 30.4% compared to the initial surface roughness. However, it showed an adverse effect on the surface quality of the targeted workpiece at the electrolyte concentrations of 10% and 15%. Compared to the results at 30 mT and 50 mT, the higher magnetic flux density can be attributed to an increase in the restricted CNTs-Co composites within the magnetic field, resulting in increased finishing pressure by abrasive particles, as illustrated in Fig. 6. It led to reduced participation of electrolyte in surface processing, thereby inhibiting impurity and electrolyte circulation after surface finishing and consequently deteriorating the surface quality.

4.2 The effects of magnetic tool’s rotational speed and feed rate

The rotational speed and feed rate of the magnetized tool are major process parameters influencing mechanical surface finishing by CNTs-Co composites. The rotational speeds were selected as 300, 450, and 600 rpm to prevent the detachment of CNTs-Co composites observed at speeds exceeding 700 rpm. The feed rates were determined to be 10, 15, and 20 mm/min, based on the capabilities of the equipment. The magnetic flux density was set to 50 mT based on the experiments in section 4.1, with the electrolyte concentration fixed at 5% and the voltage at 5 V. All other conditions affecting surface roughness were consistent with those in section 4.1.

As a result, the improvement in SS316 surface roughness correlated proportionally with the tool’s rotational and feed rates, as shown in Fig. 7. The greatest improvement in surface roughness was achieved at the rotational speed of 600 rpm and the feed rate of 20 mm/min. Under these conditions, the normal force acting on the aligned CNTs-Co composites increased, which directly influences the indentation force and depth on the surface. Consequently, these mechanical cutting capabilities facilitated more effective residue removal during the finishing process, thereby improving electrochemical removal efficiency by accelerating the circulation of the electrolyte.

4.3 The effects of electrolyte concentration and voltage

The electrolyte concentration and voltage are crucial factors that affect electrochemical removal in the hybrid finishing process. The electrolyte concentrations were set at 5, 10, and 15%. The voltage applied to the tool and the workpiece was chosen to be 5, 15, and 25 V, given the DC power supply’s range of 0 to 25V. The magnetic flux density of the tool, rotational speed, feed rate, and the working gap between the tool and the workpiece were fixed at 50 mT, 300 rpm, 15 mm/min, and 1mm, respectively, over the 30-minutes experiment.

Figure 8 shows the surface roughness after the finishing process based on varying electrolyte concentrations and voltages. The analysis results indicated that the electrolyte concentration of 5% and the voltage of 25 V had the most positive effect on surface quality. It could be said that the surface quality was inversely proportional to the electrolyte concentration and directly proportional to the voltage. This is because higher voltage enhanced the amount of metal dissolved through electrochemical reactions, leading to the smoother metal surface.

4.4 The effects working gap and voltage

Magnetic flux density, which is closely related to the mechanical force for surface indentation, is influenced by the working gap between the tool and the workpiece. Generally, an increase in the working gap decreases the magnetic flux density, resulting in poor finishing performance. Furthermore, from an electrochemical perspective, the increased working gap resulted in greater participation of CNTs-Co composites in the surface finishing, thereby increasing resistance and reducing current density. On the other hand, reducing the distance decreased composites’ involvement, lowering resistance and increasing current density. Thus, in this section, experiments were conducted to evaluate the finishing characteristics based on the working gap set at 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mm, and voltage set at 5, 15, and 25 V. The electrolyte concentration was fixed at 5%, with other process variables consistent with those described in section 4.3.

Figure 9 depicts changes in surface roughness as affected by variations in the working gap and voltage. The experimental findings highlighted that the most significant improvement in surface roughness occurred at the working gap of 1.0mm and voltage of 25 V. Compared to a 1.0 mm distance, the surface roughness showed less variation at 1.5 mm. This trend indicated that increasing the distance reduced magnetic flux density, resulting in reduced finishing efficiency. At 0.5 mm, the surface became rougher regardless of voltage intensity. This can be attributed to an increase in the amount of CNTs-Co composites within the magnetic field, inhibiting electrolyte circulation. Consequently, increased resistance and higher thermal energy under higher voltage intensity led to surface damage.

It is important to optimize the electropolishing-assisted MAF process to improve finishing efficiency and understand the effect of process parameters on surface characteristics. Thus, this study aimed to achieve the best results in obtaining a smoother surface on the SS316 workpiece using the S/N ratio and ANOVA. Table 2 lists the process parameters, including magnetic flux density, voltage, spindle speed, and feed rate, with three different levels for each parameter. Based on these parameters, experiments were carried out using Taguchi’s orthogonal L₉(3⁴) array.

Table 2

Process parameters with corresponding levels
Factor	Level
Factor	1	2	3
Magnetic flux density(mT), A	30	50	70
Voltage(V), B	5	15	25
Spindle speed(rpm), C	300	450	600
Feed rate(mm/min), D	10	15	20

Optimization of the process parameters was performed using the calculated S/N ratios for $\:\varDelta\:SR$. Since the lowest value of $\:\varDelta\:SR$ was desirable for an ultra-fine surface, the ‘smaller the better’ approach was appropriate for this study. Table 3 shows the averaged S/N ratio for $\:\varDelta\:SR$ at each experimental condition. As can be seen, the best configuration, which had the highest S/N ratio, was exhibited at A2B3C1D3, corresponding to the magnetic flux density of 50 mT, the voltage of 25 V, the spindle speed of 300 rpm, and the feed rate of 25 mm/min, respectively. The surface roughness was reduced by 0.061 µm, from 0.210 µm to 0.149 µm. In experiments 8 and 9, the S/N ratios were negative, indicating that these specific process parameters and levels in the finishing process adversely affected surface quality improvement. According to the calculated S/N ratios, the main effect plot, as shown in Fig. 10, was obtained. It indicated that the higher value of each parameter was identified as the optimum parameter for improving surface roughness. Therefore, the optimized combination of process parameters was A2B3C3D2, corresponding to the magnetic flux density of 50 mT, the voltage of 25 V, the spindle speed of 600 rpm, and the feed rate of 15 mm/min, respectively.

ANOVA is a computational technique used to quantitatively evaluate the significance of each process parameter and percentage contribution to achieving the fine surface in the hybrid finishing process. The results of the ANOVA, presented in Table 4, showed the magnetic flux density had the largest contribution, accounting for 63.7% with a 90% confidence level, followed by spindle speed and electric potential, corresponding to 15.3% and 14.5%, respectively. However, the feed rate, which was not a significant parameter compared to others, was pooled into the error term.

In addition, verification experiments under two different conditions, optimum and random combination, were carried out to demonstrate the reliability of this finishing process. Figure 11(a) and Fig. 11(b) show SEM images of the SS316 workpiece surface at the optimal condition before and after the finishing process, respectively. Before the finishing process, the surface had irregular profiles with deep scratches due to pre-treatment machining. However, after the finishing process, the surface was flattened, with reduced surface roughness from 0.210 µm to 0.141 µm. This demonstrates that the hybrid finishing process suggested in this study is an effective approach to improving the surface quality of high-hardness metal materials. Figure 11(c) shows surface damage and pitting observed after the finishing process under the random condition with the magnetic flux density of 70 mT, voltage of 25 V, spindle speed of 300 rpm,

Table 3

Results of surface roughness improvement and S/N ratio
Exp. no.	Process parameters				$\:{R}_{a,final}$	$\:\varDelta\:SR$	S/N ratio
Exp. no.	A	B	C	D	$\:{R}_{a,final}$	$\:\varDelta\:SR$	S/N ratio
1	1	1	1	1	0.198	0.943	0.511
2	1	2	2	2	0.194	0.924	0.688
3	1	3	3	3	0.176	0.838	1.534
4	2	1	2	2	0.196	0.933	0.599
5	2	2	3	1	0.166	0.790	2.042
6	2	3	1	3	0.149	0.710	2.981
7	3	1	3	3	0.209	0.995	0.041
8	3	2	1	2	0.214	1.019	-0.164
9	3	3	2	1	0.222	1.057	-0.483

and feed rate of 10 mm/ min. This can be attributed to the inhibition of electrolyte circulation and the excessive voltage.

This study aimed to achieve a fine surface on SS316 using electropolishing-assisted MAF process with CNTs-Co composites. To prove that this advanced post-processing technology is feasible for engineering applications, an experimental approach was applied to explore the effects and interactions of process parameters on the surface roughness improvement. The main results from this study can be summarized as follows.

Table 4

ANOVA table of surface roughness improvement
	SS	DOF	V	F₀
A	6.474	2	3.237	10.169
B	1.383	2	0.691	2.172
C	1.596	2	0.798	2.506
D	(0.637)	(2)	(0.318)
E	0.637	2
Total	10.090	8

The suggested hybrid finishing process, which combines mechanical surface finishing and electrochemical reaction, was affected by magnetic flux density, spindle speed, feed rate, electrolyte concentration, voltage, working gap, and working time. The amount of CNTs-Co composites depended on the magnetic flux density, showing a linear proportional relationship. It was known that large quantities of abrasive particles could increase material removal due to increased mechanical indentation on the surface. However, in terms of surface roughness improvement, the finishing quality was decreased due to the restriction of electrolyte circulation, which involved discharge of the sludge and chips. In addition, higher feed rates and spindle speeds could achieve better surface quality, as chips and sludge were removed quickly.
It was observed that surface quality decreased with higher electrolyte concentration but improved with increased voltage. This improvement was attributed to the higher voltage promoting SS316 dissolution through the electrochemical reactions.
The best conditions of 50 mT, 25 V, 300 rpm, and 25 mm/min achieved a 29.0% reduction in surface roughness from 0.210 µm to 0.149 µm. Based on the experiments, the optimal conditions was determined to be 50 mT, 25 V, 600 rpm, and 15 mm/min. To demonstrate the reliability of the results, a verification experiment was conducted. The results showed a 32.9% reduction in surface roughness was obtained from 0.210 µm to 0.141 µm. In addition, according to the ANOVA results, the main attribute was magnetic flux density, followed by spindle speed and voltage.

Author contribution Jung-Hee Lee : conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing-original draft preparation. Jae-Seob Kwak : contributed to the discussion, methodology, investigation. conceptualization, writing-review and editing, supervision.

Funding No funding was received for conducting this study.

Data availability All the data supporting the results of this study were available within the article.

Ethics approval Not applicable.

Consent to participate Not applicable.

Consent to publication All authors gave consent for publication.

Conflicts of interest All authors declared they had no conflicts of interest.

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Hybrid post-processing effects of electropolishing-assisted magnetic abrasive finishing using CNTs-Co abrasive on stainless steel 316 surface

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Operating mechanism of hybrid finishing process

3. Experimental setup and conditions

4. The effects of process parameters on surface improvement

4.1 The effects of magnetic flux density and electrolyte concentration

4.2 The effects of magnetic tool’s rotational speed and feed rate

4.3 The effects of electrolyte concentration and voltage

4.4 The effects working gap and voltage

5. Main effect and optimization for fine surface

6. Conclusions

Declarations

References

Status:

Version 1

Exp. no.	Process parameters				\(\:{R}_{a,final}\)	\(\:\varDelta\:SR\)	S/N ratio
Exp. no.	A	B	C	D	\(\:{R}_{a,final}\)	\(\:\varDelta\:SR\)	S/N ratio
1	1	1	1	1	0.198	0.943	0.511
2	1	2	2	2	0.194	0.924	0.688
3	1	3	3	3	0.176	0.838	1.534
4	2	1	2	2	0.196	0.933	0.599
5	2	2	3	1	0.166	0.790	2.042
6	2	3	1	3	0.149	0.710	2.981
7	3	1	3	3	0.209	0.995	0.041
8	3	2	1	2	0.214	1.019	-0.164
9	3	3	2	1	0.222	1.057	-0.483