The MCA-6H63 antibody, an anti-NF-L-Coil2 antibody, specifically labeled degenerating axons in white matter tracts disrupted by a unilateral C4 contusion spinal cord injury and revealed abundant continued degeneration rostral and caudal to the lesion epicenter 10 days post-injury. The unilateral C4 contusion (150 kydne) used here produces a moderate injury with substantial spinal pathology including loss of normal tissue architecture, vacuolization, cyst formation, and cell loss(1,4). The lesion extends rostrally, caudally, and contralaterally from the epicenter. Axons disrupted by the lesion, both due to primary and secondary injury, degenerate and lead to functional deficits. Studies in rats after SCI assessing differences in axonal loss during subacute and chronic time points suggest continued axonal loss into the chronic period after injury(1). However, traditional methods of labeling actively degenerating axons such as the Marchi method(14), the modified silver stain(15), fluorojade(16), and antibodies against APP(17,18) have limitations which have impaired reliable and reproducible study of actively degenerating axons. As a result, there are conflicting data regarding the timing of axonal degeneration after SCI and challenges using ongoing axonal degeneration as an outcome measure in SCI studies.
In the current study, robust MCA-6H63 staining was present rostral and caudal to the lesion in axonal tracts which would be expected to be disrupted by the unilateral C4 contusion. Immunopositive fibers had a swollen and irregularly shaped punctate appearance consistent with pathological axons in cross-section. MCA-6H63 positive axons in ventral roots demonstrated the beaded appearance indicative of an axon undergoing Wallerian degeneration(2) whereas the MCA-6H63 negative, NF-L-ct positive axons had a healthier appearance with a more regular shape and contour. As found in our previous study(8), axons labeled with MCA-6H63 typically did not co-label with the NF-L-ct. The presence of axonal pathology and loss of NF-L-ct staining confirms that the MCA-6H63 positive axons in the spinal cord and ventral roots were degenerating. The absence of MCA-6H63 staining in all rats in the laminectomy group supports the specificity of the MCA-6H63 antibody for degenerating axons by indicating that the MCA-6H63 antibody is not staining normal, healthy axons. Additionally, immunopositivity was not present in injured spinal cord cross sections rostral or caudal to the lesion in sections incubated with concentration matched, isotype control Ig instead of primary antibody. This supports that MCA-6H63 staining was not non-specific Ig binding, autofluorescence, or artifact.
To further support that the MCA-6H63 antibody labels specifically degenerating axons, sections were dual labeled with the MCA-6H63 antibody and an antibody against APP, considered the gold standard for labeling degenerating axons after traumatic brain injury(19). APP is produced in the cell body and transported along the axon in vesicles through rapid anterograde transport. After axonal injury, disruptions in axonal transport result in APP accumulation in axonal spheroids and retraction bulbs(17,18). Colocalization of APP and MCA-6H63 staining was present in spinal cord cross-sections 10 days following injury. However, there were frequent axonal profiles that were only positive for APP or MCA-6H63. This finding is consistent with previous work determining that primary and secondary injury result in a spectrum of axonal pathology and that impaired axonal transport which leads to accumulation of APP is an independent process to the development of neurofilament pathology(20,21). In some cases, impaired axonal transport and APP accumulation may occur in the absence or precedence of axonal degeneration. APP accumulation has been suggested as a marker for where secondary axotomy will occur(22). Conversely, severe or rapid axonal degeneration may occur in the absence of APP accumulation(21,23). APP also accumulates in the retraction bulb and axonal spheroids(18), whereas neurofilament pathology is not confined to these regions of the axon(21). Additionally, the ability of APP to label the portion of the axon undergoing Wallerian degeneration is unclear. In the current study, APP-positive axons were found in the same regions of white matter as MCA-6H63 positive axons, and, as in Li et al(24), were found in both tracts expected to undergo Wallerian degeneration and axonal dieback. However, other studies have not observed evidence of APP accumulations in axons with pathology indicative of Wallerian degeneration(22,25,26). The MCA-6H63 antibody may be a more sensitive and specific marker for axonal degeneration while APP may be a better indicator of total axonal pathology. However, additional research is necessary to determine the full interpretability of these stains.
Ten days following a unilateral C4 contusion, abundant MCA-6H63-positive fibers were present in putative ascending and descending tracts both rostral and caudal to the lesion. Continued degeneration observed even 10 days post-injury highlights the continued importance of neuroprotective therapeutics even in the subacute period after injury. MCA-6H63-positive fibers were generally most abundant in axonal tracts where axons were likely undergoing Wallerian degeneration. For example, caudal to the lesion, MCA-6H63 positive fibers were most abundant in the lateral and ventral white matter, which are the putative locations of descending tracts such as the rubrospinal, reticulospinal, and vestibulospinal tracts(27,28). Rostral to the lesion, MCA-6H63 positive fibers were abundant in the ventrolateral white matter, the putative locations of the spinothalamic tract and ventral spinocerebellar tract, and the dorsal fasciculi. These tracts are ascending tracts that carry sensory information to the brain or cerebellum(27,28). MCA-6H63 positive fibers in putative ascending sensory and spinocerebellar tracts were also visualized in the medulla(29). Wallerian degeneration causes the eventual loss of the entire distal portion of the axon and is thus a farther-reaching process than axonal dieback(2). Interestingly, staining in the dorsal corticospinal tract was largely absent caudal to the lesion where Wallerian degeneration would be expected to occur. Robust anti-NFL-Coil2 staining was present caudal to the lesion in the dorsal corticospinal tract was present 3 days following a midline C4 contusion. Because dorsal corticospinal tract staining was present rostral to the lesion and lesion analysis with cresyl violet confirmed a significant impact of the lesion to the dorsal corticospinal tracts, it is unlikely that the lack of staining at 10 days represents a difference in lesion model. It is possible that Wallerian degeneration in the dorsal corticospinal tracts occurs at an earlier time point than 10 days post-injury, a finding which would have implications on the necessary timing of neuroprotective interventions aimed at improving motor function.
Staining was also visualized in white matter tracts likely undergoing axonal dieback. Rostral to lesion there were MCA-6H63 immunopostive axons in the dorsal corticospinal tract. Caudal to the lesion, MCA-6H63 staining was present in the ventrolateral white matter in the putative spinothalamic tract and spinocerebellar tracts. However, staining in the dorsal fasciculi caudal to the lesion was rare and when observed was very sparse and in segments closer to the lesion. There is evidence that by one-week post-injury, proximal portions of ascending sensory axons in the dorsal white matter stabilize and discontinue axonal dieback whereas dieback in the corticospinal tracts may continue for a longer duration of time and more extensive distance(30). Although axonal regeneration typically fails endogenously in the central nervous system, one area of SCI research focuses on improving axonal regeneration. Understanding the timing and extent of axonal dieback in different white matter tracts and the discovery of neuroprotective mechanisms to ameliorate dieback could assist in improving regenerative ability by decreasing the distance in which axons would need to regrow.
The current study demonstrated that in the rat contusion SCI model, the MCA-6H63 antibody can be utilized as a specific immunohistochemical marker for degenerating axons undergoing either axonal dieback or Wallerian degeneration, important components of the pathophysiology following SCI. Importantly, the MCA-6H63 antibody appears to not suffer from many of the key limitations of traditional methods to identify degenerating axons. The results of the current study support that the MCA-6H63 antibody is specific and is not accompanied by off-target labeling or artifact. Further work assessing the impact of SCI on axonal degeneration will be important to understanding the pathophysiology of axonal degeneration after cervical SCI and the optimal timing of neuroprotective interventions for improved sensory, motor, and respiratory outcomes. The present study suggests that the MCA-6H63 antibody could be a useful tool in these future studies and as an outcome measure for ongoing axonal degeneration in SCI research.