| Livestock producers | ♣ Inheritance laws lack explicit provisions that facilitate the transfer of land, property, and livestock ownership to widows following the death of their spouse. ♣ Ensure that program design aligns with existing gender equality laws and policies. ♣ Incorporate gender-sensitive indicators and targets in program planning to monitor progress towards gender equality. ♣ Provide training and capacity-building sessions for policymakers, legislators, and institutional leaders on gender mainstreaming principles and practices. | ♣ Women primarily oversee care for small livestock due to limited involvement in external employment, impacting their income. ♣ Men and community leaders predominantly manage family and communal lands, with women rarely owning land. ♣ Women typically manage household farming plots and "gardens," where they tend to a small number of chickens, goats, or cows. ♣ Conduct comprehensive gender analyses to understand cultural norms that impact women's access to resources and decision-making. ♣ Tailor programs to address cultural barriers that limit women's participation in livestock activities. | ♣ men and teenage boys engage in migration, taking the majority of the cattle with them to sell in larger markets. Meanwhile, women stay behind to manage household responsibilities, including tending to farm plots, looking after children, and caring for any remaining cattle. ♣ Design programs that recognize and address the unequal distribution of labour between men and women in livestock management. ♣ Provide training and support to challenge traditional gender roles and promote shared responsibilities. | ♣ Women typically retain control over earnings from sales of chickens, goats, and milk products. ♣ Men usually oversee income from the sale of cattle. ♣ During periods of increased production and income from small livestock, men tend to take over management and control of these assets traditionally handled by women. ♣ There's a shift in responsibility towards men when there's a rise in production and income from smaller livestock, deviating from traditional gender roles. ♣ Control over livestock and associated earnings can shift based on changes in production and income dynamics. ♣ Ensure equitable access to productive resources like land, livestock, and inputs for both men and women. ♣ Implement strategies to empower women economically by enhancing their control over assets and resources. | ♣ Women frequently experience exclusion from public decision-making processes. ♣ Men typically hold decision-making authority within households, especially regarding the care and sale of cattle. ♣ Women often have decision-making control over matters concerning the care and sale of chickens and goats within the household. ♣ Gendered division of decision-making authority persists, with men primarily making decisions related to larger livestock, and women having more control over smaller livestock. ♣ Promote women's participation in decision-making processes within livestock producer associations and community leadership structures. ♣ Develop gender-sensitive guidelines for training, extension services, and veterinary support to ensure women have equal access to these resources. |
| Livestock producer associations, farm-based organizations, and cooperative | ♣ Due to the prevalent requirement of cattle ownership in many livestock producer associations, women, who are less likely to possess livestock, face reduced opportunities to sell small ruminants through these associations. ♣ Women predominantly opt to sell their livestock in local markets or directly at the farm gate, where their bargaining power is diminished, leading to lower product prices. | ♣ Women traditionally do not speak in producer associations meetings where men are the majority | ♣ Men predominantly govern livestock producer associations, and most of their members are male, with women representing only 20% of the membership. ♣ Integrate gender-sensitive education into school curriculums to promote understanding and respect for diverse gender roles. ♣ Advocate for policies and programs that support work-life balance and equitable distribution of caregiving responsibilities. ♣ Encourage the promotion and acceptance of non-traditional gender roles through media campaigns and community initiatives. ♣ Women's lower literacy levels and limited opportunities to hone leadership skills pose challenges for active participation in association meetings, expressing their perspectives, and vying for leadership positions within these organizations. | ♣ Women aspiring to advance in the livestock value chain encounter challenges in accessing market information and receiving support from livestock marketing associations, hindering their transition to higher levels. ♣ Women-only cooperatives, being smaller in scale, provide limited opportunities for learning about new productive and commercial prospects, contrasting with the broader knowledge-sharing potential of more significant associations. ♣ Implement programs aimed at providing women with access to financial resources, credit, and entrepreneurial opportunities. ♣ Offer vocational training and skills development programs targeted at women to enhance their economic independence and control over resources. | ♣ Women's participation in livestock production associations is limited due to household and childcare responsibilities. ♣ Constraints such as childcare duties often prevent women from attending association meetings. ♣ Some women may lack permission from their partners to leave the house for association meetings. ♣ Advocate for gender balance in leadership positions in political, economic, and social spheres. ♣ Promote the implementation of quota systems or affirmative action policies to ensure women's representation in decision-making bodies. ♣ Provide leadership training and mentorship programs specifically tailored for women to enhance their capacity to participate in decision-making processes |
| Animal health input and service delivery providers | ♣ Due to their heavy workload, veterinarians are less prone to conducting home visits for vaccinations. Instead, livestock owners must transport their animals to a designated central location at a specific time for participation in a community-wide vaccination campaign. | ♣ Most training, veterinary medicines, and benefits are directed primarily towards men. With most livestock extension workers being male, the training th | ♣ Women, often in their daily caregiving roles, are usually the first to identify disease symptoms in livestock due to their close observation. ♣ Utilizing traditional medicines as an initial remedy, if the treatment proves ineffective, women commonly report the case to their male partners or family members, who then bear the expenses for veterinary services. | ♣ Men usually procure medications from drug shops and seek assistance from paraprofessionals when drug treatments fall short. ♣ Women face obstacles accessing funds for livestock medication and lack networks with community animal health workers, limiting their involvement to identifying health issues. During migrations, animals under men's care may lack access to health services | ♣ Men typically make decisions regarding selling small ruminants to cover veterinary expenses or sell ailing animals directly. ♣ Women may resort to selling chickens in local markets or use income from milk to purchase drugs for cattle or small ruminants when their male partners opt not to cover the costs. ♣ Gendered decision-making dynamics often see men taking the lead in financial decisions related to livestock. ♣ Women adapt by using alternative income sources, such as selling chickens, to cover veterinary expenses or purchase medications for livestock. |
| Household level food preparers and consumers of animal source foods | ♣ Women have less access to extension and training outside of the household, and thus, are less likely to benefit from nutritional training. | ♣ Men's earnings typically contribute to acquiring staple grains, and they commonly bear the responsibility of covering school fees and health services. Meanwhile, women rely on their income from selling surplus milk to procure additional food items. | ♣ Women and girls are primarily responsible for food preparation tasks within the household. ♣ Men hold precedence as consumers of meat and eggs, and certain food taboos restrict women from consuming specific types of meat. | ♣ Women possess access to the milk and meat produced within the household. The majority utilize wood-burning stoves for food preparation, and women are responsible for gathering the necessary wood and water. | ♣ Women hold decision-making authority regarding the utilization of milk produced within the household. Conversely, men take charge of decisions regarding the consumption of meat, often reserved for guests and special occasions. |