Application of high-frequency ventilation combined with closed-loop automatic oxygen control therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4869171/v1

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Research Article

Application of high-frequency ventilation combined with closed-loop automatic oxygen control therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4869171/v1

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Objective

In the realm of retrospective research, the researcher embarked on a comprehensive inquiry with the primary aim of assessing the effectiveness and safety of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) in conjunction with closed-loop oxygen control for the management of severe neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) in the pediatric population. The study population comprised 34 premature infants who had received a diagnosis of NRDS and were under the care of the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) at Fujian Children's Hospital during the period spanning from April 2023 to January 2024. To facilitate a rigorous investigation, these participants were systematically stratified into two distinct cohorts, each adhering to specific treatment protocols.

Method

17 premature infants who only received high-frequency ventilation as the control group and 17 premature infants who received high-frequency ventilation + closed-loop automatic oxygen control as the study group. The therapeutic effects and complications of the two groups were compared.

Results

The 2-hour “oxygen saturation of blood” and 4-hour “oxygen saturation of blood” in the control group were lower than those in the experimental group ( P < 0.05 ). The "PO2" of the control group after 1 day of treatment was higher than that of the experimental group ( P < 0.05 ).There was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of VAP, pulmonary air leakage, pulmonary hemorrhage, grade III-IV intracranial hemorrhage, ROP, and BPD between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). It is noteworthy that the number of hypoxic interventions in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group, with a p-value less than 0.05.

Conclusion

Neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome

Closed loop automatic oxygen control

High frequency ventilation

premature infant

Neonatal Respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS) is a common serious disease in neonatal clinical treatment. It is a clinical syndrome in which respiratory distress occurs soon after birth and progressively worsens due to a lack of pulmonary surfactant (PS). Because of its pathological changes in the hyaline membrane of the lungs, it is also called hyaline membrane disease (HMD)[1].It is more common in premature infants. The younger the gestational age, the higher the incidence. At present, continuous positive airway pressure ventilation, pulmonary surfactant, tracheal intubation, etc. are mainly used in clinical treatment for children with NRDS, but the overall efficacy and safety need to be further improved. high frequency oscillatory ventilation ventilation, HFOV can improve oxygenation at a very small tidal volume and reduce lung damage. Newborns with respiratory distress overwhelmingly require oxygen, but this can lead to complications such as retinopathy of prematurity[2]. Therefore, the level of supplemental oxygen needs to be adjusted to maintain blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) within a predetermined range to minimize such complications. However, in routine practice, compliance with SpO2 target ranges varies. Treatment accuracy should be improved through the use of closed-loop automatic oxygen control systems. Such systems monitor SpO2 values in real time and then make adjustments to the inhaled oxygen concentration. Closed-loop automatic oxygen control is associated with an increased percentage of time spent within the target oxygen saturation range and requires fewer manual adjustments to inspired oxygen concentration than manual oxygen control . Closed-loop automatic oxygen control reduces the number and duration of severe desaturation episodes and improves oxygenation[3] . This study mainly explores the efficacy of HFOV and Closed -loop oxygen combined in children with severe NRDS. The report is as follows.

1.1 General information

Thirty four premature infants with NRDS admitted to the NICU ward of Fujian Children 's Hospital from April 2023 to January 2024 were selected and divided into groups according to treatment methods. Seventeen premature infants who only received high-frequency ventilation therapy served as the control group, including 9 males and 4 females; 7 to 15 hours after birth, with an average of gestational age(30.62 ± 2.31); an average of birth weight (1521.12 ± 462.02) g. 17 children were treated with high-frequency ventilation + closed-loop automatic oxygen control as a research group, including 10 males and 7 females; 7 to 16 hours after birth, with an average of gestational age(30.51 ± 2.37); an average of birth weight (1498.24 ± 325.93) g.

Inclusion criteria: ① Meet the clinical diagnostic criteria for moderate to severe RDS in "Practical Neonatology", and combined with clinical symptoms and arterial blood gas analysis results, it is clear that the child has respiratory failure, and the effect is not satisfactory after treatment with bronchodilators and other drugs; ② Gestational age 28 ~ 36 weeks of premature infants; ③ General oxygen therapy is ineffective and requires assisted ventilation; ④ Respiratory distress symptoms show progressive worsening; ⑤ Diagnosis and treatment data are kept intact; ⑥ Family members voluntarily agree to the child's participation in the study and sign an informed consent form. Exclusion criteria: ① The presence of congenital malformations and respiratory failure caused by pneumothorax; ② The presence of bleeding tendencies or bleeding diseases, complex congenital heart disease, severe circulatory failure, anemia, etc.; ③ The presence of contraindications to HFOV treatment. Comparing the general information of the two groups, the difference was not statistically significant (P > 0.05) and was comparable.

1.2 Method

Premature infants in both groups were given maintenance of water, electrolyte and acid-base balance, nutritional support, vasoactive drugs, infection prevention, and organ function protection .

1.2.1 HFOV treatment

HFOV treatment : The child uses a STEPHAN ventilator and a Mindray monitor, which emits an alarm sound. The medical staff promptly checks and evaluates the child's condition, and appropriately adjusts FiO2 to return SpO2 to the target range. Ventilator parameters: The initial value of MAP is set to 11 ~ 25 cmH2O. Based on the patient's condition and blood gas analysis results, adjust up or down by 1 ~ 2 cmH2O/time. Increase MAP cautiously to prevent pulmonary hyperventilation in children. Lower the MAP value immediately after the condition stabilizes. The initial value of the oscillation pressure amplitude is set to 26 ~ 65 cmH2O, and the upper and lower adjustment amplitude is 3 ~ 5 cmH2O/time. The initial value of oscillation frequency is set to 10 ~ 15 Hz/min. The initial value of the inspiration-to-exhalation ratio is set to 50%. The initial value of FiO2 is set to 85% (53% ~ 100%), and SaO2 needs to be maintained at ≥ 90% during adjustment. Reasonable increases or decreases will be made based on the blood gas analysis results of the child. Blood gas indicators must be maintained within an appropriate range. X-ray chest X-ray examination shows that the diaphragm surface is located between the 8th and 9th posterior ribs. MAP < 12 cmH2O, FiO2 < 0.4; arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure (PaCO2) is 35–50 mmHg, pH is 7.25–7.45, PaO2 is 50–80 mmHg; the child's SaO2 does not change significantly after the sputum suction operation, so it can be determined Treatment for HFOV was successful.

1.2.2 HFOV + Closed-loop oxygen treatment

The HFOV treatment plan, parameter settings, and treatment effectiveness evaluation criteria remain unchanged, and closed-loop automatic oxygen control is added, which is provided by the integrated OxyGenie software (SLE, Croydon, UK). The software uses proportional, integral, and differential algorithms to calculate and appropriately Adjust FiO2 to react to changes in SpO2. OxyGenie uses a proportional-integral-derivative algorithm. In this system, the error is defined as the distance from the midpoint of the target range, and the change in FiO2 is proportional to the error, integral, and derivative. Data is downloaded directly from the ventilator and includes second-by-second recording of ventilator settings, including paired FiO2 and SpO2 results. Data collected were the number and duration of severe desaturation episodes, with severe desaturation below 85%, whether > 30 seconds or > 60 seconds. Data were analyzed to determine time spent within, above, and below the patient's target SpO2 range. Record the time the child became hyperoxic (above their target SpO2 range) or hypoxemic (below their target SpO2 range), the number of manual adjustments, and the number of automatic adjustments made by OxyGenie. The SpO2 control range is between 90% and 94%. The monitor probe that comes with the ventilator is tied to the instep of the child's lower limb. When the FiO2 control has been adjusted to the maximum value of the FiO2 setting range, if the child's SpO2 Still at a low level ( < = SpO2 lower limit - the smaller of 5% and 85%), for the safety of the child, the FiO2 control value will exceed the set FiO2 range maximum value, but the maximum will not exceed the FiO2 set range maximum value + The lesser of 20% and 60% .

1.3 Observation indicators

1.3.1 Efficacy evaluation

The child's cyanosis, irritability and other symptoms disappeared, his body temperature returned to normal, his breathing returned to steady, his reaction was good, his complexion was rosy, and his lung function index levels returned to normal. PaCO2 was 35–45 mmHg, PaO2 was 70–90 mmHg, and SpO2 was 90%. ~95%, it is judged that the treatment is effective ; the patient's clinical symptoms and various physical indicators have returned to normal, shortness of breath and pauses occasionally occur, the reaction is average, the complexion is rosy, and the level of lung function indicators has improved significantly, it is judged that the patient has improved; the clinical symptoms of the child If the symptoms, signs and blood gas analysis indicators are not significantly improved compared with before treatment, or are further aggravated, it is judged as no improvement. At the same time, ventilator treatment and hospitalization time of children were observed.

1.3.2 Assessment of blood gas status and oxygenation function

The blood gas status of the children was dynamically observed during treatment, and blood gas analysis and detection were performed before treatment and different time point after treatment. The indicators included blood pH, PaCO2, SaO2, and PaO2, and the PaO2/FiO2 and alveolar-arterial blood oxygen fraction were calculated. Pressure difference and oxygenation index (OI) evaluate the patient's oxygenation function.

1.3.3 Security Assessment

The children were observed for complications such as pulmonary air leakage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN), intraventricular hemorrhage, chronic lung disease, and pulmonary hemorrhage.

1.4 Statistical methods

Statistical methods

SPSS 26.0 statistical software was used for data collection and analysis. If the measurement data conforms to the normal distribution, ‾it is expressed as x ± s, and the two independent samples t test is used between groups. Count data were expressed as frequencies (percentages), and chi-square tests were used for comparisons between groups. P < 0.05 indicates that the difference is statistically significant.

1 Comparison of the general conditions and clinical characteristics of the two groups of children

After two independent samples t test and chi-square test, it was found that there were no differences between the two groups in terms of gender, IVF, twins, mode of delivery, 1 minute, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, PS use, and whether the primary disease was RDS. Statistical significance ( P > 0.05 ). The birth weight and gestational age of the control group were slightly higher than those of the experimental group ( P < 0.05 ). Refer to Table 1.

Table 1

Comparison of general conditions and clinical characteristics of the two groups of children
index	Control group ( n = 17 )	Experimental group ( n = 17 )	χ ² / t value	P value
birth weight	1521.12 ± 462.02	1498.24 ± 325.93	3.011	0.005
gestational age	30.62 ± 2.31	30.51 ± 2.37	3.867	0.001
Gender, n (%)			0.267	0.082
male	8 (47.0)	10 (58.9)
female	9 (53.0)	7 (41.1)
In vitro fertilization, n (%)	3(17.6)	1 (5.9)	-	0.601
Twins, n (%)	3(17.6)	2 (11.8)	-	1.000
Mode of delivery, n (%)			< 0.001	1.000
normal delivery	8 (47.1)	8 (47.1)
cesarean section	9 (52.9)	9 (52.9)
1 minute	6.65 ± 1.27	6.82 ± 2.24	-0.282	0.780
5 minutes	9.00 ± 0.94	8.65 ± 1.46	0.841	0.406
10 minutes	9.71 ± 0.47	9.41 ± 0.87	1.226	0.232
PS use	5 (29.4)	7 (41.2)	0.515	0.473
Whether the primary disease is RDS, n (%)			1.850	0.604
Level 1	9 (52.9)	6 (35.3)
level 2	7 (41.2)	9 (52.9)
Level 3	0(0)	1 (5.9)
level 4	1 (5.9)	1 (5.9)

2 Comparison of two sets of high-frequency parameters

Two independent samples t-test found that there was no statistical significance in the comparison of RR, MAP, amplitude, and FiO2 between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). Refer to Table 2.

Table 2

Comparison of two groups of high-frequency parameters
index	Control group ( n = 17 )	Experimental group ( n = 17 )	t value	P value
RR	10.53 ± 0.72	10.65 ± 0.93	-0.413	0.683
MAP	9.41 ± 2.06	14.35 ± 19.32	-1.049	0.302
amplitude	29.59 ± 5.40	29.65 ± 3.66	-0.037	0.971
FiO2	38.24 ± 11.85	49.76 ± 20.18	-2.031	0.053

3 Comparison of vital signs between the two groups

After two independent samples t -test, it was found that the two groups had 2-hour " heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure ", 4-hour " heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure ", 1-day treatment "PCO2", 2-day treatment "PO2, PCO2", There was no statistically significant difference in "PO2, PCO2" after 3 days of treatment and "PO2, PCO2" after 5 days of treatment ( P > 0.05 ). The 2-hour “oxygen saturation of blood” and 4-hour “oxygen saturation of blood” in the control group were lower than those in the experimental group ( P < 0.05 ). The "PO2" of the control group after 1 day of treatment was higher than that of the experimental group ( P < 0.05 ). Refer to Table 3.

Table 3

Comparison of vital signs between the two groups
index	Control group ( n = 17 )	Experimental group ( n = 17 )	t value	P value
2 hours
heart rate	152.29 ± 14.46	152.76 ± 4.91	-0.127	0.900
systolic blood pressure	64.88 ± 5.10	64.88 ± 3.76	< 0.001	1.000
diastolic blood pressure	32.65 ± 4.14	34.47 ± 3.20	-1.437	0.160
blood oxygen	91.53 ± 1.12	92.94 ± 0.90	-4.042	< 0.001
4 hours
heart rate	152.06 ± 11.66	158.53 ± 9.01	-1.810	0.080
systolic blood pressure	63.94 ± 5.93	65.71 ± 6.07	-0.857	0.398
diastolic blood pressure	33.18 ± 5.40	34.76 ± 3.15	-1.047	0.303
oxygen saturation of blood	91.41 ± 0.87	93.65 ± 1.11	-6.517	< 0.001
Treatment 1 day
PO2	76.53 ± 8.74	67.06 ± 6.09	3.666	0.001
PCO2	47.47 ± 4.85	48.24 ± 4.47	-0.478	0.636
Treatment 2 days
PO2	73.35 ± 12.51	66.41 ± 11.23	1.702	0.098
PCO2	48.47 ± 3.28	47.94 ± 3.75	0.438	0.664
Treatment for 3 days
PO2	73.06 ± 7.42	72.41 ± 7.42	0.254	0.801
PCO2	45.88 ± 2.98	46.18 ± 3.30	-0.273	0.787
Treatment for 5 days
PO2	75.29 ± 10.28	75.41 ± 9.91	-0.034	0.973
PCO2	42.06 ± 4.10	42.59 ± 4.36	-0.365	0.718

4 Comparison of complications between the two groups

The chi-square test found that there was no statistically significant difference in the occurrence of VAP, pulmonary air leakage, pulmonary hemorrhage, grade III-IV intracranial hemorrhage, ROP, and BPD between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ). Refer to Table 4.

Table 4

Comparison of complications between the two groups
index	Control group ( n = 17 )	Experimental group ( n = 17 )	χ2 value ^_	P value
VAP, n (%)	7 (41.2)	7 (41.2)	< 0.001	1.000
Pulmonary air leak, n (%)	6 (35.3)	6 (35.3)	< 0.001	1.000
Pulmonary hemorrhage, n (%)	5 (29.4)	7 (41.2)	0.515	0.473
Grade III-IV intracranial hemorrhage, n (%)	5 (29.4)	6 (35.3)	0.134	0.714
ROP, n (%)	8 (47.1)	6 (35.3)	0.486	0.486
BPD, n (%)	7 (41.2)	7 (41.2)	< 0.001	1.000

5 Comparison of intervention status between the two groups

The results of the independent samples t-test indicate that there was no statistically significant difference in the number of hyperoxic intervention times and intervention time between the two groups, as evidenced by a p-value greater than 0.05. However, it is noteworthy that the number of hypoxic interventions in the control group was significantly higher than that in the experimental group, with a p-value less than 0.05. These findings are presented in Table 5.

Table 5

Comparison of intervention status between the two groups
index	Control group ( n = 17 )	Experimental group ( n = 17 )	t value	P value
Number of hypoxic interventions	5.76 ± 1.95	4.47 ± 1.70	2.060	0.048
Number of hyperoxic interventions	5.59 ± 1.58	5.76 ± 1.64	-0.319	0.752
Intervention time consuming	55.88 ± 76.69	25.71 ± 7.94	1.614	0.116

Children with NRDS often develop clinical manifestations soon after birth, and respiratory distress usually occurs within 6 hours after birth. Extremely immature premature infants at 26 to 30 weeks of gestation can develop symptoms in the delivery room; while some more mature premature infants (> 34 weeks) may develop typical NRDS symptoms 3 to 4 hours after birth, or even later, this may be due to the fact that there is a small amount of surfactant stored in the early stage, but insufficient production occurs after it is consumed. RDS is usually the most severe 24 to 48 hours after birth, with a high mortality rate[4]. Those who survive for > 3 days have increased lung maturity and gradually recover, manifested by increased urine output, relief of dyspnea, and improvement in partial pressure of blood oxygen. wait. The incidence of NRDS increases with decreasing gestational age in preterm infants. The incidence rate is 30–60% in premature infants aged 28 to 32 weeks, 15–30% in those aged 32 to 36 weeks, and 5% in those aged > 37 weeks[5]. It rarely occurs in term infants. High-risk factors include: perinatal asphyxia, hypothermia, placenta previa, placental abruption, maternal hypotension, etc. Improper ventilation and oxygen concentration may lead to complications such as atelectasis and reduced cardiac output. Children treated with HFOV for a long time may cause oxygen toxicity. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to strengthen in-depth research on effective treatment methods for term infants with NRDS[6]. Hyperoxemia in premature infants with lung disease is almost always caused by excess FiO2, whereas episodes of hypoxemia are mostly spontaneous and often associated with increased activity and lung disease in the infant. The severity and duration of these events are largely influenced by the response of medical personnel. Hyperoxemia often occurs in premature infants. This is because when trying to avoid episodes of hypoxemia, the FiO2 is often set above the level needed to keep SpO2 within the target range. In other cases, the increase in FiO2 caused by hypoxemia does not return to baseline levels immediately after symptom resolution, resulting in hyperoxemia. Oxygenation fluctuations increase with postnatal age and are common in infants with RDS. This study mainly explores the effect and safety of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation + closed-loop automatic oxygen control in children with NRDS[10], and compares the difference in the condition of children with NRDS between HFOV + closed-loop automatic oxygen control therapy and manual oxygen saturation control alone. Understand the impact of increasing the target SpO2 time of newborns on disease development and prognosis, aiming to further clarify effective and safe treatment options for children with NRDS.

The closed-loop automatic oxygen control system uses real-time monitored SpO2 values to calculate and adjust FiO2 without any human intervention. Monitor the resulting changes in SpO2 and make further changes to FiO2 as needed. Therefore, closed-loop automated oxygen control systems may provide a solution for low compliance with target blood oxygen saturation levels, reduce the need for manual adjustments (thereby reducing workload), and reduce complications. The closed-loop automatic oxygen control system continuously monitors blood oxygen saturation and feeds the data into an algorithm that determines and makes appropriate adjustments to blood oxygen saturation. Monitor the results of this adjustment and make further changes if needed. The relationship between FiO2 and SpO2 in neonates requiring respiratory support and supplemental oxygen is nonlinear and complex. Therefore, the algorithm used reflects this. Several types of algorithms have been used.

Sixteen single or multicenter clinical studies have been conducted comparing closed-loop automated oxygen control with manual oxygen control in neonates to determine whether automated FiO2 control is associated with greater achievement of SpO2 goals[7]. They consistently demonstrated that closed-loop automatic oxygen control kept patients in their target SpO2 range for a significantly higher proportion of time than manual control. Closed-loop automatic oxygen control has been shown to reduce hyperoxic episodes. Oxygenation stability is also affected by the SpO2 target range. An observational study conducted after a relatively small change in the oxygen saturation target range from 90–95% to 88–94% showed that SpO2 was maintained in the new and old target ranges for a similar proportion of time, but at a lower target range Within the period, the proportion of time with SpO2 < 80% increased from 1.9–4.0%[8]. This was also observed in a group of infants enrolled in the support trial[9], in which the incidence of hypoxemia increased with postnatal age, 85 to 89% compared with the target range of 91 to 95% infants have a higher incidence of hypoxemia.

This study also has some limitations. Firstly, due to the recent development of closed-loop automatic oxygen control in our region, there are not many cases available for control. Despite our efforts to include all eligible patients, the number of cases is still not sufficient, which may be a factor affecting the accuracy of the conclusion. However, we still believe that our study has certain clinical significance. In addition, there are relatively few indicators evaluated at specific times, and the selection of monitoring indicators at specific time points can be further subdivided. I believe that further research in the future can make up for these shortcomings. Finally, this is a retrospective study with lower statistical validity compared to prospective clinical studies.

The use of high-frequency ventilation + closed-loop automatic oxygen control in Premature infants with NRDS has a positive effect on reducing the occurrence of hypoxemia during treatment, which can significantly reduce the number of interventions when hypoxemia occurs. However, there is no significant difference in the occurrence of common long-term complications such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia in premature infants. In addition, during the treatment period, the treatment indications must be strictly grasped to avoid oxygen poisoning caused by hyperoxia. According to the actual changes in the patient's condition, the best ventilation method should be selected for treatment in a timely manner to maximize the efficacy and safety.

Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Fujian Children’s Hospital and followed the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patient’s parents.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding

No.

Author Contribution

Shan-Biao Huang designed the study, performed the statistical analysis, participated in the operation, and drafted the manuscript. Jia-Jia Lin, Hong Lin and Zi-Zhou Fu helped to collect the clinical data. Yun-Feng Lin supervised the study. All authors read and approved the fnal manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We highly acknowledge the following researchers’ contributions: Hui-Zi Lin, Qiong-Xia Ou, Biao Liu, Shao-Ru Huang, and Qian Cheng. And we hope every preterm infant with NRDS will have a better prognosis.

Availability of data and materials

The datasets used and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author at the reasonable request.

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You are reading this latest preprint version

Application of high-frequency ventilation combined with closed-loop automatic oxygen control therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

1.1 General information

1.2 Method

1.2.1 HFOV treatment

1.2.2 HFOV + Closed-loop oxygen treatment

1.3 Observation indicators

1.3.2 Assessment of blood gas status and oxygenation function

1.3.3 Security Assessment

1.4 Statistical methods

Results

1 Comparison of the general conditions and clinical characteristics of the two groups of children

2 Comparison of two sets of high-frequency parameters

3 Comparison of vital signs between the two groups

4 Comparison of complications between the two groups

5 Comparison of intervention status between the two groups

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Fujian Children’s Hospital and followed the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patient’s parents.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgements

Availability of data and materials

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Application of high-frequency ventilation combined with closed-loop automatic oxygen control therapy in neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Materials and Methods

1.1 General information

1.2 Method

1.2.1 HFOV treatment

1.2.2 HFOV + Closed-loop oxygen treatment

1.3 Observation indicators

1.3.2 Assessment of blood gas status and oxygenation function

1.3.3 Security Assessment

1.4 Statistical methods

Results

1 Comparison of the general conditions and clinical characteristics of the two groups of children

2 Comparison of two sets of high-frequency parameters

3 Comparison of vital signs between the two groups

4 Comparison of complications between the two groups

5 Comparison of intervention status between the two groups

Discussion

Conclusion

Declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate This study was approved by the ethics committee of Fujian Children’s Hospital and followed the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patient’s parents.

Consent for publication Not applicable.

Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests.

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgements

Availability of data and materials

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1

Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was approved by the ethics committee of Fujian Children’s Hospital and followed the guidelines outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from all the patient’s parents.

Consent for publication
Not applicable.

Competing interests
The authors declare no competing interests.