In this cross-sectional study, 124 individuals were eligible for inclusion in the study. The mean (±SD) age, BMI, WHR, of individuals were 35.19±8.28 (years)30.48±4.22 (kg/m2), 0.81±0.07 respectively. 20% (n= 25) of participants were married. 1% (n=2) of study population were illiterate and 60% (n=75) of women owned-housing and 54% (n=68) of them took supplements. The percentage of d depression in participating women was 44.4%. The stress percentage was 53.2% and 55.6% of the study population had Anxiety.
Association between quantitative and qualitative variables among ENRF9.3 index quartiles
All participants were categorized based on the ENRF9.3 and divided into quartiles group. Table 1 demonstrates the general characteristics of subjects and quantitative and qualitative of the study participants across quartiles of ENRF9.3. Subjects with the highest ENRF9.3 index scores were older, even after controlling for confounders(P<0.05). Participants with a high ENRF9.3 score had significantly lower hip circumference and WHR after adjusting for age, BMI, and physical activity (P=0.04 and P=0.05 respectively). People who have more adherence to ENRF9.3 scores were single and homeowners(P<0.05). Physical activity Mean in the highest quartiles was more than the lowest quartiles, which was significant at first(P=0.05), but after adjustment showed marginal significance(P=0.06). Regarding other variables related to general characteristics in ENRF9.3 quartiles, there was not a significant difference(P>0.05) (Table 1).
Table1 Characteristics (quantitative and qualitative variables) of obese and overweight women among quartiles (Q) categories of NRF93 index.
Quartiles (Q) categories of NRF9.3 index
|
Variables
|
P-valuec
(P-value *)
|
Q4
N=31
|
Q3
N=31
|
Q2
N=31
|
Q1
N=31
|
|
|
|
|
|
Quantitative variablesa
|
0.001(0.01)
|
37.08±1.58
|
38.22±1.55 ͩ
|
31.43±1.61ͩ
|
33.27±1.66
|
Age(years)
|
0.1(0.8)
|
160.57±1.53
|
160.01±1.96
|
162.60±2.17
|
161.89±2.14
|
Height(cm)
|
0.4(0.7)
|
78.41 ±1.53
|
77.61 ±1.96
|
80.65 ±2.17
|
79.42 ±2.14
|
Weight(kg)
|
(0.06)0.05
|
865.3±0209.48
|
1440.7±8203.57
|
906.36±217.15
|
630.50±216.81
|
PA (METs h/week)
|
0.8(0.5)
|
29.80±0.82
|
31.19±0.82
|
29.91±0.85
|
31.05±0.86
|
BMI(kg/m2)
|
0.6(0.1)
|
89.45±1.74
|
91.71±2.22
|
95.90±2.46
|
94.46±2.43
|
Waist(cm)
|
0.7(0.04)
|
113.91±1.02
|
111.14±1.30
|
109.89±1.44
|
114.76±1.43
|
Hip(cm)
|
0.1(0.05)
|
0.78±0.01
|
0.82±0.02
|
0.87±0.02
|
0.82±0.02
|
WHR
|
0.6(0.3)
|
0.55±0.01
|
0.57±0.01
|
0.59±0.01
|
0.58±0.01
|
WHTR
|
|
|
|
|
|
Qualitative variables b
|
|
|
|
|
|
Marital status
|
0.007(0.04)
|
9(36)
|
0(0)
|
6(24)
|
10(40)
|
Married
|
22(22.2)
|
31(31.3)
|
25(25.3)
|
21(21.2)
|
Single
|
0.3(0.1)
|
|
|
|
|
Education
|
0(0)
|
0(0)
|
2(100)
|
0(0)
|
Illiterate
|
6(35.3)
|
5(29.4)
|
4(23.5)
|
2(11.8)
|
Undergraduate
|
6(18.8)
|
10(31.3)
|
7(21.9)
|
9(28.1)
|
Diploma
|
19(26)
|
16(21.9)
|
18(24.7)
|
20(27.4)
|
Master and upper
|
0.02(0.01)
|
24(32)
|
21(28)
|
17(22.7)
|
13(17.3)
|
Housing ownership
|
0.7(0.6)
|
19(27.9)
|
18(26.5)
|
15(22.1)
|
16(23.5)
|
Supplement intake
|
0.9(0.4)
|
12(25.5)
|
10(21.3)
|
12(25.5)
|
13(27.7)
|
Job status(Employed)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Economic status
|
0.2(0.08)
|
10()30.3
|
7(21.2)
|
10(30.3)
|
6(18.2)
|
Poor level
|
|
12(19.7)
|
15(24.6)
|
12(19.7)
|
22(36.1)
|
Moderate level
|
|
8(30.8)
|
8(30.8)
|
7()26.9
|
3(11.5)
|
Good level
|
NRF, nutrient-rich food; PA, physical activity; BMI, body mass index; WHR, waist to hip ratio; WHTR, waist to height ratio
ªmeans± SD(standard deviation); ᵇ n(%); ͨ P-value result from ANOVA for quantitative variables and Chi-square test for qualitative variables and * p-value result from the analysis of covariance test (ANCOVA) adjusted for age, BMI and physical activity; ͩ association quartile 2 and 3
The Association of ENRF9.3 index components, micronutrient, macronutrient, and food groups across the ENRF9.3 index score quartiles
The relation of food items consumed across the ENRF9.3 index quartiles is shown in Table 2. participants who were in the first quartile of ENRF9.3 index had lower intakes of vitamin A(P<0.001), Potassium(P=0.03), and calcium(P=0.05) and higher intakes of vitamin E(P=0.01). There was no significant difference for other dietary intakes(P>0.05). After adjusting for energy intake, a significant relationship has been seen in protein intake, and magnesium among ENRF9.3 quartiles, so that their mean was higher in the upper quartile, but the others remained insignificant(P>0.05). Among food groups in the crude model, vegetables, milk and milk products, low-fat dairy, vegetable oil, meat and poultry, processed meat and tea and coffee intake was higher in the highest quartile of ENRF9.3 score, which was also significant(P<0.05). But, no significant association was observed for the other food groups(P>0.05). After controlling energy intake, a lower mean of zinc(P=0.01), niacin(P=0.002), beta carotene, riboflavin, pyridoxine, folate, biotin, and copper(P<0.001) consumption, and significantly higher MUFA(P=<0.001), PUFA, and linoleic(P=0.002) consumption, were observed at the highest ENFR9.3 quartile relative to the lowest, while there was no significant difference for another dietary intake (P>0.05).
Table2 ENRF9.3 index score and its components, food groups, macronutrients, and micronutrients among quartiles (Q) categories of ENRF9.3 index
Variables
|
Quartiles (Q) of ENRF9.3 index
|
Q1
|
Q2
|
Q3
|
Q4
|
P-valuea
|
Mean±SD
|
NRF9.3 index score
|
55.25±1.95
|
69.17±2.02
|
81.15±2.02
|
106.94±2.08
|
<0.001
|
Model 1
|
55.27±1.95
|
69.03±2.02
|
81.40±2.03
|
106.81±2.09
|
<0.001
|
NRF9 index score
|
81.88±1.09
|
89.80±1.12
|
94.22±1.12
|
102.10±1.16
|
<0.001
|
Model 1
|
81.88±1.09
|
89.82±1.13
|
94.19±1.13
|
102.12±1.17
|
<0.001
|
NRF9 index components
|
|
|
|
|
|
Protein(gr/100kcal)
|
82.50±4.32
|
86.38±4.46
|
97.52±4.46
|
86.72±4.61
|
0.1
|
Model 1
|
82.17±2.63
|
88.95±2.72
|
93.07±2.73
|
89.11±2.81
|
0.03
|
Total fiber(g/100kcal)
|
49.35±3.04
|
45.67±3.14
|
44.37±3.14
|
43.16±3.25
|
0.5
|
Model 1
|
49.18±2.49
|
46.99±2.57
|
42.08±2.59
|
44.39±2.66
|
0.2
|
Vitamin A(IU)
|
1848.23±188.95
|
2426.35±194.95
|
3066.26±194.95
|
2405.74±201.56
|
<0.001
|
Model 1
|
1839.54±167.38
|
2492.77±173.06
|
2951.30±173.81
|
2467.52±178.86
|
<0.001
|
Vitamin C(mg)
|
192.67±23.28
|
178.45±24.02
|
198.59±24.02
|
160.15±24.84
|
0.6
|
Model 1
|
191.76±21.43
|
185.40±22.16
|
186.55±22.25
|
166.62±22.90
|
0.8
|
Vitamin E(mg)
|
24.52±1.86
|
17.84±1.92
|
18.27±1.92
|
16.17 ± 1.98
|
0.01
|
Model 1
|
17.47±1.81
|
18.19±1.87
|
24.66±1.88
|
16.50±1.93
|
0.01
|
Calcium(mg)
|
1041.58±65.90
|
1166.68±67.99
|
1303.10±67.99
|
1209.16±70.30
|
0.05
|
Model 1
|
1037.02±46.59
|
1201.60±48.17
|
1242.65±48.38
|
1241.65±49.78
|
0.007
|
Magnesium (mg)
|
437.88±22.18
|
422.99±22.89
|
495.53±22.89
|
461.57±23.66
|
0.1
|
Model 1
|
436.09±12.39
|
436.75±12.81
|
471.71±12.87
|
474.37±13.24
|
0.04
|
Potassium (mg)
|
3702.33±249.10
|
4039.57±257.01
|
4694.69±257.01
|
4405.30±265.72
|
0.03
|
Model 1
|
3683.47±157.74
|
4183.84±163.09
|
4444.96±163.80
|
4539.50±168.55
|
0.001
|
Iron(mg)
|
19.17±0.87
|
18.43±0.90
|
19.77±0.90
|
17.70±0.93
|
0.4
|
Model 1
|
19.10±0.48
|
18.97±0.49
|
18.83±0.50
|
18.21±0.51
|
0.6
|
LIM3 index score
|
21.19±0.58
|
18.14±0.60
|
18.84±0.60
|
16.34±0.62
|
<0.001
|
Model 1
|
16.19±0.58
|
18.15±0.60
|
18.83±0.60
|
21.35±0.62
|
<0.001
|
LIM3 index components
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sodium(mg)
|
4328.65±239.30
|
4221.80±246.90
|
4578.50±246.90
|
4262.16±255.27
|
0.7
|
Model 1
|
4314.85±193.86
|
4327.32±200.45
|
4395.84±201.31
|
4360.31±207.16
|
0.9
|
Saturated fat(g)
|
27.34±1.91
|
27.38±1.97
|
31.82±1.97
|
28.64±2.04
|
0.3
|
Model 1
|
27.20±1.28
|
28.45±1.32
|
29.97±1.33
|
29.63±1.37
|
0.4
|
Add sugar(g)
|
15.20±2.86
|
15.07±2.95
|
21.66±2.95
|
17.01±3.05
|
0.3
|
Model 1
|
15.12±2.76
|
15.66±2.85
|
20.63±2.86
|
17.56±2.95
|
0.5
|
Food groups
|
|
|
|
|
|
Grain
|
|
|
|
|
|
Whole grains(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
518.93±38.34
|
478.23±38.98
|
500.23±38.98
|
513.70±38.34
|
0.8
|
Model 2
|
473.82±41.68
|
450.44±44.00
|
484.68±42.19
|
544.47±43.19
|
0.4
|
Refined grains(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
425.45±38.11
|
390.77±38.74
|
404.76±38.74
|
434.65±38.11
|
0.8
|
Model 2
|
380.06±41.86
|
365.78±44.19
|
392.82±42.37
|
455.72±43.37
|
0.4
|
Vegetables(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
271.96±35.80
|
380.24±36.39
|
504.51±36.39
|
413.84±35.80
|
<0.001
|
Model 2
|
313.07±41.86
|
388.62±44.19
|
493.23±42.38
|
408.47±43.38
|
0.03
|
Fruits(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
441.41±57.40
|
488.57±58.35
|
555.71±58.35
|
528.49±57.40
|
0.5
|
Model2
|
450.40±58.33
|
446.09±61.58
|
528.71±59.05
|
493.31±60.44
|
0.7
|
Legumes(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
55.76±7.04
|
57.48±7.26
|
57.30±7.26
|
45.88±7.51
|
0.8
|
Model 2
|
60.02±7.88
|
52.54±8.31
|
52.01±7.97
|
50.28±8.16
|
0.8
|
Nut and seeds(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
11.56±2.63
|
12.54±2.71
|
12.68±2.71
|
14.97±2.81
|
0.9
|
Model 2
|
13.39±3.20
|
11.91±3.38
|
11.20±3.24
|
17.00±3.31
|
0.6
|
Milk and milk products(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
243.62±36.72
|
364.83±37.33
|
427.77±37.33
|
410.05±36.72
|
0.003
|
Model 2
|
271.83±42.64
|
320.41±45.02
|
448.17±43.17
|
428.08±44.19
|
0.01
|
Low-fat dairy(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
191.03±32.14
|
289.06±32.68
|
324.11±32.68
|
300.96±32.14
|
0.02
|
Model 2
|
207.79±37.48
|
266.73±39.57
|
327.20±37.94
|
318.36±38.84
|
0.1
|
Fats and oils(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
49.13±4.91
|
36.52±4.99
|
35.87±4.99
|
34.61±4.91
|
0.1
|
Model 2
|
49.95±5.44
|
33.24±5.74
|
34.37±5.51
|
39.83±5.64
|
0.1
|
Vegetable oil(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
39.26±4.51
|
24.86±4.58
|
23.14±4.58
|
23.71±4.51
|
0.03
|
Model2
|
40.95±4.98
|
23.97±5.26
|
22.05±5.04
|
28.40±5.16
|
0.04
|
Eggs(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
18.80±2.68
|
18.78±2.72
|
23.41±2.72
|
21.68±2.68
|
0.5
|
Model 2
|
17.83±2.96
|
17.74±3.13
|
22.90±3.00
|
23.95±3.07
|
0.3
|
Meat and poultry(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
45.60±6.70
|
56.03±6.81
|
76.20±6.81
|
55.69±6.70
|
0.01
|
Model 2
|
45.42±7.84
|
53.37±8.28
|
77.31±7.94
|
61.26±8.13
|
0.04
|
Processed meat(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
22.70±3.96
|
23.89±4.03
|
40.42±4.03
|
22.29±3.96
|
0.004
|
Model 2
|
20.50±4.34
|
21.20±4.58
|
41.63±4.39
|
22.55±4.50
|
0.003
|
Fish and seafood (g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
7.93±1.95
|
9.51±1.98
|
10.88±1.98
|
11.88±1.95
|
0.5
|
Model 2
|
7.77±2.32
|
9.04±2.45
|
11.34±2.35
|
14.14±2.41
|
0.2
|
Sugar, sweets, and beverage(g)
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
21.54±9.09
|
25.96±9.24
|
42.10±9.24
|
15.91±9.09
|
0.2
|
Model2
|
22.42±10.92
|
25.15±11.53
|
47.73±11.06
|
16.98±11.32
|
0.2
|
Tea and coffee
|
|
|
|
|
|
Crude
|
349.79±65.77
|
443.89±66.86
|
699.77±66.86
|
1196.88±65.77
|
<0.001
|
Model2
|
431.99±70.79
|
422.93±74.73
|
657.96±71.66
|
1200.67±73.35
|
<0.001
|
Dietary intake
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy(kcal)
|
2703.25±593.05
|
2579.63±717.49
|
2822.42±673.68
|
2568.83±740.52
|
0.4
|
Energy from fat (%)
|
28.34±1.06
|
31.63±1.06
|
34.99±1.07
|
37.28±1.06
|
<0.001
|
Energy from protein (%)
|
14.09±0.39
|
13.51±0.39
|
13.56±0.39
|
12.13±0.39
|
0.005
|
Energy from carbohydrate (%)
|
61.06±1.02
|
57.86±1.02
|
53.90±1.03
|
52.74±1.02
|
<0.001
|
Zinc (mg)
|
13.57±0.36
|
13.49±0.36
|
12.59±0.37
|
12.12±0.36
|
0.01
|
Copper (mg)
|
2.23±0.05
|
2.06±0.05
|
1.84±0.05
|
1.69±0.05
|
<0.001
|
Selenium (mcg)
|
124.43±4.41
|
130.25±4.41
|
124.00±4.48
|
120.23±4.41
|
0.4
|
Beta carotene (Mg)
|
6658.55±382.16
|
5442.31±382.34
|
4122.67±388.21
|
3258.33±381.95
|
<0.001
|
Thiamin (mg)
|
2.23±0.06
|
2.18±0.06
|
2.12±0.06
|
2.02±0.06
|
0.1
|
Niacin (mg)
|
26.59±0.80
|
25.43±0.80
|
25.38±0.81
|
22.25±0.80
|
0.002
|
Riboflavin (mg)
|
2.55±0.09
|
2.30±0.09
|
2.12±0.09
|
1.90±0.09
|
<0.001
|
Pyridoxine (mg)
|
2.38±0.06
|
2.15±0.06
|
2.04±0.06
|
1.82±0.06
|
<0.001
|
Cobalamin(mcg)
|
4.57±0.35
|
4.48±0.35
|
4.25±0.35
|
3.83±0.35
|
0.4
|
Folate (mcg)
|
665.15±16.62
|
625.14±16.63
|
601.74±16.89
|
553.40±16.61
|
<0.001
|
Biotin (mg)
|
45.97±1.67
|
38.68±1.67
|
34.56±1.70
|
29.18±1.67
|
<0.001
|
MUFA (g)
|
28.10±1.55
|
30.19±1.55
|
36.28±1.57
|
38.24±1.54
|
<0.001
|
PUFA(g)
|
18.07±1.46
|
19.16±1.46
|
24.47±1.48
|
24.21±1.46
|
0.002
|
Linoleic acid(mg)
|
15.39±1.45
|
16.61±1.45
|
21.77±1.47
|
21.71±1.45
|
0.002
|
Linolenic acid(mg)
|
1.08±0.10
|
1.23±0.10
|
1.23±0.10
|
1.44±0.10
|
0.1
|
EPA(mg)
|
0.03±0.006
|
0.02±0.006
|
0.02±0.006
|
0.02±0.006
|
0.7
|
DHA(mg)
|
0.10±0.01
|
0.09±0.01
|
0.08±0.01
|
0.08±0.01
|
0.7
|
Caffeine (mg)
|
125.89±16.53
|
148.91±16.54
|
116.81±16.79
|
172.21±16.52
|
0.08
|
NRF9.3, nutrient-rich food; NRF9, nutrient-rich; LIM3, nutrients to limit; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acids; EPA, Eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA, Docosahexaenoic acid
NRF9.3 components model 1 are mean± standard error, adjust for energy, Food groups model 2are mean± standard error, adjust for age, BMI, physical activity, obtained from the analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), Macronutrient and micronutrient are mean±standard error, adjust for energy intake, obtained from the analysis of covariance. Other variables are mean±standard deviation, one-way analysis of variance was used for comparison of all variables among quartile of NRF9.3 score.
The aP-values result from the ANOVA test for the crude model and analysis of covariance test(ANCOVA) for the adjusted model.
DASS total score and its subgroups among quartiles of the ENRF9.3 index score
In Table 3, the DASS total score and its subgroups among ENRF9.3 index score quartiles assessed, so that the mean of total DASS score was lower in higher quartiles, there was a significant relationship (P=0.05), which change to marginal significance after adjustment with potential confounders in model 1(age and energy intake) (P=0.07), lost its significance with further adjustment with confounders in model 2and model 3 and 4(P=0.08). All of the three-component of mental health stress, anxiety, and depression and total DASS score was lower in the top quartile. The stress of individuals, in the crude model, was marginally significant(P=0.06), and after adjustment for potential confounders in models 2, 3, and 4 was significant (P=0.04) which according to Bonferroni analysis, this significant difference was observed between the means of quartile 4 and 1 so that the mean is lower in quartile 4. There were no significant differences in terms of depression and anxiety after adjustment (P>0.05). )Table 3)
Table3 DASS total score and subscales among quartiles (Q) categories of ENRF9.3 index in overweight and obese women
Quartiles (Q) categories of NRF9.3 index
|
Model ͣ
|
Variables
|
P-valuec
|
Q4
|
Q3
|
Q2
|
Q1
|
|
|
0.05
|
25.90±5.07
|
35.61±4.27
|
34.25±4.27
|
43.35±3.76
|
Crude
|
DASS-21 total
Score
|
0.07
|
33.68±4.63
|
34.67±4.51
|
34.98±4.53
|
40.40±4.30
|
1
|
0.08
|
33.96±5.23
|
35.53±5.01
|
30.13±5.15
|
41.47±4.86
|
2
|
0.08
|
30.43±6.69
|
35.42±4.93
|
31.98±5.33
|
40.87±5.34
|
3
|
0.08
|
30.44±6.74
|
35.43±4.97
|
31.96±5.40
|
40.87±5.37
|
4
|
0.1
|
6.90±2.05
|
11.09±1.73
|
9.61±1.73
|
12.40±1.52
|
Crude
|
DASS-21 depression
subscale
score
|
0.8
|
9.29±1.85
|
10.43±1.80
|
10.25±1.81
|
11.48±1.72
|
1
|
0.4
|
9.29±2.14
|
11.14±2.05
|
7.85±2.11
|
11.87±1.99
|
2
|
0.7
|
9.77±2.75
|
11.07±2.03
|
7.83±2.19
|
10.65±2.19
|
3
|
0.1
|
9.81±2.77
|
11.10±2.04
|
7.76±2.22
|
10.63±2.21
|
4
|
0.1
|
7.27±1.60
|
9.16±1.35
|
8.90±1.35
|
11.80±1.19
|
Crude
|
DASS-21 anxiety
subscale score
|
0.4
|
8.74±1.45
|
9.06±1.41
|
8.98±1.42
|
11.48±1.35
|
1
|
0.3
|
8.19±1.62
|
9.27±1.55
|
7.47±1.59
|
11.45±1.50
|
2
|
0.4
|
7.70±2.10
|
9.21±1.55
|
7.79±1.68
|
11.15±1.68
|
3
|
0.4
|
7.58±2.11
|
9.13±1.56
|
7.96±1.69
|
11.18±1.68
|
4
|
0.06
|
11.72±2.21
|
15.35±1.87
|
15.74±1.87
|
19.15±1.64
|
Crude
|
DASS-21 stress
Subscale
Score
|
0.4
|
15.65±2.01
|
15.17±1.96
|
15.74±1.97
|
17.43±1.87
|
1
|
0.04
|
16.48±2.24
|
15.10±2.15
|
14.81±2.21
|
18.14±2.08
|
2
|
0.04
|
12.95±2.85
|
15.14±2.10
|
16.35±2.27
|
19.06±2.27
|
3
|
0.04
|
13.03±2.87 ͬ
|
15.19±2.11
|
16.23±2.30
|
19.04±2.28 ͬ
|
4
|
DASS, depression anxiety stress score; NRF, nutrient-rich food ª mean ±SE
Model1: adjusted for age and energy intake; model2: more adjusted for marital status, housing ownership, job status, family size, supplement intake, physical activity, and economic status; model3: more adjusted for the consumption of dietary linoleic acid; model4: more adjusted for BMI. ͬ Association quartile 1 and 4.C p-values result from the ANOVA test for the crude model and analysis of covariance test(ANCOVA) for the adjusted model.
Associations between total DASS score and its subgroups with ENRF9.3 score
The odds ratio(OR) and its 95%CI of total DASS score and its subgroups with ENRF9.3 score were represented in Table 4. In the crude model, the relation between only the mild depression subgroup and ENRF9.3 was significant(OR=0.97; 95% CI 0.94 to1; P=0.05) and showed a 0.03% decrease with increasing ENRF9.3 quartiles, however, there was no association between mild depression index with ENRF9.3 in the adjusted model(OR=0.98; 95% CI=0.95-1.01; P=0.3). After controlling the confounders by multinomial logistic regression analysis, the other subgroups of the total DASS score also did not show a significant relation (P>0.05).
Table 4 Relationship of DASS-21 scale and subscales with an NRF9.3 index score
Variable
|
Crude model
|
Adjust model*
|
|
OR
|
0.95% CI
|
p-value
|
OR
|
0.95% CI
|
p-value
|
Mental health
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
DASS-21 stress subscaleᵇ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normalª
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
Mild
|
0.97
|
0.94-1.00
|
0.09
|
0.97
|
0.94-1.00
|
0.1
|
Moderate
|
1.00
|
0.98-1.02
|
0.6
|
1.00
|
0.98-1.03
|
0.5
|
Severe
|
1.01
|
0.98-1.03
|
0.3
|
1.02
|
0.99-1.05
|
0.1
|
Extremely Severe
|
0.97
|
0.94-1.01
|
0.2
|
0.95
|
0.90-1.01
|
0.1
|
DASS-21 depression Subscaleͨ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normalª
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
–
|
Mild
|
0.97
|
0.94-1.00
|
0.05
|
0.98
|
0.95-1.01
|
0.3
|
Moderate
|
0.98
|
0.96-1.01
|
0.3
|
0.98
|
0.95-1.01
|
0.2
|
Severe
|
1.00
|
0.97-1.03
|
0.5
|
1.00
|
0.97-1.04
|
0.6
|
Extremely Severe
|
0.99
|
0.96-1.02
|
0.6
|
0.99
|
0.95-1.02
|
0.6
|
DASS-21 anxiety Subscale ͩ
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Normalª
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
_
|
Mild
|
1.01
|
0.98-1.03
|
0.3
|
0.99
|
0.96-1.02
|
0.7
|
Moderate
|
1.00
|
0.98-1.02
|
0.6
|
1.00
|
0.97-1.02
|
0.9
|
Severe
|
0.99
|
0.96-1.02
|
0.7
|
0.99
|
0.95-1.03
|
0.7
|
Extremely Severe
|
0.99
|
0.97-1.02
|
0.7
|
0.99
|
0.96-1.02
|
0.8
|
DASS, depression anxiety stress score; NRF, nutrient-rich food,
ª As a reference group, ᵇ mild stress(15-18), moderate stress(19-25), severe stress(26-33), extremely severe stress(≥ 34). ͨ mild depression(10-13), moderate depression(14-20), severe depression(21-27), extremely severe depression ( ≥ 28). ͩ mild anexity(8-9), moderate anexity(10-14), severe anexity(15-19), extremely severe anexity( ≥ 20)
P-valueresult from multinominal logestic regression test
Adjusted for age, PA and BMI