Patient factors and clinical features
|
Age
|
>=65
|
2947 (58.3%)
|
2002 (59.5%)
|
1.19 (1.05–1.36, p = 0.007)
|
1.16 (1.01–1.33, p = 0.037)
|
BMI
|
Mean ± SD
|
28.4 ± 7.5
|
29.2 ± 8.2
|
1.00 (0.99–1.01, p = 0.624)
|
1.00 (0.99–1.01, p = 0.602)
|
Marital status
|
MARRIED/SINGLE
|
2393 (47.3%)
|
1387 (41.2%)
|
0.93 (0.82–1.07, p = 0.309)
|
0.93 (0.80–1.07, p = 0.279)
|
Care unit
|
CCU
|
1693 (33.5%)
|
671 (19.9%)
|
|
|
|
MICU/CCU
|
2356 (46.6%)
|
1797 (53.4%)
|
1.79 (1.55–2.08, p < 0.001)
|
1.72 (1.46–2.03, p < 0.001)
|
|
NSICU/CCU
|
98 (1.9%)
|
107 (3.2%)
|
5.31 (3.77–7.47, p < 0.001)
|
4.74 (3.24–6.94, p < 0.001)
|
|
SICU/CCU
|
909 (18%)
|
789 (23.5%)
|
1.96 (1.66–2.32, p < 0.001)
|
1.56 (1.30–1.87, p < 0.001)
|
Tobacco condition
|
Never used
|
1232 (24.4%)
|
495 (14.7%)
|
|
|
|
Stop tobacco > 1 year
|
1084 (21.4%)
|
454 (13.5%)
|
1.02 (0.86–1.22, p = 0.787)
|
1.01 (0.84–1.22, p = 0.923)
|
|
Stop tobacco ≤ 1 year
|
574 (11.4%)
|
382 (11.4%)
|
1.65 (1.35–2.01, p < 0.001)
|
1.55 (1.25–1.91, p < 0.001)
|
Temperature
|
Mean ± SD
|
36.8 ± 1.1
|
36.9 ± 1.3
|
1.06 (1.01–1.12, p = 0.016)
|
1.01 (0.96–1.07, p = 0.681)
|
Urine output
|
Mean ± SD
|
1883.5 ± 1294.6
|
1556.6 ± 1251.8
|
1.00 (1.00–1.00, p < 0.001)
|
1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.024)
|
Respiratory rate
|
Mean ± SD
|
19.6 ± 3.9
|
20.4 ± 4.2
|
1.00 (0.99–1.02, p = 0.619)
|
0.98 (0.97-1.00, p = 0.060)
|
Heart rate
|
Mean ± SD
|
86.4 ± 15.8
|
89.8 ± 17.0
|
1.01 (1.00-1.01, p < 0.001)
|
1.01 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.001)
|
Mechanical ventilation
|
Yes
|
1175 (23.2%)
|
1743 (51.8%)
|
1.89 (1.66–2.16, p < 0.001)
|
0.85 (0.73-1.00, p = 0.055)
|
Elective surgery
|
Yes
|
269 (5.3%)
|
69 (2.1%)
|
0.67 (0.49–0.91, p = 0.011)
|
0.82 (0.59–1.14, p = 0.242)
|
Invasive line
|
Yes
|
1988 (39.3%)
|
1940 (57.7%)
|
1.10 (0.97–1.25, p = 0.131)
|
1.04 (0.91–1.19, p = 0.542)
|
Heparin within 48 h
|
Yes
|
2021 (40%)
|
1533 (45.6%)
|
1.19 (1.07–1.34, p = 0.002)
|
1.00 (0.89–1.13, p = 1.000)
|
Vasoactive
|
Yes
|
2301 (45.5%)
|
2199 (65.4%)
|
1.08 (0.94–1.23, p = 0.298)
|
0.99 (0.86–1.15, p = 0.930)
|
CRRT
|
Yes
|
363 (7.2%)
|
139 (4.1%)
|
0.19 (0.14–0.25, p < 0.001)
|
0.16 (0.12–0.21, p < 0.001)
|
Bronchoscopy
|
Yes
|
136 (2.7%)
|
527 (15.7%)
|
3.61 (2.89–4.50, p < 0.001)
|
1.42 (1.10–1.82, p = 0.006)
|
SOFA
|
Mean ± SD
|
5.4 ± 2.9
|
8.6 ± 4.0
|
1.27 (1.24–1.30, p < 0.001)
|
1.20 (1.16–1.23, p < 0.001)
|
SAPS II
|
Mean ± SD
|
36.3 ± 11.8
|
44.6 ± 13.9
|
1.01 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.003)
|
1.01 (1.01–1.02, p < 0.001)
|
Glucose
|
Mean ± SD
|
7.8 ± 2.6
|
8.2 ± 2.8
|
1.00 (0.98–1.02, p = 0.801)
|
0.99 (0.97–1.01, p = 0.288)
|
Hemoglobin
|
Mean ± SD
|
9.5 ± 2.1
|
9.4 ± 2.2
|
1.01 (0.98–1.04, p = 0.515)
|
1.02 (0.99–1.05, p = 0.291)
|
Platelets
|
Mean ± SD
|
173.1 ± 104.0
|
170.2 ± 109.0
|
1.00 (1.00–1.00, p < 0.001)
|
1.00 (1.00–1.00, p = 0.005)
|
Albumin
|
Mean ± SD
|
3.1 ± 0.7
|
3.0 ± 0.7
|
0.87 (0.80–0.95, p = 0.002)
|
0.88 (0.80–0.97, p = 0.008)
|
Bicarbonate
|
Mean ± SD
|
21.3 ± 4.8
|
20.2 ± 5.7
|
0.98 (0.97–0.99, p = 0.004)
|
0.97 (0.96–0.98, p < 0.001)
|
Calcium
|
Mean ± SD
|
8.0 ± 0.8
|
8.0 ± 0.9
|
1.28 (1.19–1.37, p < 0.001)
|
1.26 (1.17–1.36, p < 0.001)
|
Chloride
|
Mean ± SD
|
100.7 ± 6.7
|
100.3 ± 7.5
|
0.96 (0.95–0.97, p < 0.001)
|
0.97 (0.95–0.98, p < 0.001)
|
Creatinine M
|
Mean ± SD
|
1.8 ± 2.0
|
2.2 ± 2.1
|
1.02 (0.98–1.05, p = 0.318)
|
1.04 (1.01–1.08, p = 0.020)
|
Sodium
|
Mean ± SD
|
138.7 ± 4.7
|
139.8 ± 5.9
|
1.07 (1.05–1.08, p < 0.001)
|
1.06 (1.04–1.07, p < 0.001)
|
Bilirubin total
|
Mean ± SD
|
1.7 ± 3.6
|
2.4 ± 5.5
|
0.98 (0.97-1.00, p = 0.012)
|
0.98 (0.97-1.00, p = 0.016)
|
Lactate
|
Mean ± SD
|
2.5 ± 1.9
|
3.1 ± 2.8
|
0.95 (0.93–0.98, p < 0.001)
|
0.96 (0.93–0.98, p = 0.002)
|
NLR
|
Mean ± SD
|
10.7 ± 15.1
|
14.0 ± 16.9
|
1.00 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.019)
|
1.00 (1.00-1.01, p = 0.102)
|
Nursing managements
|
Diet type
|
NPO
|
3147 (62.2%)
|
1310 (38.9%)
|
|
|
|
EN
|
311 (6.2%)
|
1480 (44%)
|
|
3.97 (3.33–4.74, p < 0.001)
|
|
TPN
|
31 (0.6%)
|
50 (1.5%)
|
|
2.50 (1.46–4.28, p < 0.001)
|
|
Normal
|
309 (6.1%)
|
37 (1.1%)
|
|
0.44 (0.31–0.64, p < 0.001)
|
Appetite type
|
Good
|
2129 (42.1%)
|
770 (22.9%)
|
|
|
|
Middle
|
62 (1.2%)
|
50 (1.5%)
|
|
0.93 (0.57–1.51, p = 0.765)
|
|
Poor
|
588 (11.6%)
|
310 (9.2%)
|
|
1.03 (0.84–1.26, p = 0.780)
|
Pain
|
Yes
|
2378 (47%)
|
1466 (40.7%)
|
|
0.96 (0.84–1.21, p = 0.187)
|
Pressure ulcer
|
Yes
|
246 (4.9%)
|
258 (7.7%)
|
|
1.09 (0.85–1.39, p = 0.495)
|
Urine type
|
Voids
|
2432 (48.1%)
|
1295 (38.5%)
|
|
|
|
Catheter
|
2417 (47.8%)
|
1911 (56.8%)
|
|
1.10 (0.97–1.25, p = 0.126)
|
Skin integrity
|
Impaired
|
437 (8.6%)
|
372 (11.1%)
|
|
|
|
Intact
|
4619 (91.4%)
|
2992 (88.9%)
|
|
0.96 (0.79–1.17, p = 0.681)
|
Skin care
|
Yes
|
386 (7.6%)
|
137 (4.1%)
|
|
0.21 (0.07–0.57, p = 0.002)
|
Bed bath
|
Yes
|
329 (6.5%)
|
133 (4%)
|
|
1.81 (0.64–5.12, p = 0.266)
|
Sputum amount
|
None
|
443 (8.8%)
|
160 (4.8%)
|
|
|
|
Small
|
1157 (22.9%)
|
2242 (66.6%)
|
|
2.23 (1.77–2.82, p < 0.001)
|
|
Moderate
|
129 (2.6%)
|
71 (2.1%)
|
|
1.34 (0.91–1.98, p = 0.134)
|
|
Copious
|
14 (0.3%)
|
2 (0.1%)
|
|
0.17 (0.03–0.91, p = 0.038)
|
|
Unknown
|
3313 (65.5%)
|
889 (26.4%)
|
|
0.84 (0.67–1.04, p = 0.114)
|
Head of bed
|
Low head<45°
|
2479 (49%)
|
1387 (41.2%)
|
|
|
|
High head>45°
|
2052 (40.6%)
|
1198 (35.6%)
|
|
1.07 (0.94–1.21, p = 0.309)
|
|
Special position
|
525 (10.4%)
|
779 (23.2%)
|
|
1.59 (1.33–1.90, p < 0.001)
|
C-statistics
|
|
|
|
|
0.82
|
0.86
|
NagelkerkeR2
|
|
|
|
|
0.39
|
0.48
|
BMI: Body mass index; CCU: Cardiac care unit; MICU: Medical Intensive Care Unit; NSICU: Neurosurgical intensive care unit; SICU: Surgical intensive care unit; SAPS II: Simplified acute physiology score II; SOFA: Sequential organ failure assessment; CRRT: Continuous renal replacement therapy; NLR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
|