This study was conducted to investigate the status of glycemic control and prevalence of diabetes complications in patients with low socioeconomic status in Kurdistan Province, western Iran. The results showed that more than 42% of the patients had some degree of diabetic retinopathy. Nearly 7% of the patients had nephropathy and 4.3% of them had diabetic foot ulcers. Although all reported cardiac complications may not be due to diabetes, based on our findings, cardiac complications were reported in about 30% of the patients. In addition to these cases, the patients' glycemic control status was not adequate, such that about 75% of the patients had fasting glucose levels above 130 mg/dL. HbA1c levels were also unfavorable (> 7.5) in approximately 62% of patients.
According to our results, the prevalence of retinopathy as a major microvascular complication was high (42%). In a systematic review conducted in 2022, the median prevalence (interquartile range) of retinopathy was reported to be 12% (6%-15%). [14] Leon Litwak et al, in a large study of 66726 DM patients in 28 countries across four continents (Asia, Africa, Europe and South America), showed that 53.5% of patients had microvascular complications [15]. The results of a systematic review in North Africa indicated 8.1–41.5% for the prevalence of retinopathy, which is consistent with our findings. [16]
Data modeling in this study showed that duration of diabetes and hypertension were two independent variables related to patients' blood glucose control. People who had diabetes for a longer period of time had poorer blood glucose control. In a study conducted by Mohammed Badedi et al. in Saudi Arabia, they showed that the duration of diabetes over 7 years had a direct relationship with blood glucose control[17], which is not consistent with the results of the present study. According to our data, people with high blood pressure were more likely to have good blood glucose control. It seems that having diabetes and hypertension at the same time may have increased patients' adherence to treatment and their attention to disease control. Another significant variable related to glycemic control was family history of diabetes, such that people with a family history of diabetes were significantly less likely to have fasting glucose levels below 126 mg/dL.
The results showed that patients' care, especially their self-care and regular visits to primary and secondary health care to control blood glucose and prevent related complications, is poor. For example, when discussing self-care, patients did not pay much attention to their weight control, such that 528 (86.8%) of the patients were overweight or obese (BMI > 25). In addition, the percentage of visits and regular care for patients in any of the planned care for patients, including regular visits to general practitioners, internists, ophthalmologists and nutritionists, was no more than 40%.
In general, although the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in most countries of the world, data on the prevalence of complications of the disease in different populations, especially low-income populations, are limited. According to a 2002 study, the prevalence of diabetes is higher in developed countries than in developing countries, although the complications of the disease are more severe in developing countries. [18] There are few studies in the world on the complications of diabetes in low-income people.
The present study has strengths and limitations. The most important strength of this study is the large sample size, accurate and direct examination of diabetes control indicators, and diagnosis of disease complications by relevant specialists. In addition, this research is the first study in Iran that specifically examines the prevalence of diabetes complications and the control status of this disease in one of the vulnerable groups of society, namely people with low income. Another strength of the study is that in addition to examining complications, it also evaluated the care status of these patients at the first and second levels of the health care system. The lack of a control group of people with a high-income level and the comparison of the studied indicators with these people is the main weakness of the present study. Another drawback of this study was the way the prevalence of nephropathy was determined. Because the detection of nephropathy was based on proteinuria and not microalbuminuria, the prevalence of nephropathy is underestimated.
At the time of questionnaire completion and referral, it was noted that a number of patients were being screened for the first time for retinopathy, cardiac complications, nephropathy, and neuropathy. In addition, almost none of the patients were being regularly monitored for glycemic control using the HbA1C index twice a year. Perhaps the most important reason for their non-referral, apart from the lower risk perception of these patients with regard to complications of the disease, is the economic status of the family. It is clear that in such vulnerable groups, in addition to informing patients and teaching self-care behaviors, it is necessary to plan the necessary care by the health system on a regular basis.