The effect of silver nanoparticles on bond strength of calcium silicate-based sealer: An In vitro study

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934297/v1

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Research Article

The effect of silver nanoparticles on bond strength of calcium silicate-based sealer: An In vitro study

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4934297/v1

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Background

The aim of the study was to evaluate the bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealer (CSS) (TotalFill® BC Sealer, FKG, Switzerland) modified with the silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the single-cone technique and the warm obturation technique, measured by a universal testing machine.

Methods

The root canals of single-rooted human teeth were prepared up to 35.04. specimens were randomly divided into four groups (25/group) as follows: In Group 1, canals were obturated using the single-cone technique (SC). Group 2, canals were obturated in SC technique and the CSS sealer mixed with AgNPs. Group 3, canals were obturated with continuous wave condensation (CWC). Group 4, canals were obturated with CWC, and CSS Sealer was mixed with AgNPs. After two weeks, 1 mm-thick dentin slices were cut and exposed to push-out bond strength test using a universal testing machine. Specimens were examined under a digital microscope to determine the mode of failure. Statistical analysis was performed using ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparison tests (P < 0.05).

Results

Group 4 showed the highest dislodgement resistance compared to all groups (P < 0.05). Group 4 was significantly higher in push-out bond strength value than group 1 (P < .001) and group 3 (P < .003), but not significantly higher than group 2. Cohesive failure was the most prevalent failure mode among all groups.

Conclusions

Incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the calcium silicate-based sealer significantly increased the bond strength. The warm obturation approach demonstrated significantly higher resistance to dislodgment as compared to the single-cone technique.

Silver nanoparticles

Calcium silicate-based sealer

Endodontic sealer

Total fill BC sealer

Push out bond strength

Endodontic sealer creates a long-lasting and durable connection between the root canal filling material and dentinal walls [1]. This remarkable barrier prevents root canal infections and also ceases the growth of microorganisms within the root canal system, which gives the host a chance to heal and grow new periapical tissues [2]. The di- and tricalcium silicate-based sealer proved to be biocompatible and bioactive with the surrounding tissues, provide antibacterial effect, and form a hermetic seal [3]. When the calcium silicate-based sealer (CSS) comes into contact with the phosphate from the tissue fluids, it initiates a hydration reaction that releases calcium hydroxide and forms a hard mineral layer at the dentin wall. The CSS bound to the dentin because of the interaction between this mineral layer and the micromechanical infiltration within the dentinal tubules [4, 5]. To measure the strength of the bond, push-out bond strength (POBS) test, also known as the dislodgment resistance of the core filling material from the canal walls, was used widely in several studies [6, 7].

Total Fill BC Sealer (FKG, La Chaux-de-Fonds, Switzerland), also goes by the brand names EndoSequence BC Sealer (BUSA, Savannah, USA) and iRoot SP (Innovative BioCeramix, Vancouver, Canada), is hydrophilic and has a low contact angle, which lets it fill the dentinal tubules and form tag-like structures. It can also expand by about 0.20 percent when it gets wet, creating a gapless bond between the sealer and the dentin [8, 9]. A study reported that the I Root SP and AH Plus sealers had significantly higher bond strengths when compared to MTA Fillapex [10]. Other reported that the Total Fill BC Sealer showed the highest POBS compared to BioRoot RCS and Endo CPM Sealer [11]. When the TotalFill BC sealer was compared to the AH Plus sealer, it showed higher bond strength. Moreover, the obturation methods had a significant influence on bond strength; the warm vertical compaction reduced the bond strength of the AH Plus sealer compared to cold lateral compaction, but this is not significant with the TotalFill BC sealer [12]. However, other studies found that the bond strength of the Total Fill BC Sealer increased when used in warm vertical compaction compared to cold obturation techniques [13].

Recently, nanoscale substances were utilized to enhance the properties of various dental materials [14]. Researchers successfully synthesized and integrated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) into resin-based materials, enhancing their antimicrobial effects while preserving the material’s physical, mechanical, and optical properties [15, 16]. The AgNPs exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial effects against various cariogenic and endodontic bacteria, as their nanoscale size allowed the material to penetrate the bacterial cell walls and alter the bacterial membrane structure [17]. Moreover, nanoparticles incorporated into sealers can facilitate the penetration into dentinal tubules and allow prolonged release of antimicrobial components [18, 19]. Consequently, the inclusion of the nanoparticles in the calcium silicate-based sealer could yield a promising outcome.

To date, there have been no studies conducted to evaluate the bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealer incorporated with silver nanoparticles. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of the calcium silicate-based sealer (TotalFill® BC Sealer, FKG, Switzerland) modified with the silver nanoparticles using the single-cone technique and the warm obturation technique, which were measured by a universal testing machine.

Specimen Preparation

This research was approved by the Institutional Review Board (E-23-8135) and College of Dentistry Research Center (FR 0707), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sample size calculation was performed using G*Power 3.1.9.4 software at alpha error probability of 0.05 with effect size of 0.4 and power of 0.9. The power analysis showed that a total of 96 specimens (24 per group) were required. Single-rooted, extracted human incisors were used in this study. Roots exhibiting anatomical variations, curvature, or prior endodontic therapy were excluded. The crowns were sectioned off to achieve a standardized root length of 16 mm. Root canals were prepared with rotary instruments (Protaper Next, Dentsply, Sirona) up to 35.04 and were irrigated with 5 mL 5.25% sodium hypochlorite followed by 1 mL 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

Experimental Design

The specimens were randomly divided into four experimental groups (25/group) as follows:

Group 1, the canals were obturated in single-cone technique (SC) using TotalFill BC sealer (TotalFill® BC Sealer, FKG, Switzerland).

Group 2, same protocol followed in Group 1, except the TotalFill BC sealer mixed with AgNPs.

Group 3, the root canals were obturated with continuous wave condensation (CWC) technique using TotalFill HiFlow BC Sealer (TotalFill® BC Sealer HiFlow, FKG, Switzerland).

Group 4: Same protocol followed in Group 3, except that the TotalFill HiFlow BC Sealer was mixed with AgNPs.

The sealer was modified with 600 ppm of AgNPs (Zhengzhou Dongyao Nano Materials Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China), according to a previous study [20]. The nanoparticles measured 20 nm at average with a 1:1 volume and were mixed with the sealer by vortexing. In SC technique, the BC sealer was injected by the intracanal tip, then the size-matched #35.04 taper TotalFill BC Point (TotalFill® BC point, FKG, Switzerland) was coated with the sealer followed by its slow insertion to the full working length. After that, the cone was cut off with activated system B pluggers (SybronEndo, Orange, CA, USA) just below the orifice, and a quick-setting temporary filling Cavit G (3 M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) was placed. In the CWC technique, the placement of the BC sealer and the BC point were the same as in the SC technique. However, the BC point was cut 3 mm from the working length using activated system B pluggers, then the root canal was backfilled with plasticized GP using TotalFill BC pellets (TotalFill® BC Pellets), and the orifice was sealed with Cavit G. All treatment procedures were performed by a single operator. Specimens were stored at 37°C in 100% humidity for 2 weeks to enable a complete set of the sealers. Afterwards, roots were horizontally sectioned using a 0.3-mm-thick, water-cooled slow-speed diamond blade (IsoMet 4000; Buehler, Lake Bluff, IL) to obtain 1 mm-thick dentin slice from the middle third of each root.

Push-out bond strength assessment

Each specimen was positioned on a metal platform, ensuring that the apical surface was placed on top. Then vertical load was applied using an Instron® 5965 universal testing machine (INSTRON Corp., Norwood, MA, USA) at a controlled speed of 1 mm per minute using a 0.6 mm diameter tip. A graphical representation was generated utilizing the BlueHill software 3.22.1373 (INSTRON Corp., Norwood, MA, USA). The bond failure was automatically detected upon observing a rapid decrease in load recorded in Newtons (N).

The push-out bond strength (MPa) of each specimen was then calculated by dividing the bond failure load (N) by the lateral surface area (LSA) of the bonded interface, which corresponds to the lateral surface of the root canal. The LSA was calculated using the formula for the lateral surface area of a truncated cone:

Lateral Surface Area (LSA) = (R + r) ⋅ π ⋅ S

Where R represents the radius of the coronal root canal, r represents the radius of the apical root canal, and S represents the slant height, which denotes the distance between the two circles measured along the lateral face. All measurements were recorded in millimeters.

failure modes assessment

Each specimen was visualized with a digital microscope (KH-7700, Hirox, Japan) under 50× magnification, and photographs were obtained after dislodgement of the root canal filling material. The photographs were separately evaluated by two blinded operators, and the mode of failure was recorded. Failure modes were classified into one of the following three categories according to Stelzer R et al. [21], Class I: adhesive failure, characterized by less than 25% of the dentin surface being covered by sealer. Class II: cohesive failure, indicated when more than 75% of the dentin surface was covered by sealer. Class III: mixed failure, when the dentin surface covered by sealer was between 25% and 75%.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis of POBS values was performed using one-way ANOVA and the Tukey multiple comparison test (p < 0.05), as data were distributed normally according to the Shapiro-Wilk test (p < 0.05). A chi-square test was performed to compare modes of failure between the groups.

Throughout the experiment, no premature failure occurred. The mean push-out bond strengths are summarized in Table 1. The one-way ANOVA tests revealed a significant difference among the groups (P < .001). Group 4 showed the highest dislodgement resistance compared to all the groups (P < 0.05). The Tukey Post Hoc Tests showed that group 4 was significantly higher in push-out bond strength value than group 1 (P < .001) and group 3 (P < .003), but not significantly higher than group 2 (Table 1).

Table 1

Comparing the groups by the average of Push-out bond strength at Maximum Load
	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	p-value	95% Confidence Interval for Mean		multiple comparison test (Tukey)					MCT*
	N	Mean	Std. Deviation	p-value	Lower Bound	Upper Bound	Group 1	Group 2		Group 3	Group 4	MCT*
Group 1	25	9.322	1.629	0.001	8.649	9.994	1					a
Group 2	25	10.583	1.762		9.857	11.310	0.090		1			ab
Group 3	25	9.915	2.247		8.988	10.843	0.593		0.681	1		a
Group 4	25	11.406	1.831		10.650	12.162	0.001		0.414	0.031	1	b
*MCT: multiple comparison test where b significantly different from a, but not from ab.

The results of the mode of failure analysis are shown in Table 2. Chi-square test showed there was a significant association between the groups and mode of failure (P = .003). Cohesive failure was the most prevalent failure mode among all groups. Examples of modes of failure are shown in Fig. 1.

Table 2 The association between the groups and mode of failures Crosstabulation

		Mode of failure			Total	Ch-sq p-value
		Adhesive	Cohesive	Mixed	Total	Ch-sq p-value
Group 1	Count	8	12	5	25	0.003
Group 1	% within Group	32.0%	48.0%	20.0%	100.0%
Group 2	Count	9	13	3	25
Group 2	% within Group	36.0%	52.0%	12.0%	100.0%
Group 3	Count	5	15	5	25
Group 3	% within Group	20.0%	60.0%	20.0%	100.0%
Group 4	Count	3	16	6	25
Group 4	% within Group	12.0%	64.0%	24.0%	100.0%

The impact of the silver nanoparticles on the bond strength and failure mode during dislodgment of the calcium silicate-based sealer was investigated in this study. The study's findings demonstrated a significant increase in dislodging resistance when the BC sealer was incorporated with AgNPs. The inclusion of the nano-sized particles, which had a high surface area and wetting capacity that led to enhanced contact with the surface and increased bond strength of the sealer, may be responsible for the remarkable results. Additionally, the dispersion of the nanoparticles acting as a reinforcing filler would improve the mechanical properties of the sealer, improving its tensile and shear strength [22, 23].

The study's findings indicate that the heated obturation approach, when combined with the inclusion of AgNPs, resulted in the highest mean values, which were statistically significant. This discovery aligns with many studies that have documented the enhanced resistance to dislodgment of bioceramic sealer when employed in warm obturation procedures [12, 24]. The heat-induced increase in gutta-percha flow into deep depressions, auxiliary canals, and fins unfilled by sealer cement is associated with increased retention of root canal filling material to the canal walls. Nevertheless, these findings contradict other research that indicated a reduction or no differences in binding strengths of different bioceramic sealers when using warm obturation methods; different experimental protocols and parameters may explain the variability in the results [25, 26]. Nonetheless, when the sealer was not combined with AgNPs, the study's findings demonstrated comparable bond strength in both the warm obturation approach and the single-cone technique.

In the present work, 20 nm-size particles were used to ensure the infiltration through the dentinal tubules, which have an average diameter of 2.5 µm. It is proposed that particle size significantly influences the degree of dentin infiltration; smaller diameter particles show a greater infiltrative capacity [27]. The utilization of nanosized particles is reliant on both dose and time. In this investigation, a concentration of 0.06% of AgNPs was employed since it was shown to have the maximum antibacterial activity when mixed with calcium hydroxide and used as an intracanal medicament, and the efficacy improved considerably over time [28]. The ratio of the pin to root canal diameter is a significant component in the experimental design. In the current investigation, we employed a pin diameter of 0.6 mm in order to avoid any effect from the test machine, as per a previously published study, which states that the pin diameter should not be less than 0.6 mm or greater than 0.85 mm [29].

Among the clinically available root canal sealers, calcium silicate-based sealers are currently in widespread use. Thus, the resin-based root canal sealers were not included within the experimental groups due to their differing material compositions and properties. Additionally, earlier studies showed that resin-based sealers had weaker bond strengths compared to calcium silicate-based sealers [12, 30, 31]. In terms of obturation techniques, many practitioners may find it difficult to utilize the single-cone technique and prefer to use a thermoplasticized approach, despite the manufacturer's guidelines. Thus, in the current investigation, both approaches were employed.

Adhesive root canal sealers are generally recognized for their high bond strength and tend to fail cohesively. Cohesive failure refers to the breaking or fracturing of the sealer within its own structure, without detaching from the dentin surface. The study results indicated that the predominant mode of failure seen was cohesive failure, aligning with earlier studies that proved the adhesive properties of the Total Fill BC sealer with dentin [11, 32]. The inclusion of AgNPs in this study may have contributed to the adhesive capabilities. However, it is not feasible to make direct comparisons with other studies, as this is the first study, to our knowledge, that examines the impact of adding AgNPs to a bioceramic sealer in terms of dislodgment resistance.

Under the constraints of this in vitro study, silver nanoparticles revealed an unexpected effect on the binding capacity of the BC sealer to dentin. It broadens our understanding of the integration of nano-sized particles into root canal sealers; yet, more testing in both laboratory and clinical settings is necessary to assess this incorporation.

The current study concludes that the incorporation of silver nanoparticles into the calcium silicate-based sealer significantly increased the bond strength. The warm obturation approach demonstrated significantly higher resistance to dislodgment as compared to the single-cone technique. In addition, the cohesive mode of failure was the most common failure type.

CSS

Calcium silicate-based sealer

AgNPs

Silver nanoparticles

Single-cone technique

CWC

Continuous wave condensation

POBS

push-out bond strength

Ethics approval and consent to participate

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (E-23-8135) and College of Dentistry Research Center (FR 0707), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Consent for publication

Not applicable

Availability of data and materials

Data will be available on request from the corresponding author.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Funding

Not applicable

Authors' contributions

SB conceived the ideas; SB, SA and DA designed the study; SB collected specimen and arranged the required materials for the experiment; SA and DA collected and analyzed the data; SB, SA wrote the manuscript; SB, SA and DA read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the staff and the use of the facilities of the physical research laboratory at College of Dentistry, King Saud University.

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No competing interests reported.

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The effect of silver nanoparticles on bond strength of calcium silicate-based sealer: An In vitro study

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Version 1

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Figures

Background

Material and methods

Specimen Preparation

Experimental Design

Push-out bond strength assessment

failure modes assessment

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

Abbreviations

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1