Ethics approval and consent to participate
This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). Ethical approval was obtained from the ethics review board of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University (2018–296), which was recognized by all participating hospitals. Waiver of informed consent were granted at all sites including 79 Chinese tertiary NICUs for de-identified data. Ethics committees that waived the consent included Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Ethics Committee of The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Ethics Committee of Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center, Ethics Committee of Tianjin Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Ethics Committee of Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, Ethics Committee of Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital, Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Ethics Committee of Guizhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Suzhou Municipal Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Ethics Committee of Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Shanxi, Ethics Committee of Quanzhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Fujian Women and Children’s Medical Center, Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Ethics Committee of Hunan Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Ethics Committee of The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Ethics Committee of Women and Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Ethics Committee of Foshan Women and Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Ethics Committee of Henan Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Shanghai, Ethics Committee of Chongqing Health Care Center for Women and Children, Ethics Committee of Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ethics Committee of Wuxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Ethics Committee of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Ethics Committee of Yuying Children's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University, Ethics Committee of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Ethics Committee of Anhui Provincial Hospital, Ethics Committee of Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ethics Committee of Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University, Ethics Committee of The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Ethics Committee of General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Ethics Committee of Hebei Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Hainan Women and Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of The second XiangYA hospital of Central South University, Ethics Committee of Ningbo Women&Children Hospital, Ethics Committee of Xiamen Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Ethics Committee of Shanghai Children’s Medical Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Ethics Committee of Changzhou Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital, Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Ethics Committee of Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Ethics Committee of Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care, Ethics Committee of Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital, Ethics Committee of Wuhan Chidren's Hospital, Ethics Committee of Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University, Ethics Committee of Maternal and Children Hospital of Shaoxing, Ethics Committee of The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Ethics Committee of Dehong people's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Ethics Committee of First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University, Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia maternal and child health care hospital, Ethics Committee of Dalian Municipal Women and Children’s Medical Center, Ethics Committee of Lianyungang Maternal and Children Health Hospital, Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Ethics Committee of Anhui Children's Hoospital, Ethics Committee of Fuzhou Children’s Hospital of Fujian Province, Ethics Committee of Kunming Children's Hospital, Ethics Committee of Shenzhen Hospital of Hongkong University, Ethics Committee of Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Ethics Committee of Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Ethics Committee of The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Ethics Committee of Qinghai Women and Children Hospital, Ethics Committee of The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China welfare institute, Ethics Committee of Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University, Ethics Committee of Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Ethics Committee of Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Ethics Committee of Shanghai General Hospital, Ethics Committee of The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Ethics Committee of The Third Hospital of Nanchang, Ethics Committee of University of Alberta.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Availability of data and materials
The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article, further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding authors.
Competing interests
No financial or non-financial benefits have been received or will be received from any party related directly or indirectly to the subject of this article.
Funding
This work was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFC2701800, 2021YFC2701801), Shanghai Science and Technology Commission's Scientific and Technological Innovation Action Plan (No. 21Y21900800), and Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CTP87518).
Authors’ contributions
MY and LYH had full access to all the data in this study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis. YC, WHZ, SL, JMW, LYH were in charge of the concept and design. MY, JY, DNW, LYH assisted in the acquisition, analysis and interpretation of data. MY and LYH drafted of manuscripts. XBF and JLD were involved in administrative, technical or material support. All authors contributed to the final version. JY, DNW, YC, WHZ, SL, JMW, LYH supervised the study.
Acknowledgements
We thank the data abstractors from the Chinese Neonatal Network. We thank all the staff at the Chinese Neonatal Network coordinating center for providing organizational support (Lin Yuan, PhD; Tongling Yang, RN; Hao Yuan, RN; Li Wang, RN; Yulan Lu, PhD).
Group Information of the Chinese Neonatal Network
Group Information of the Chinese Neonatal Network: Chairmen: Shoo K. Lee, MBBS, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto; Chao Chen, MD, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University. Vice-Chairmen: Lizhong Du, MD, Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine; Wenhao Zhou, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University.
Site principle investigators of the Chinese Neonatal Network: Children's Hospital of Fudan University: Yun Cao, MD; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University: Xiuyong Chen, MD; Guangzhou Women and Children’s Medical Center: Huyan Zhang, MD; Tianjin Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital: Xiuying Tian, MD; Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital: Jingyun Shi, MD; Northwest Women's and Children's Hospital: Zhankui Li, MD; Shenzhen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital: Chuanzhong Yang, MD; Guizhou Women and Children’s Hospital: Ling Liu, MD; Suzhou Municipal Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University: Zuming Yang, MD; Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University: Jianhua Fu, MD;
Children’s Hospital of Shanxi: Yong Ji, MD; Quanzhou Women and Children’s Hospital: Dongmei Chen, MD; Fujian Women and Children’s Medical Center: Changyi YANG, MD; Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University: Rui Chen , MD; Hunan Children’s Hospital: Xiaoming Peng, MD; Qingdao Women and Children’s Hospital: Ruobing Shan, MD; Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital: Shuping Han, MD; The First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University: Hui Wu, MD; The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University: Lili WANG, MD; Women and Children's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region: Qiufen Wei, MD; The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University: Mingxia Li, MD; Foshan Women and Children’s Hospital: Yiheng Dai, MD; The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University: Hong Jiang, MD; Henan Children’s Hospital: Wenqing Kang, MD; Children’s Hospital of Shanghai: Xiaohui Gong, MD; Chongqing Health Care Center for Women and Children: Xiaoyun Zhong, MD; Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University: Yuan Shi, MD; Wuxi Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital: Shanyu Jiang, MD; Children's Hospital of Soochow University: Bing Sun, MD; People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region: Long Li, MD; Yuying Children's Hospital Affiliated to Wenzhou Medical University: Zhenlang Lin, MD; Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital: Jiangqin Liu, MD; Anhui Provincial Hospital: Jiahua PAN, MD; Xinhua Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine: Hongping Xia, MD; Qilu Children’s Hospital of Shandong University: Xiaoying Li, MD; The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University: Falin Xu, MD; General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University: Yinping Qiu, MD; Hebei Children’s Hospital: Li Ma, MD; Hainan Women and Children’s Hospital: Ling Yang, MD; The second XiangYA hospital of Central South University:Xiaori He, MD; Ningbo Women&Children Hospital: Yanhong Li, MD; Xiamen Children’s Hospital: Deyi Zhuang, MD; Shaanxi Provincial People’s Hospital: Qin Zhang, MD; The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University: Wenbin Dong, MD; Shanghai Children’s Medical Center affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine: Jianhua Sun, MD; First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University: Kun Liang, MD; Changzhou Maternal and Children Health Care Hospital: Huaiyan Wang, MD; Shenzhen Children’s Hospital: Jinxing Feng, MD; Jiangxi Provincial Children’s Hospital: Liping Chen, MD; Xiamen Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital: Xinzhu Lin, MD; Zhuhai Center for Maternal and Child Health Care: Chunming Jiang, MD; Guangdong Women and Children's Hospital: Chuan Nie, MD; Wuhan Chidren's Hospital: Linkong Zeng, MD; Beijing Children's Hospital of Capital Medical University: Mingyan Hei, MD; Maternal and Children Hospital of Shaoxing: Hongdan Zhu, MD; The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province: Hongying MI, MD; Dehong people's Hospital of Yunnan Province: Zhaoqing Yin, MD; First Affiliated Hospital of Xian Jiaotong University: Hongxia Song, MD; Inner Mongolia maternal and child health care hospital: Hongyun Wang, MD; Dalian Municipal Women and Children’s Medical Center: Dong Li, MD; Lianyungang Maternal and Children Health Hospital: Yan Gao , MD; Children's Hospital Affiliated to Capital Institute of Pediatrics: Yajuan Wang, MD; Anhui Children's Hoospital: Liying Dai, MD; Fuzhou Children’s Hospital of Fujian Province: Liyan ZHANG, MD; Kunming Children's Hospital: Yangfang Li, MD; Shenzhen Hospital of Hongkong University: Qianshen Zhang, MD; Peking Union Medical College Hospital: Guofang Ding, MD; Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University : Jimei Wang, MD; The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University: Xiaoxia Chen, MD; Qinghai Women and Children Hospital: Zhen Wang, MD; The International Peace Maternity & Child Health Hospital of China welfare institute: Zheng Tang, MD; Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University: Xiaolu Ma, MD; Inner Mongolia People's Hospital: Xiaomei Zhang, MD; Xiamen Humanity Hospital: Xiaolan Zhang, MD; Shanghai General Hospital: Fang Wu, MD; The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan: Yanxiang Chen, MD; The Third Hospital of Nanchang: Ying Wu, MD; Advisor: Joseph Ting, MBBS; University of Alberta.