LINC00885 promotes the development of lung adenocarcinoma through AKT/MTOR/P70 signaling LINC00885 may regulate migration, proliferation, and invasion through the mTOR pathway in lung adenocarcinoma

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946723/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

LINC00885 promotes the development of lung adenocarcinoma through AKT/MTOR/P70 signaling LINC00885 may regulate migration, proliferation, and invasion through the mTOR pathway in lung adenocarcinoma

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4946723/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

Previous studies have demonstrated a role for long non-coding RNAs in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Here, we found high expression levels of LINC00885 in LUAD, especially in middle and advanced stage disease, by RNA-sequencing analysis. This suggests that LINC00885 may be a potential prognostic biomarker of LUAD. Our functional experiments showed that knocking down LINC00885 expression with small interfering RNAs inhibited the growth, migration, invasion, and autophagy of LUAD cells, blocked cell cycle progression, and promoted cell apoptosis. Additionally, LINC00885 knockdown reduced the protein expression levels of p21, MET, p-mTOR, and p-p70, suggesting that LINC00885 may regulate the growth and metastasis of LUAD through these signaling pathways. Additional experiments revealed that an mTOR activator rescued the inhibited cell growth, invasion, and migration following LINC00885 knockdown. Together, these findings demonstrate that LINC00885 may promote LUAD by regulating p21, MET, and mTOR/p70 signal transduction. This study suggests that LINC00885 may be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in LUAD.

lung adenocarcinoma

LINCRNA

P70

mTOR

MET

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a highly malignant cancer type with a high clinical incidence and mortality rates that are increasing annually worldwide^[1]. Over the past several decades, significant improvements have been made in lung cancer treatment, including the development of targeted treatments. However, the emergence of resistant cancer cells during the course of molecular targeted therapy is a well-known limitation of these drugs^[2–4]. It is therefore urgent to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer development and identify reliable biomarkers for its early detection, diagnosis, and treatment^[5].

While long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were initially considered “junk,” an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs play critical roles in development, differentiation, stress, and disease pathogenesis^[6]. lncRNAs regulate gene expression and also regulate the expression levels of other lncRNAs^{[7, 8]}. Research has demonstrated that lncRNAs exhibit tissue- or cell-specific expression patterns and specific subcellular localization; lncRNAs contain locally highly conserved sequence elements and have special spatial secondary structures^[9]. lncRNAs participate in multiple biological processes through various mechanisms, including through interactions with proteins, formation of endogenous small interfering RNAs (siRNAs)^[10], and the regulation of mRNA shearing, chromatin remodeling, histone remodeling, transcription, and other processes^{[11, 12]}. Considering the large number of lncRNAs in human cells, the role of these molecules in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) needs to be further investigated.

High-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) has emerged as a powerful method for transcriptomic analysis and is widely used for understanding gene functions and biological patterns, finding candidate drug targets, and identifying biomarkers for disease classification and diagnosis^[13], particularly novel lncRNAs^{[14, 15]}. In this study, by analyzing RNA-Seq and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets, we identified a lncRNA called LINC00885 that is associated with LUAD. Studies have shown that LINC00885 exhibits a significant effect on breast and cervical cancer cells, and its high expression is associated with poor patient prognosis^[16–18]. However, the effect of LINC00885 in lung cancer cells has not been studied.

In the present study, we examined the roles of LINC00885 in LUAD. We found that knocking down LINC00885 levels decreased the expression of MET and p21. Moreover, silencing LINC00885 in cultured LUAD cells decreased cell proliferation, invasion, migration, and autophagy rates. Therefore, LINC00885 may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of LUAD.

Cell culture

Human cell lines A549, PC9, H1299, H1975, and H1650 were obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, https://www.atcc.org/). Cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 medium (Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS, Gibco, Gaithersburg, MD, USA) and maintained in a 37°C incubator with a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.

siRNAs and cell transfection

Cells were plated at specific densities and transfected with 10 nM siRNA oligonucleotides or non-targeting controls 24 to 48 h after plating. Transfection was performed with Lipofectamine® RNAiMax Reagent (Thermo Waltham, USA) in OptiMEM medium following the manufacturer’s instructions.

Knockdown efficiency was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) with the following primers: Si-LINC00885-1: sense CCUCCCAAUUAUCUCCUCUTT, antisense AGAGGAGAUAAUUGGGAGGTT; and si-LINC00885-2: CCGGCUGGUUCAAGAUCAATT, antisense UUGAUCUUGAACCAGCCGGTT.

Cell proliferation and colony formation assays

Cells were seeded in 96-well plates at 1000 cells per well and transfected with 10 nM siRNA or non-targeting (negative) control siRNA and LINC00885 overexpression or vector 12 to 24 h after seeding. At 72 to 96 h post-transfection, the proliferation rates were measured using cell proliferation reagent (WST-1, Beyotime, Shanghai, China) following the manufacturer’s instructions. The cell viability was calculated as a percentage of the viability of the negative control siRNA–transfected cells.

For colony formation assays, cells transfected with LINC00885-targeting siRNAs or control siRNAs were seeded in a 6-well plate at a density of 250 cells/well. After 12 to 14 days of culture at 37°C, 0.1% crystal violet (Solarbio, Beijing, China) and 20% methanol were used as dye solution to fix and stain the colonies. The cells were imaged and counted.

Western blot assay

RIPA lysis buffer (Beyotime, Shanghai, China) supplemented with protease inhibitors (Beyotime) was used to prepare whole cell lysates. Protein concentration was evaluated using a BCA Protein Assay Kit (Beyotime). Proteins were separated using SDS-PAGE and then transferred to polyvinylidene difluoride membranes. After blocking membranes with skim milk, the membranes were incubated with primary antibodies overnight at 4°C. The membranes were then incubated with secondary antibody for 1 h at 37°C. Protein signals were detected by P-ECL star (EpiZyme, Shanghai, China). GAPDH was used as an endogenous control.

RNA extraction and qRT-PCR

Total RNA was extracted from cultured cells using Trizol reagent (Solarbio) following the manufacturer’s instructions. Reverse transcription to cDNA was performed using a reverse transcription kit (Takara, Tokyo, Japan). qRT-PCR reactions were run in an Applied Biosystems 7500 Real-Time PC System (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) using SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Takara, Dalian, China). GAPDH mRNA was used as an internal control, and data were analyzed using the 2 − ΔΔCt method. Each experiment was performed in triplicate. The PCR primer sequences are as follows: LINC00885F: CCAGCAGGGCCTAGTAACAC and LINC00885R: CCTTGCTCTTGGTGAGTGGT.

Cell migration and invasion assays

Quantitative analysis of the migration and invasion capabilities of LUAD cells was performed using the Transwell chamber system. A total of 60 µL of diluted extracellular matrix gel solution was added to the upper chambers (Costar Inc., USA) and the chambers were incubated for 4 h at 37°C. For the migration assay, ECM solution was not added in the upper chamber. Cells were seeded at a density of 1×10⁵ cells in 100 µL RPMI-1640 medium with 1% FBS; the wells were then filled with 500 µL RPMI-1640 medium containing 20% FBS. The Transwell chambers were then incubated for 24 to 36 h at 37°C with 5% CO₂ to allow cell migration or invasion. When the incubation period ended, the remaining cells in the upper chamber were removed with a cotton swab. Cells that reached the bottom of the membrane were fixed with paraformaldehyde. The fixed cells were stained with crystal violet at room temperature for 30 min. The crystal violet bound to the cells was washed off with 200 µL of PBS. Cells were observed under a microscope at 4X and 10X and photographed.

Flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and cell cycle distribution

For apoptosis analysis, cells were resuspended in moderate binding buffer containing Annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) with propidium iodide (PI) (BD, NJ, USA). After incubation for 15 min, the cells were analyzed using a BD FACSAria3.

For cell cycle analysis, cells were fixed at 4°C overnight in 75% ethanol and then stained with RNase A and PI for 30 min at 37°C (Keygen, Nanjing, China). Samples were analyzed by a flow cytometer (BD Biosciences, San Jose, CA, USA) in the Guangdong Medical University flow cytometry core.

Animal models

For the subcutaneous tumor model, the armpits of mice were subcutaneously injected with transfected A549 cells (5×10⁶ cells/mice, n = 6/group for knockdown groups). In the experiment, mice were randomly assigned to two groups: control shRNA (sh-NC) and LINC00885 shRNA (sh-LINC00885). Tumor growth was observed and measured with a vernier caliper every week. T umor volume was calculated with the formula: V = (length×width²)/2. At 4 weeks after tumor formation, mice were euthanized and subcutaneous tumors.Four-week-old female nude mice (BALB/c) were purchased from the medical experimental Animal Center of Guangdong province (Guangdong, China).

Statistical analysis

Data were analyzed using GraphPad Prism 6 and R software. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the area under the curve (AUC) analysis were used to evaluate the tradeoff between sensitivity and specificity for the different possible cut-off points of a diagnostic test. Kaplan–Meier survival curves with log-rank test were used for survival analysis. The other datasets were evaluated by unpaired Student t-tests. A two-tailed P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Data availability

All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

LINC00885 expression is upregulated in LUAD

We analyzed 14 pairs of LUAD tissues and adjacent tissues with RNA-Seq and found that the expression level of LINC00885 in tumors was significantly higher than that in normal tissues (Fig. 1A). ROC curve analysis was performed and the AUC values were higher than 0.73 (Fig. 1B), indicating that LINC00885 may potentially be used as a novel diagnostic biomarker for LUAD. We also analyzed TCGA data and examined LINC00885 expression in different stages of LUAD; the results showed significantly higher expression of LINC00885 in stages III and IV (Fig. 1C). We used R language for single gene analysis and found that LINC00885 expression levels were also significantly higher in TCGA dataset compared with normal tissue (Fig. 1D). We used Biobank prediction and found that LINC00885 is mostly localized in the cytoplasm (Fig. 1E).

LINC00885 promotes the proliferation and colony formation of LUAD cells

To examine the role of LINC00885 in LUAD cell growth and proliferation, we performed loss-of-function assays using siRNAs in A549, H1299, PC9, and H1650 cells. We confirmed that LINC00885 expression levels were significantly reduced 48 h post-transfection of si-LINC00885#1 or si-LINC00885#2 in the cell lines (Fig. 2A). WST-1 assays showed that the two LINC00885-targeting siRNAs significantly reduced the proliferative capacity of A549, H1299, PC9, and H1650 cells compared with the si-NC (Fig. 2B),while LINC00885 overexpression significantly promoted A549,PC9 cell growth compared with vector (Fig. 2G). Knockdown of LINC00885 also significantly decreased the colony formation of LUAD cells (Fig. 2C–F). Together, these results suggest that LINC00885 positively regulates the proliferation of LUAD cells.

LINC00885 knockdown promotes apoptosis, autophagy, and cell cycle progression

To examine the role of LINC00885 in apoptosis, we performed flow cytometry experiments. The results showed that cells transfected with LINC00885-targeting siRNA had higher rates of apoptosis compared with control cells (Fig. 3A–F). Using western blot analysis, we found that expression of the apoptosis marker c-PARP was significantly increased 48 h post-siRNA transfection in A549 and PC9 cells with LINC00855 knockdown (Fig. 3G). Together, this suggests that LINC00885 inhibits the apoptosis of LUAD cells.

We next evaluated the involvement of LINC00885 in autophagy. We found that after knockdown of LINC00885, LC3B, a marker indicating level of autophagy, decreased significantly, while Beclin1 did not change, indicating that autophagy may be regulated by other ways (Fig. 3H).

Additionally, cell cycle analysis demonstrated that knockdown of LINC00885 caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase in LUAD cells (Fig. 4A–F). Together these data suggest that LINC00885 influences proliferation by regulating cell cycle progression.

LINC00885 knockdown results in decreased p21 and MET protein expression in LUAD cells

p21 protein is involved in cell cycle regulation and promotes carcinogenesis and tumor progression^[19–21]; it regulates cell proliferation in a variety of cell types^[22–24]. Knockdown of LINC00885 resulted in reduced p21 protein expression levels in A549, PC9, and H1650 cells (Fig. 4G). We found high expression levels of p21 were associated with a worse prognosis (lower overall survival) in NSCLC patients (Fig. 4H).

Western blot analysis showed that knockdown of LINC00885 decreased the levels of c-Met and p-MET (Fig. 4I). Decreasing the expression of MET using siRNAs significantly reduced the proliferation of H1650 cells (Fig. 4J). These findings suggest that LINC00885 regulates the proliferation of LUAD cells, possibly through regulating MET.

LINC00885 regulates LUAD metastasis and cell proliferation through the Akt/mTOR/p70 pathway

We next evaluated the role of LINC0085 on LUAD cell migration and invasion activities. Transwell assays showed that knocking down LINC00885 reduced the invasion and migration rates of A549 and PC9 cells (Fig. 5A–D).

LINC00885 knockdown significantly reduced the levels of p-Akt, p-mTOR and p-p70 in A549 and PC9 cells (Fig. 5E). These results show that LINC00885 may regulate the migration, invasion, and proliferation of LUAD cells through the Akt/mTOR/p70 pathway.

To evaluate the effect of LINC00885 on the Akt/mTOR/p70 signaling pathway in LUAD cells, A549 and PC9 cells were incubated with 5 µM MHY1485 for 48 h. MHY1485 is a cell permeable mTOR agonist that also inhibits autophagy^{[25, 26]}. The number of migrating cells was significantly higher in cells treated with both the LINC00885-targeting siRNA and MHY1485 compared with the cells treated with LINC00885-targeting siRNA alone (Fig. 6A-D). Taken together,LINC00885 regulation of apoptosis ,autophagy,proliferation and metastasis may be through these separate signaling mechanisms(Fig. 6E).

LINC00885 promotes the proliferationof NSCLC cells in vivo

To explore the effects of LINC00885 on the proliferation abilities of NSCLC cells in vivo, we constructed a subcutaneous nude mouse tumor model using A549 cells stably transfected with sh-LINC00885 and sh-NC. Sh-LINC00885 suppressed tumor growth in the subcutaneous tumor model compared with that in the sh-NC group and lower tumor volumes and weights were detected in the underexpression group(Fig. 7A-D).

Lung cancer has a complex etiology that has been attributed to factors such as tobacco use, sex, ethnicity, age, obesity, infections, and genetic contributions that work together to elicit the disease phenotype. The complicated nature of lung cancer may result from the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression, as well as the lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets^[27]. Numerous studies have shown that lncRNAs play crucial roles in cancer. LncRNAs regulate the proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, and autophagy of cancer cells^{[7, 28]}. Mechanistically, this regulation occurs through lncRNA interactions with various cellular molecules and factors, including chromatin, proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs^[28–31]. Our results revealed the clinical significance of LINC00885 in LUAD and indicated that LINC00885 might be a candidate target for the diagnosis and treatment of LUAD.

Previous reports have shown that LINC00885 plays a key role in cervical cancer. For example, LINC00885 upregulates MACC1 expression in cervical cancer cells by sponging miR-432-5p, thereby promoting cancer progression^[18], indicating that the LINC00885/miR-432-5p/MACC1 axis may serve a potential prognostic biomarker in cervical cancer. Overexpression of LINC00885 reversed the inhibitory effects of FOXP3 knockdown on the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells^[16].

LINC00885 also regulates mTOR, which is involved in cell metabolism, growth, proliferation, and survival^[32]. mTOR enhances protein and lipid synthesis, while reducing autophagy^{[33, 34]}. P70S6K is one of the key components of mTOR signal transduction and regulates several proteins involved in protein translation. P70 promotes the initiation of translation and also the initiation of ribosomal RNA and affects protein expression levels. P70S6K is frequently activated in a wide range of cancer types and plays a crucial role in several processes considered hallmarks of cancer. Therefore, blocking P70S6K expression or activity may be a promising strategy for anticancer treatment^[35].

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling plays an important role in promoting tumor angiogenesis, growth, and metastasis^[36–38]. HGF binds to its receptor, c-Met, which activates several signaling pathways, including the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), PI3K/AKT, NF-κB, and STAT3/5 pathways^[37]. Several articles have reported that MET is related to the proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis and other functions of tumor cells^[39–41]. Our results suggest that LINC00885 may be involved in the progression of LUAD cells by controlling c-Met signaling. Further studies will be required to fully understand the biological mechanisms of LINC00885 in LUAD.

PARP is a key modulator of apoptosis^[42].PARP inhibitors have been approved for the treatment of BRCA mutant ovarian cancer and breast cancer, and their mechanism is to play a role through the synthetic lethality of DNA repair gene mutations.^[43]. Our data suggest that LINC00885 may inhibit apoptosis via PARP. The mechanism needs to be explored in more depth.

Overall, our results show that LINC00885 plays a role in the cell proliferation, invasion, migration, apoptosis, and autophagy of LUAD cells. Future studies are required to further explore the mechanisms by which LINC00885 regulates cell.

Funding

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No.81572786;Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.LCYJ2018B001; Key Clinical Research Program of Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, No.LCYJ2021A004.

Author Contribution

Conceptualization, W.S. and Z.L.; methodology, W.W., D.W., D.B., K.W.; formal analysis, B.D., M.W., and X.W. writing—original draft preparation, Q.M., and R.Z.; writing—review and editing, W.S. and W.W.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Acknowledgements

We thank J. Iacona, Ph.D., from Liwen Bianji (Edanz) (www.liwenbianji.cn) for editing the English text of a draft of this manuscript.

Institutional Review Board Statement: All experimental procedures involving animals were approved by Guangdong Medical University and used in compliance with a local ethics committee (Permit Number: AHGDMU-LAC-B-202207-0005).

Data Availability Statement: All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.

Jin D, Guo J, Wu Y, Yang L, Wang X, Du J, et al. m(6)A demethylase ALKBH5 inhibits tumor growth and metastasis by reducing YTHDFs-mediated YAP expression and inhibiting miR-107/LATS2-mediated YAP activity in NSCLC. Mol Cancer. 2020;19(1):40. 10.1186/s12943-020-01161-1. Epub 2020/02/29.
Bray F, Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Siegel RL, Torre LA, Jemal A. Global cancer statistics 2018: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. Cancer J Clin. 2018;68(6):394–424. 21492. PubMed PMID: 30207593.
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A, Cancer statistics. 2020. CA: a cancer journal for clinicians. 2020;70(1):7–30. Epub 2020/01/09. doi: 10.3322/caac.21590. PubMed PMID: 31912902.
Ettinger DS, Wood DE, Aggarwal C, Aisner DL, Akerley W, Bauman JR, et al. NCCN Guidelines Insights: Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer, Version 1.2020. J Natl Compr Cancer Network: JNCCN. 2019;17(12):1464–72. 10.6004/jnccn.2019.0059. Epub 2019/12/06.
Yang Z, Wu L, Wang A, Tang W, Zhao Y, Zhao H, et al. dbDEMC 2.0: updated database of differentially expressed miRNAs in human cancers. Nucleic Acids Res. 2017;45(D1). 10.1093/nar/gkw1079. Epub 2016/12/03. D812-d8.
Dangwal S, Schimmel K, Foinquinos A, Xiao K, Thum T. Noncoding RNAs in Heart Failure. Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 2017;243:423 – 45. Epub 2016/12/21. doi: 10.1007/164_2016_99. PubMed PMID: 27995387.
Chen S, Liang H, Yang H, Zhou K, Xu L, Liu J et al. LincRNa-p21: function and mechanism in cancer. Medical oncology (Northwood, London, England). 2017;34(5):98. 10.1007/s12032-017-0959-5. PubMed PMID: 28425074.
Trovero MF, Rodríguez-Casuriaga R, Romeo C, Santiñaque FF, François M, Folle GA, et al. Revealing stage-specific expression patterns of long noncoding RNAs along mouse spermatogenesis. RNA Biol. 2020;17(3):350–65. PubMed PMID: 31869276; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6999611.
Daneshvar K, Ardehali MB, Klein IA, Hsieh FK, Kratkiewicz AJ, Mahpour A, et al. lncRNA DIGIT and BRD3 protein form phase-separated condensates to regulate endoderm differentiation. Nat Cell Biol. 2020;22(10):1211–22. 10.1038/s41556-020-0572-2. Epub 2020/09/09.
Fatica A, Bozzoni I. Long non-coding RNAs: new players in cell differentiation and development. Nat Rev Genet. 2014;15(1):7–21. 10.1038/nrg3606. Epub 2013/12/04.
Groff AF, Sanchez-Gomez DB, Soruco MML, Gerhardinger C, Barutcu AR, Li E, et al. In Vivo Characterization of Linc-p21 Reveals Functional cis-Regulatory DNA Elements. Cell Rep. 2016;16(8):2178–86. 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.050. Epub 2016/08/16.
Busch A, Eken SM, Maegdefessel L. Prospective and therapeutic screening value of non-coding RNA as biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. Annals translational Med. 2016;4(12):236. 10.21037/atm.2016.06.06. Epub 2016/07/19.
Lovén J, Orlando DA, Sigova AA, Lin CY, Rahl PB, Burge CB, et al. Revisiting global gene expression analysis. Cell. 2012;151(3):476–82. 10.1016/j.cell.2012.10.012. Epub 2012/10/30.
Iyer MK, Niknafs YS, Malik R, Singhal U, Sahu A, Hosono Y, et al. The landscape of long noncoding RNAs in the human transcriptome. Nat Genet. 2015;47(3):199–208. 10.1038/ng.3192. Epub 2015/01/20.
Balbin OA, Malik R, Dhanasekaran SM, Prensner JR, Cao X, Wu YM, et al. The landscape of antisense gene expression in human cancers. Genome Res. 2015;25(7):1068–79. 10.1101/gr.180596.114. Epub 2015/06/13.
Liu Y, Tu H, Zhang L, Xiong J, Li L. FOXP3induced LINC00885 promotes the proliferation and invasion of cervical cancer cells. Molecular medicine reports. 2021;23(6). Epub 2021/04/22. 10.3892/mmr.2021.12097. PubMed PMID: 33880574; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8072316.
MC A, P RCAGJL. T, H K, LINC00885 a Novel Oncogenic Long Non-Coding RNA Associated with Early Stage Breast Cancer Progression. 2020;21(19). 10.3390/ijms21197407. PubMed PMID: 33049922.
Chen H, Chi Y, Chen M, Zhao L. Long Intergenic Non-Coding RNA LINC00885 Promotes Tumorigenesis of Cervical Cancer by Upregulating MACC1 Expression Through Serving as a Competitive Endogenous RNA for microRNA-432-5p. Cancer Manage Res. 2021;13:1435–47. 10.2147/cmar.S291778. Epub 2021/02/20.
Su W, Feng S, Chen X, Yang X, Mao R, Guo C, et al. Silencing of Long Noncoding RNA MIR22HG Triggers Cell Survival/Death Signaling via Oncogenes YBX1, MET, and p21 in Lung Cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(12):3207–19. 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0222. Epub 2018/04/20.
Roninson IB. Oncogenic functions of tumour suppressor p21(Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1): association with cell senescence and tumour-promoting activities of stromal fibroblasts. Cancer Lett. 2002;179(1):1–14. 10.1016/s0304-3835(01)00847-3. Epub 2002/03/07.
Chang BD, Watanabe K, Broude EV, Fang J, Poole JC, Kalinichenko TV, et al. Effects of p21Waf1/Cip1/Sdi1 on cellular gene expression: implications for carcinogenesis, senescence, and age-related diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2000;97(8):4291–6. 10.1073/pnas.97.8.4291. Epub 2000/04/13.
Overton KW, Spencer SL, Noderer WL, Meyer T, Wang CL. Basal p21 controls population heterogeneity in cycling and quiescent cell cycle states. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2014;111(41):E4386–93. 10.1073/pnas.1409797111. PubMed PMID: 25267623; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4205626. Epub 2014/10/01.
Suzuki D, Sahu R, Leu NA, Senoo M. The carboxy-terminus of p63 links cell cycle control and the proliferative potential of epidermal progenitor cells. Development. 2015;142(2):282–90. 10.1242/dev.118307. Epub 2014/12/17.
Cheng T, Rodrigues N, Shen H, Yang Y, Dombkowski D, Sykes M et al. Hematopoietic stem cell quiescence maintained by p21cip1/waf1. Science (New York, NY). 2000;287(5459):1804–8. Epub 2000/03/10. 10.1126/science.287.5459.1804. PubMed PMID: 10710306.
Choi YJ, Lee G, Yun SH, Lee W, Yu J, Kim SK, et al. The role of SHMT2 in modulating lipid metabolism in hepatocytes via glycine-mediated mTOR activation. Amino Acids. 2022;54(5):823–34. 10.1007/s00726-022-03141-9. PubMed PMID: 35212811.
Li F, Deng Y, Zhang S, Zhu B, Wang J, Wang J, et al. Human hepatocyte-enriched miRNA-192-3p promotes HBV replication through inhibiting Akt/mTOR signalling by targeting ZNF143 in hepatic cell lines. Emerg microbes infections. 2022;11(1):616–28. PubMed PMID: 35109781; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC8865105.
Yoon SO, Shin S, Karreth FA, Buel GR, Jedrychowski MP, Plas DR, et al. Focal Adhesion- and IGF1R-Dependent Survival and Migratory Pathways Mediate Tumor Resistance to mTORC1/2 Inhibition. Mol Cell. 2017;67(3):512–e274. 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.06.033. PubMed PMID: 28757207.
Schmitt AM, Chang HY. Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer Pathways. Cancer cell. 2016;29(4):452 – 63. 10.1016/j.ccell.2016.03.010. PubMed PMID: 27070700.
Z PLJH. Y, S G, H Z, Q Z, ZNNT1 long noncoding RNA induces autophagy to inhibit tumorigenesis of uveal melanoma by regulating key autophagy gene expression. 2020;16(7):1186–99. 10.1080/15548627.2019.1659614. PubMed PMID: 31462126.
X Z LS, Autophagy XHBZ. MJJ. Long noncoding RNA CA7-4 promotes autophagy and apoptosis via sponging MIR877-3P and MIR5680 in high glucose-induced vascular endothelial cells. 2020;16(1):70–85. doi: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1598750. PubMed PMID: 30957640.
H X JWSXJY. Y J, Y Z, The long noncoding RNA H19 promotes tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer via autophagy. 2019;12(1):81. 10.1186/s13045-019-0747-0. PubMed PMID: 31340867.
Showkat M, Beigh MA, Andrabi KI. mTOR Signaling in Protein Translation Regulation: Implications in Cancer Genesis and Therapeutic Interventions. Molecular biology international. 2014;2014:686984. Epub 2014/12/17. 10.1155/2014/686984. PubMed PMID: 25505994; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC4258317.
Laplante M, Sabatini DM. mTOR signaling at a glance. J Cell Sci. 2009;122(Pt 20):3589–94. 10.1242/jcs.051011. Epub 2009/10/09.
Saxton RA, Sabatini DM. mTOR Signaling in Growth, Metabolism, and Disease. Cell. 2017;168(6):960–76. 10.1016/j.cell.2017.02.004. Epub 2017/03/12.
Ip CK, Wong AS. Exploiting p70 S6 kinase as a target for ovarian cancer. Expert Opin Ther Targets. 2012;16(6):619–30. 10.1517/14728222.2012.684680. Epub 2012/05/09.
You WK, McDonald DM. The hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met signaling pathway as a therapeutic target to inhibit angiogenesis. BMB Rep. 2008;41(12):833–9. 10.5483/bmbrep.2008.41.12.833. Epub 2009/01/07.
Zhang H, Feng Q, Chen WD, Wang YD. HGF/c-MET: A Promising Therapeutic Target in the Digestive System Cancers. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(11). 10.3390/ijms19113295. PubMed PMID: 30360560; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC6274736. Epub 2018/10/27.
Matsumoto K, Umitsu M, De Silva DM, Roy A, Bottaro DP. Hepatocyte growth factor/MET in cancer progression and biomarker discovery. Cancer Sci. 2017;108(3):296–307. 10.1111/cas.13156. Epub 2017/01/09.
Cai H, Yu Y, Ni X, Li C, Hu Y, Wang J, et al. LncRNA LINC00998 inhibits the malignant glioma phenotype via the CBX3-mediated c-Met/Akt/mTOR axis. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11(12):1032. 10.1038/s41419-020-03247-6. Epub 2020/12/04.
Liu L, Li X, Shi Y, Chen H. The long noncoding RNA FTX promotes a malignant phenotype in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via the miR-186/c-Met axis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;131:110666. 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110666. Epub 2020/08/28.
Guo Q, Li L, Bo Q, Chen L, Sun L, Shi H. Long noncoding RNA PITPNA-AS1 promotes cervical cancer progression through regulating the cell cycle and apoptosis by targeting the miR-876-5p/c-MET axis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;128:110072. 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110072. Epub 2020/05/28.
Farmer H, McCabe N, Lord CJ, Tutt AN, Johnson DA, Richardson TB, et al. Targeting the DNA repair defect in BRCA mutant cells as a therapeutic strategy. Nature. 2005;434(7035):917–21. 10.1038/nature03445. Epub 2005/04/15.
Slade D. PARP and PARG inhibitors in cancer treatment. Genes Dev. 2020;34(5–6):360–94. Epub 2020/02/08. doi: 10.1101/gad.334516.119. PubMed PMID: 32029455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMCPMC7050487.

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Editorial decision: Revision requested
19 Sep, 2024
Reviews received at journal
18 Sep, 2024
Reviewers agreed at journal
08 Sep, 2024
Reviews received at journal
06 Sep, 2024
Reviewers agreed at journal
06 Sep, 2024
Reviewers invited by journal
05 Sep, 2024
Editor assigned by journal
03 Sep, 2024
Submission checks completed at journal
30 Aug, 2024
First submitted to journal
20 Aug, 2024

You are reading this latest preprint version

LINC00885 promotes the development of lung adenocarcinoma through AKT/MTOR/P70 signaling LINC00885 may regulate migration, proliferation, and invasion through the mTOR pathway in lung adenocarcinoma

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials and Methods

Statistical analysis

Results

Discussion

Declarations

Funding

Author Contribution

Acknowledgements

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1