In this retrospective study, patients with clinically FIGO stage IIIC1 high-grade endometrial cancer postoperatively showed an overall risk of 60.7% of lymph node metastases. We found that the pathological disease stage was associated with patient survival in the study population. The addition of para-aortic lymphadenectomy to pelvic lymphadenectomy did not improve RFS or OS, compared with pelvic lymphadenectomy alone. However, in our subgroup analysis, the node- and LVSI-positive patients characterized by grade 3 endometrioid histologic type or negative peritoneal washing cytology had an RFS benefit from combined pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy.
The role of lymphadenectomy for patients with endometrial cancer has long been a subject of great debate [10,11]. Many retrospective analyses have suggested there are survival benefits of systemic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy in patients with endometrial cancer [7,12–14], and accordingly, many patients have undergone this procedure over the years. However, there are several pitfalls that could influence the impact of para-aortic lymphadenectomy in these studies. First, the eligibility criteria were not strict. Many of them include all endometrial cancer patients, including those with early-stage and those with advanced-stage disease. In addition, patients with enlarged lymph nodes were not excluded [7,13]. Removal of palpable lymph nodes may achieve optimal cytoreduction, potentially resulting in improved patient survival. Second, patients in different lymphadenectomy groups did not receive uniform adjuvant treatment in some studies. This inconsistency might be a confounding factor for survival outcomes. Third, para-aortic lymphadenectomy is a procedure with substantial treatment-related challenges. Surgeons decide whether to perform this procedure not only according to disease-specific factors such as disease stage, histologic types, thickness of myometrial invasion, and LVSI status, but also on the basis of patient age, performance status, and comorbidities. Individuals with poorer performance status might not receive para-aortic lymphadenectomy, while younger and healthier patients are more likely to undergo systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy.
For clinically node-negative patients, systemic pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy provides accurate disease stage, which can guide observation or appropriate adjuvant therapy [15]. However, the therapeutic significance of systemic lymphadenectomy in patients with clinically node-negative disease remains unclear [15,16]. In our previous study, combined pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy compared with pelvic lymphadenectomy alone did not improve survival in patients with pathologically diagnosed early-stage high-grade endometrial cancers [8]. In the further analysis of patients with clinically early-stage disease, although 30.3% of these patients were pathologically proven to have lymph node metastases after staging surgeries, no significant differences in the RFS and OS were noted between the two lymphadenectomy groups.
In our current findings, the addition of para-aortic lymphadenectomy to pelvic lymphadenectomy also did not improve the RFS or OS of patients with clinically FIGO stage IIIC1 high-grade endometrial cancer, compared with the RFS or OS after pelvic lymphadenectomy alone. Based on our previous and current findings, patients with clinically para-aortic node-negative high-grade endometrial cancer, the surgical staging procedure with pelvic lymphadenectomy alone seems sufficient. However, in our subgroup analysis, the node- and LVSI-positive patients characterized by grade 3 endometrioid histologic type or negative peritoneal washing cytology had an RFS benefit from combined pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy. All these patients underwent uniform postoperative treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore, preoperative identification of this subpopulation is essential.
Like this current study, several studies have established that LVSI, which can be obtained from endometrial biopsy specimens, is highly associated with nodal metastases in endometrial cancer [17–19]. In our study, 71.8% of patients (28/39) with positive LVSI had nodal metastase. Twenty of 28 patients (71.4%) with positive LVSI had negative peritoneal washing cytology. Therefore, histologic type and LVSI status from preoperative specimens may assist surgeons in deciding whether to perform para-aortic lymphadenectomy for the patients with clinically FIGO stage IIIC1 high-grade endometrial cancer.
In addition, several preoperative scoring systems have been proposed and validated to predict the risk of nodal metastasis in endometrial cancer patients [20–24]. The scoring systems can be based on risk factors that can be assessed preoperatively, such as tumor histologic type/grade, serum CA-125 level, depth of myometrial invasion, tumor size, and the presence or absence of cervical involvement [20–22,25]. Because some molecular subtypes of endometrial cancer are significantly associated with lymph node metastasis—the P53-abnormal group demonstrates the highest incidence of nodal involvement, whereas the POLE-mutated group has the lowest [26,27]—such molecular classification has become a promising factor with which to tailor surgical treatment.
The limitations of this study include its retrospective study design and the relatively small number of studied patients. In addition, we lack information on the molecular classification of our patients. However, this study benefited from a well-defined study population with clinically FIGO stage IIIC1 high-grade endometrial cancer. Furthermore, there were no significant differences observed in the distribution of clinical and pathological variables, surgical procedures, and adjuvant therapeutic approaches between the two lymphadenectomy cohorts.
In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the addition of para-aortic lymphadenectomy to pelvic lymphadenectomy did not improve survival in patients with clinically FIGO IIIC1 endometrial cancer. Performance of para-aortic lymphadenectomy may improve RFS in node- and LVSI-positive patients characterized by grade 3 endometrioid histologic type or negative washing cytology. Thus, further randomized controlled trials with molecular information are needed to validate the role of lymphadenectomy in endometrial cancer. These would help patients with endometrial cancer to receive the most appropriate surgical and adjuvant treatment, thereby reducing lymphadenectomy-related complications. However, until more evidence is available, our research still holds reference value that for patients with clinically stage IIIC1 enometrial cancer, para-aortic lymphadenectomy may be considered for those with grade 3 endometrioid histologic type and positive LVSI.