Growth performance
The effects of rearing system and narasin on the growth performance of broilers were shown in table 4. The main effect analysis showed that, from d 1 to d 12, PN birds had higher ADG and ADFI, also higher body weight on d 12 than those of the other two systems(P<0.05). FCR of MC birds was significant lower than that of PN birds (P<0.05). While, narasin inclusion reduced ADG, ADFI and body weight significantly (P<0.05). From d 13 to d 23, MC birds had lower ADG and ADFI, and lower body weight on d 23 than those of the other two systems (P<0.05). Narasin inclusion reduced ADG, ADFI and body weight on d 23 significantly (P<0.05). From d 24 to d 36, PN birds had higher ADG and FCR, also body weight than those of CM birds (P<0.05). Narasin decreased ADFI and FCR significantly (P<0.05). From d 1 to d 36, MC birds had lower ADG and ADFI than FL and PN birds (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between FL and PN treatments (P>0.05). Narasin inclusion reduced ADFI and FCR significantly (P<0.05).
Table 4 Effects of raising system and narasin on growth performance of broilers
|
FL
|
MC
|
PN
|
P值
|
SEM
|
System
|
Narasin
|
P-value
|
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
+
|
-
|
FL
|
CM
|
PN
|
+
|
-
|
System
|
Narasin
|
Interaction
|
12dBW/(g)
|
439de
|
444cd
|
434e
|
448bc
|
455b
|
467a
|
<0.001
|
1.718
|
441b
|
441b
|
461a
|
443b
|
453a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.270
|
23dBW/(g)
|
1348b
|
1355b
|
1304c
|
1330b
|
1347b
|
1385a
|
<0.001
|
4.559
|
1351a
|
1317b
|
1366a
|
1333b
|
1357a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.229
|
36dBW/(g)
|
2509ab
|
2509ab
|
2457b
|
2488b
|
2510ab
|
2544a
|
0.025
|
7.477
|
2509a
|
2473b
|
2527a
|
2492
|
2514
|
<0.001
|
0.134
|
0.552
|
1~12d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADG/(g/d)
|
32.6de
|
33.0cd
|
32.2e
|
33.3bc
|
33.9b
|
34.9a
|
<0.001
|
0.143
|
32.8b
|
32.8b
|
34.4a
|
32.9b
|
33.8a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.274
|
FCR
|
1.131
|
1.130
|
1.126
|
1.116
|
1.142
|
1.131
|
0.070
|
0.002
|
1.1309ab
|
1.121b
|
1.136a
|
1.133
|
1.126
|
0.029
|
0.142
|
0.587
|
ADFI/(g/d)
|
36.8cd
|
37.3c
|
36.2d
|
37.2c
|
38.7b
|
39.5a
|
<0.001
|
0.161
|
37.0b
|
36.7b
|
39.1a
|
37.2b
|
38.0a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.543
|
Survival rate/ (%)
|
99.8
|
99.8
|
99.5
|
99.8
|
99.1
|
99.3
|
0.724
|
0.143
|
99.8
|
99.6
|
99.2
|
99.5
|
99.6
|
0.311
|
0.582
|
0.924
|
13~23d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADG/(g/d)
|
82.6ab
|
82.8ab
|
79.1c
|
80.3c
|
81.1bc
|
83.4a
|
<0.001
|
0.339
|
82.7a
|
79.7b
|
82.3a
|
80.9b
|
82.2a
|
<0.001
|
0.039
|
0.343
|
FCR
|
1.335b
|
1.356a
|
1.337b
|
1.355a
|
1.358a
|
1.342ab
|
<0.001
|
0.002
|
1.345
|
1.346
|
1.350
|
1.343
|
1.351
|
0.649
|
0.072
|
<0.001
|
ADFI/(g/d)
|
110.3ab
|
112.3a
|
105.7c
|
108.7b
|
110.2ab
|
112.0a
|
<0.001
|
0.430
|
111.3a
|
107.2b
|
111.1a
|
108.7b
|
111.0a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.746
|
Survival rate/ (%)
|
99.5
|
99.8
|
99.5
|
99.7
|
98.4
|
99.3
|
0.193
|
0.172
|
99.6
|
99.6
|
98.8
|
99.1
|
99.6
|
0.102
|
0.158
|
0.645
|
24~36d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADG/(g/d)
|
89.3
|
88.8
|
88.7
|
89.1
|
89.5
|
89.2
|
0.992
|
0.370
|
89.1
|
88.9
|
89.3
|
89.2
|
89.0
|
0.905
|
0.822
|
0.889
|
FCR
|
1.778cd
|
1.831ab
|
1.763d
|
1.813b
|
1.804bc
|
1.851a
|
<0.001
|
0.006
|
1.804ab
|
1.788b
|
1.827a
|
1.782b
|
1.832a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.974
|
ADFI/(g/d)
|
158.8bc
|
162.4ab
|
156.4c
|
161.4ab
|
161.2ab
|
164.9a
|
<0.001
|
0.598
|
160.6ab
|
158.9b
|
163.1a
|
158.8b
|
162.a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.829
|
Survival rate/ (%)
|
99.2
|
98.7
|
99.4
|
99.2
|
98.6
|
98.1
|
0.560
|
0.224
|
99.0
|
99.3
|
98.3
|
99.1
|
98.7
|
0.224
|
0.363
|
0.974
|
1~36d
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ADG/(g/d)
|
68.4ab
|
68.4ab
|
66.9b
|
67.8b
|
68.4ab
|
69.3a
|
0.0257
|
0.207
|
68.4a
|
67.4b
|
68.9a
|
67.9
|
68.5
|
<0.001
|
0.127
|
0.551
|
FCR
|
1.511b
|
1.542a
|
1.507b
|
1.533a
|
1.532a
|
1.542a
|
<0.001
|
0.003
|
1.527b
|
1.520b
|
1.537a
|
1.517b
|
1.539a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.123
|
ADFI/(g/d)
|
103.3b
|
105.4ab
|
100.8c
|
103.9b
|
104.8b
|
106.9a
|
<0.001
|
0.353
|
104.4b
|
102.4c
|
105.9a
|
103.0b
|
105.4a
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.727
|
Survival rate/ (%)
|
98.5
|
98.3
|
98.4
|
98.6
|
96.1
|
96.8
|
0.125
|
0.335
|
98.4a
|
98.5a
|
96.4b
|
97.7
|
97.9
|
<0.001
|
0.731
|
0.841
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing,BW= body weight, ADG = average daily gain, ADFI = average daily feed intake, FCR= feed conversion ratio
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
1n= 12 replications.
Digestive organ development
The effect of rearing system and narasin on gizzard and proventriculus development of broilers is shown in Figure 1. FL birds gizzards were brighter and plumper than those of PN and MC rearing in appearance, and the proventriculus was and isthmus was moderate. Both cage and net rearing broilers had small gizzards, swollen proventriculi and looked unthrift.
The effects of rearing systems and narasin on relative weight of digestive organs of broilers were shown in Tables 5 and 6. Broiler chickens on FL treatment had heavier gizzards than those of CM and PN treatment (P<0.05). CM significantly reduced the relative weights and of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum compared to the other two systems (P<0.05).
Table 5 Effects of raising system and narasin on relative weight digestive organ of broilers
System
|
Narasin
|
Relative weight of gizzard
|
Relative weight of proventriculus
|
FL
|
+
|
1.24a
|
0.25b
|
FL
|
-
|
1.15a
|
0.26b
|
MC
|
+
|
0.90b
|
0.39a
|
MC
|
-
|
0.96b
|
0.39a
|
PN
|
+
|
0.86b
|
0.35a
|
PN
|
-
|
0.87b
|
0.32ab
|
P-value
|
<0.001
|
0.0004
|
SEM
|
0.026
|
0.012
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
1.19a
|
0.26b
|
MC
|
0.93b
|
0.39a
|
PN
|
0.87b
|
0.34a
|
Narasin
|
+
|
1.00
|
0.33
|
-
|
0.99
|
0.32
|
P-value
|
System
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Narasin
|
0.881
|
0.757
|
Interaction
|
0.240
|
0.724
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
n= 10 replications.
Fig. 1 Development of proventriculus and gizzard
Intestinal lesion score and mRNA expression of ileum immune factors
The effects of rearing systems and narasin on intestinal lesion score and mRNA expression in the ileum of broilers were shown in Table 7. There are no significant difference in intestinal lesion score among those systems (P>0.05).
Cage rearing significantly reduced the gene expression of IL-1β and IFN-γ in intestinal tract (P<0.05). The mRNA expression levels of the ileal IL-1β and IFN-γ in FL birds were higher than those in PN and MC groups (P < 0.05). Narasin decreased the mRNA expressions of TNF-α in the ileum (P < 0.05). Different rearing systems and narasin adding showed a significant interaction in the expression level of ileal IL-1β and IL-8(P < 0.05). Among all groups, the FL + narasin treatment had the highest expression level of IL-1β and the FL + non-narasin treatment had the highest expression level of IL-8 whereas The MC + narasin treatment had the lowest level of expression of IL-1β.
Table 6 Effects of raising system and narasin on intestine development of broilers
System
|
Narasin
|
Relative weight(%)
|
Intestine weight length ratio(g/cm)
|
Duodenum
|
Jejunum
|
Ileum
|
Duodenum
|
Jejunum
|
Ileum
|
FL
|
+
|
0.64ab
|
1.34a
|
1.02a
|
0.51a
|
0.41ab
|
0.31a
|
FL
|
-
|
0.65a
|
1.27ab
|
0.97a
|
0.56a
|
0.42a
|
0.30ab
|
MC
|
+
|
0.44d
|
0.91d
|
0.72b
|
0.43b
|
0.32c
|
0.27bc
|
MC
|
-
|
0.53c
|
1.07c
|
0.75b
|
0.52a
|
0.37b
|
0.26c
|
PN
|
+
|
0.58abc
|
1.13bc
|
0.92a
|
0.50a
|
0.40ab
|
0.33a
|
PN
|
-
|
0.57bc
|
1.08c
|
0.95a
|
0.52a
|
0.41ab
|
0.33a
|
P-value
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.0002
|
0.003
|
0.001
|
0.001
|
SEM
|
0.014
|
0.027
|
0.024
|
0.010
|
0.007
|
0.006
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
0.65a
|
1.30a
|
0.99a
|
0.53a
|
0.42a
|
0.31a
|
MC
|
0.48c
|
0.98c
|
0.74b
|
0.47b
|
0.34b
|
0.27b
|
PN
|
0.57b
|
1.10b
|
0.94a
|
0.51ab
|
0.41a
|
0.33a
|
Narasin
|
+
|
0.55
|
1.12
|
0.89
|
0.48b
|
0.38
|
0.30
|
-
|
0.58
|
1.14
|
0.90
|
0.53a
|
0.40
|
0.30
|
P-value
|
System
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.026
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Narasin
|
0.219
|
0.679
|
0.921
|
0.004
|
0.077
|
0.543
|
Interaction
|
0.118
|
0.031
|
0.697
|
0.210
|
0.419
|
0.879
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
n= 10 replications.
Table 7 Effects of raising system and narasin on mRNA expression of ileum immune factors of broilers
System
|
Narasin
|
Lesion score
|
IL-1β
|
TNF-α
|
IL-8
|
IFN-γ
|
FL
|
+
|
0.26
|
1.08a
|
1.03
|
1.05c
|
1.05a
|
FL
|
-
|
0.35
|
0.85b
|
1.08
|
1.59a
|
0.84b
|
MC
|
+
|
0.33
|
0.60c
|
0.95
|
1.38abc
|
0.42c
|
MC
|
-
|
0.30
|
0.83b
|
1.18
|
1.48ab
|
0.48c
|
PN
|
+
|
0.27
|
0.82b
|
1.03
|
1.54ab
|
0.77b
|
PN
|
-
|
0.33
|
0.87b
|
1.29
|
1.23bc
|
0.82b
|
P-value
|
|
0.683
|
0.194
|
0.010
|
<0.001
|
SEM
|
|
0.018
|
0.041
|
0.050
|
0.040
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
0.30
|
0.97a
|
1.06
|
1.32
|
0.94a
|
MC
|
0.32
|
0.71c
|
1.06
|
1.43
|
0.45c
|
PN
|
0.30
|
0.84b
|
1.16
|
1.39
|
0.79b
|
Anticoccidial
drug
|
+
|
0.29
|
0.83
|
1.00b
|
1.32
|
0.75
|
-
|
0.33
|
0.85
|
1.19a
|
1.43
|
0.71
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.931
|
0.001
|
0.504
|
0.629
|
<0.001
|
Narasin
|
0.290
|
0.777
|
0.030
|
0.222
|
0.511
|
Interaction
|
0.407
|
0.002
|
0.510
|
0.002
|
0.068
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
n= 8 replications.
Intestinal microbiota
As shown in Figure 2, a total of 3,250 OTUs were identified based on >97% sequencing similarity. Wherein 2,061 OTU's were common in all three rearing systems and 2940 OTU's were common among adding narasin or not. Respectively, 399, 78 and 94 OTU's were exclusive in the FL, NP and MC gorups whereas154 and 156 OTU's were exclusive in narasin-adding group and narasin-free group. The specaccum curves and rank abundance curves indicated that sufficient sequencing coverage was achieved (Shown in Figures 3 and 4).
As presented in Table 8, narasin didn’t affect the alpha diversity of ileal microbiota. Floor rearing numerically increased both richness index (Chao1 and ACE) and diversity index (Shannon and Simpson). Shannon index was significantly improved in FL feeding (P<0.05). PLS-DA in Figure 5 indicated that there was differentiation of the microbial community structure among the treatments.
Intestine microbiota at the phylum level are shown in Table 9, Figures 6 and 7. At the phylum level, the ileal microbiota was dominated by Firmicutes (65.18~93.01%), Proteobacteria (3.71~13.93%), Actinobacteria (0.04~2.18%) and Cyanobacteria (0.14~0.50%). FL rearing markedly increased Actinobacteria abundance than other rearing modes (P<0.05). MC rearing increased Proteobacteria, Thermi and decrease Bacteroidetes abundances than other rearing modes and increased Cyanobacteria abundance compared to floor rearing (P<0.05). However, narasin increased Proteobacteria abundances than control chicks (P<0.05).
As shown in Table 10, Figures 8 and 9, FL rearing improve Corynebacterium, Facklamia, Dietzia, Brevibacterium, Staphylococcus abundances than other treatments (P<0.05). MC rearing markedly increased Bacillus abundance than floor rearing and increased Pseudomonas and Bacillus than PN rearing (P<0.05). Increase was observed after narasin adding in Ochrobactrum abundance.
Table 11 presents the predicted microbial functions at level 1 of the KEGG pathways. Compared to other rearing systems, MC had significantly more abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with cellular processes, and less abundance of KEGG pathways belonging to genetic information processing (P<0.05). Net rearing had significantly less abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with organismal systems than other feeding modes. Narasin had remarkably larger abundance of KEGG pathways belonging to cellular processes and organismal systems.
Table 12 shows the top 10 predicted microbial functions at level 2 of the KEGG pathways. PN rearing had significantly less abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with amino acid metabolism (P<0.05). MC rearing had significantly less abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with replication and repair, translation and nucleotide metabolism and remarkably larger abundances of KEGG pathways belonging to lipid metabolism and xenobiotics biodegradation and metabolism (P<0.05). FL rearing had less abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with carbohydrate metabolism compared with other rearing condition and had more abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with energy metabolism compared with cage feeding (P<0.05). Narasin adding markedly decreased abundance of KEGG pathways affiliated with replication and repair, translation, nucleotide metabolism and increased abundance of KEGG pathways belonging to amino acid metabolism (P<0.05).
Table 8 α-diversity of ileal microflora
System
|
Narasin
|
Simpson
|
Chao1
|
ACE
|
Shannon
|
FL
|
+
|
0.93
|
994.87
|
1012.88
|
6.46a
|
FL
|
-
|
0.94
|
988.88
|
1001.31
|
6.60a
|
MC
|
+
|
0.93
|
986.84
|
1007.66
|
6.08ab
|
MC
|
-
|
0.89
|
903.69
|
914.62
|
5.68ab
|
PN
|
+
|
0.86
|
800.88
|
818.97
|
5.35b
|
PN
|
-
|
0.89
|
935.17
|
930.9
|
5.75ab
|
P-value
|
0.612
|
0.617
|
0.408
|
0.063
|
SEM
|
0.012
|
35.704
|
35.868
|
0.140
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
0.93
|
991.87
|
1007.09
|
6.53a
|
MC
|
0.91
|
945.27
|
961.14
|
5.88a
|
PN
|
0.88
|
968.03
|
911.28
|
5.55b
|
Narasin
|
+
|
0.91
|
927.53
|
946.50
|
5.96
|
-
|
0.91
|
942.58
|
973.18
|
6.01
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.184
|
0.604
|
0.547
|
0.013
|
Narasin
|
0.918
|
0.571
|
0.706
|
0.847
|
Interaction
|
0.48
|
0.228
|
0.271
|
0.462
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
n = 8 replications.
Table 9 Microflora structure at phylum level
System
|
Narasin
|
Firmicutes
|
Proteobacteria
|
Actinomycetes
|
Cyanobacteria
|
Bacteroidetes
|
FL
|
+
|
71.03
|
5.69b
|
1.90a
|
0.21
|
0.04abc
|
FL
|
-
|
70.72
|
4.11b
|
2.18a
|
0.14b
|
0.06ab
|
MC
|
+
|
65.18
|
13.93a
|
0.25b
|
0.50a
|
0.02bc
|
MC
|
-
|
93.01
|
6.43b
|
0.12b
|
0.40ab
|
0.02c
|
PN
|
+
|
71.67
|
7.78b
|
0.08b
|
0.44ab
|
0.07a
|
PN
|
-
|
73.77
|
3.71b
|
0.04b
|
0.20ab
|
0.02bc
|
P-value
|
0.683
|
0.004
|
0.001
|
0.126
|
0.036
|
SEM
|
4.614
|
0.877
|
0.209
|
0.047
|
0.007
|
Main effect
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
70.87
|
4.90b
|
2.04a
|
0.16b
|
0.06a
|
MC
|
79.09
|
10.18a
|
0.20b
|
0.45a
|
0.02b
|
PN
|
72.72
|
5.89b
|
0.06b
|
0.31ab
|
0.05a
|
Narasin
|
+
|
69.11
|
8.97b
|
0.75
|
0.37
|
0.05
|
-
|
76.10
|
4.88a
|
0.86
|
0.24
|
0.04
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.669
|
0.029
|
<0.001
|
0.064
|
0.032
|
Narasin
|
0.501
|
0.021
|
0.779
|
0.210
|
0.418
|
Interaction
|
0.359
|
0.300
|
0.757
|
0.624
|
0.024
|
Table 10 Microflora structure at genus level
System
|
Narasin
|
Lactobacillus
|
Pseudomonas
|
Corynebacterium
|
Bacillus
|
Facklamia
|
Ochrobactrum
|
Enterococcus
|
Dietzia
|
Brevibacterium
|
Staphylococcus
|
FL
|
+
|
86.99ab
|
2.48b
|
2.02a
|
0.07c
|
0.51a
|
0.07b
|
0.11ab
|
0.21b
|
0.10a
|
0.09a
|
FL
|
-
|
87.16ab
|
1.97b
|
2.15a
|
0.10bc
|
0.25ab
|
0.04b
|
0.02ab
|
0.42a
|
0.12a
|
0.06a
|
MC
|
+
|
80.08b
|
5.32a
|
0.02b
|
0.48a
|
<0.01b
|
0.24a
|
0.17a
|
<0.01c
|
0.02b
|
0.01b
|
MC
|
-
|
89.69a
|
2.31b
|
0.01b
|
0.29b
|
<0.01b
|
0.11b
|
<0.01b
|
<0.01c
|
0.01b
|
0.01b
|
PN
|
+
|
90.66a
|
1.72b
|
0.01b
|
0.13bc
|
<0.01b
|
0.16ab
|
0.01b
|
<0.01c
|
0.01b
|
0.01b
|
PN
|
-
|
89.90a
|
1.42b
|
0.01b
|
0.11bc
|
<0.01b
|
0.09b
|
<0.01b
|
<0.01c
|
<0.01b
|
<0.01b
|
P-value
|
0.149
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.001
|
0.002
|
0.015
|
0.099
|
<0.001
|
0.003
|
<0.001
|
SEM
|
1.258
|
0.267
|
0.208
|
0.032
|
0.046
|
0.017
|
0.022
|
0.032
|
0.012
|
0.011
|
Main effect
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
87.08
|
2.25ab
|
2.09a
|
0.09b
|
0.37a
|
0.06b
|
0.07
|
0.32a
|
0.11a
|
0.08a
|
MC
|
84.89
|
3.81a
|
0.02b
|
0.41a
|
<0.01b
|
0.18a
|
0.14
|
<0.01b
|
0.01b
|
<0.01b
|
PN
|
90.28
|
1.57b
|
<0.01b
|
0.12b
|
<0.01b
|
0.13a
|
<0.01
|
<0.01b
|
<0.01b
|
<0.01b
|
Narasin
|
+
|
89.01
|
2.76
|
0.67
|
0.22
|
0.16
|
0.16a
|
0.10
|
0.07
|
0.05
|
0.03
|
-
|
89.08
|
1.88
|
0.68
|
0.15
|
0.09
|
0.08b
|
0.01
|
0.09
|
0.03
|
0.02
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.515
|
0.005
|
0.001
|
<0.001
|
0.001
|
0.017
|
0.062
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
<0.001
|
Narasin
|
0.981
|
0.095
|
0.983
|
0.269
|
0.418
|
0.048
|
0.082
|
0.723
|
0.115
|
0.257
|
Interaction
|
0.506
|
0.153
|
0.999
|
0.150
|
0.550
|
0.277
|
0.049
|
0.891
|
0.363
|
0.551
|
Table 11 Predicted Functional Changes at level 1
System
|
Narasin
|
Cellular Processes
|
Environmental Information Processing
|
Genetic Information Processing
|
Human Diseases
|
Metabolism
|
Organismal Systems
|
FL
|
+
|
5.02b
|
13.95
|
23.54a
|
0.86b
|
51.09
|
0.44ab
|
FL
|
-
|
4.97b
|
13.76
|
23.83a
|
0.86b
|
51.02
|
0.43ab
|
MC
|
+
|
5.94a
|
14.62
|
21.32b
|
0.93a
|
51.61
|
0.47a
|
MC
|
-
|
5.24b
|
14.25
|
22.74a
|
0.84b
|
51.54
|
0.41bc
|
PN
|
+
|
5.15b
|
14.5
|
23.32a
|
0.88ab
|
50.68
|
0.40bc
|
PN
|
-
|
5.14b
|
14.25
|
23.87a
|
0.84b
|
50.40
|
0.39c
|
P-value
|
0.041
|
0.643
|
0.001
|
0.020
|
0.576
|
0.002
|
SEM
|
0.097
|
0.164
|
0.212
|
0.008
|
0.217
|
0.007
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
5.00b
|
13.87
|
23.68a
|
0.85
|
51.06
|
0.44a
|
MC
|
5.59a
|
14.52
|
22.03b
|
0.88
|
51.58
|
0.44a
|
PN
|
5.15b
|
14.38
|
23.73a
|
0.86
|
50.54
|
0.39b
|
Narasin
|
+
|
5.37a
|
14.36
|
22.73
|
0.89
|
51.13
|
0.44a
|
-
|
5.00b
|
14.05
|
23.68
|
0.84
|
51.05
|
0.41b
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.003
|
0.282
|
<0.001
|
0.165
|
0.258
|
0.002
|
Narasin
|
0.025
|
0.361
|
0.098
|
0.258
|
0.849
|
0.006
|
Interaction
|
0.311
|
0.860
|
0.606
|
0.002
|
0.896
|
0.121
|
FL=flooring litter rearing, MC= multilayer cage rearing, PN= plastic net rearing
a, b Within a row, numbers with different superscripts differ statistically at P <0.05.
n = 8 replications.
Table 12 Predicted Functional Changes at level 2
System
|
Narasin
|
Membrane Transport
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism
|
Replication and Repair
|
Amino Acid Metabolism
|
Translation
|
Energy Metabolism
|
Nucleotide Metabolism
|
Lipid Metabolism
|
Xenobiotics Biodegradation and Metabolism
|
Metabolism of Cofactors and Vitamins
|
FL
|
+
|
12.21
|
11.23b
|
9.37a
|
8.54a
|
6.22a
|
5.01ab
|
4.84a
|
3.55ab
|
3.39
|
3.54a
|
FL
|
-
|
12.12
|
11.16b
|
9.51a
|
8.34ab
|
6.35a
|
5.04a
|
4.84a
|
3.42b
|
3.25
|
3.65a
|
MC
|
+
|
12.57
|
11.30b
|
8.25b
|
8.87a
|
5.39b
|
4.90ab
|
4.22b
|
3.82a
|
3.93
|
3.31ab
|
MC
|
-
|
12.84
|
12.55a
|
9.00a
|
7.85ab
|
6.02a
|
4.89b
|
4.54ab
|
3.67ab
|
3.86
|
2.96b
|
PN
|
+
|
12.82
|
11.99ab
|
9.18a
|
7.87ab
|
6.15a
|
4.99ab
|
4.68a
|
3.49ab
|
3.36
|
3.20ab
|
PN
|
-
|
12.64
|
11.95ab
|
9.46a
|
7.64c
|
6.28a
|
4.96ab
|
4.81a
|
3.44ab
|
3.3
|
3.19ab
|
P-value
|
0.660
|
0.025
|
0.002
|
0.002
|
0.006
|
0.142
|
0.012
|
0.176
|
0.114
|
0.049
|
SEM
|
0.151
|
0.146
|
0.106
|
0.106
|
0.087
|
0.020
|
0.061
|
0.051
|
0.093
|
0.070
|
Main effect
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
System
|
FL
|
12.17
|
11.19b
|
9.44a
|
8.45a
|
6.35a
|
5.03a
|
4.90a
|
3.49b
|
3.33b
|
3.60a
|
MC
|
12.71
|
11.98a
|
8.67b
|
8.35a
|
5.73b
|
4.88b
|
4.39b
|
3.75a
|
3.89a
|
3.09b
|
PN
|
12.73
|
11.97a
|
9.32a
|
7.76b
|
6.22a
|
4.97ab
|
4.79a
|
3.46b
|
3.33b
|
3.20b
|
Narasin
|
+
|
12.53
|
11.50
|
8.93b
|
8.43a
|
5.92b
|
4.97
|
4.58b
|
3.62
|
3.56
|
3.35
|
-
|
12.53
|
12.00
|
9.41a
|
7.97b
|
6.31a
|
4.96
|
4.82a
|
3.59
|
3.60
|
3.19
|
P-value
|
System
|
0.249
|
0.046
|
0.001
|
0.016
|
0.003
|
0.019
|
<0.001
|
0.004
|
0.003
|
0.018
|
Narasin
|
0.999
|
0.081
|
0.011
|
0.021
|
0.013
|
0.81
|
0.022
|
0.767
|
0.823
|
0.214
|
Interaction
|
0.821
|
0.097
|
0.367
|
0.107
|
0.416
|
0.811
|
0.619
|
0.720
|
0.741
|
0.345
|