This study demonstrated that INS correlates with the prognosis of patients with stages I–III colorectal cancer who underwent curative surgery. Additionally, LCR, CAR, ALI, and NRI, which are components of INS, correlated with the prognosis of patients with stages I–III colorectal cancer. Furthermore, INS correlated with tumor factors, although INS is a marker based on host factors, such as inflammation, nutrition, and immune function.
Inflammation promotes cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis by stimulating cancer cells and cancer microenvironment via inflammatory cytokines [13]. Therefore, the presence of inflammation before treatment worsens therapeutic outcomes. Systemic inflammation caused by the interaction between cancer and the host is reflected in the absolute white blood cell count and differential count of leukocytes, such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes, and serum concentration of inflammatory proteins such as CRP. Neutrophils play a key role in cancer progression and metastasis [14], whereas lymphocytes play a key role in antitumor immunity and suppression of cancer progression [15]. High CRP levels indicate that many inflammatory cytokines are released, indicating accelerated cancer progression [16]. Serum albumin level is often used as an indicator of malnutrition; however, its levels are affected by systemic inflammation regardless of malnutrition because inflammatory cytokines suppress albumin synthesis in the liver [17, 18]. Therefore, serum albumin level is an inflammatory marker.
Nutrition is an important factor that influences the outcomes of cancer treatment. Malnutrition worsens survival after radical resection of colorectal cancer and reduces the efficacy of chemotherapy for unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer [19–21]. Among gastrointestinal cancers, large tumors are more likely to be directly related to malnutrition because of gastrointestinal obstruction. Therefore, malnutrition may reflect an advanced stage of cancer. In contrast, malnutrition-induced immune dysfunction provides a favorable environment for developing invisible micrometastases in imaging studies [22]. Objectively evaluating nutritional status is difficult; however, INS includes serum albumin levels and body weight loss as nutritional indicators. Hypoalbuminemia correlates with prognosis independent of inflammation [23], and recent body weight loss may indirectly indicate malnutrition owing to gastrointestinal obstruction or disease progression. ALI is a sensitive prognostic indicator for radical resection cases and patients with unresectable metastatic colorectal cancer [24, 25]; however, BMI (a component of ALI) as an optimal indicator for assessing nutritional status is questionable because patients with obesity may be judged to have a good nutritional status. Obesity and a good nutritional status are not synonymous. BMI evaluating only body weight and not muscle mass, which is important in cachexia assessment, is another concern [26].
Several reports have investigated host factors influencing the prognosis of patients with cancer, and the cut-off values of prognostic markers have often been debated. The optimal cut-off value may differ depending on the type and stage of cancer; however, INS was correlated with the prognosis of colorectal cancer when using cut-off values derived from a previous large-scale study targeting various cancer types. We confirmed the utility of INS as a prognostic marker, including the cut-off values in a validation specific to patients with colorectal cancer.
INS is an indicator based on host factors; however, high INS correlates with the characteristics of a highly malignant tumor, such as a larger tumor diameter, stage T4, and higher CEA level. This result may be because inflammation and malnutrition are closely associated with cancer progression. In contrast, high INS levels were associated with older age. This finding may be because the elderly are more prone to malnutrition and immune dysfunction [27].
Subgroup analyses limited to patients with stage II colorectal cancer revealed differences in the recurrence rate based on INS. The efficacy of post-operative adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II colorectal cancer is limited, and adjuvant chemotherapy should be limited to patients at high risk of recurrence, such as those with stage T4, poorly differentiated histology, lymphovascular involvement, fewer than 12 examined lymph nodes, bowel perforation or obstruction, and elevated CEA level [28–30]. As the high-INS group correlated with worse relapse-free survival in patients with stage II colorectal cancer, determining the indication for adjuvant chemotherapy using INS with the existing TNM staging system may be effective.
Peripheral blood cell counts and serum C-reactive protein/albumin levels are inexpensive and routinely measured in daily practice. Additionally, information regarding changes in body weight can be easily obtained. Therefore, INS is a marker that is easy to use in daily practice. Indications for adjuvant chemotherapy and surveillance intervals may be determined based on risk classification using the TNM stage and INS.
In conclusion, the combined evaluation of INS and TNM stages may allow for more accurate prognostication, leading to individualized treatment strategies based on risk, such as indications for adjuvant chemotherapy, and strict surveillance with short intervals.