Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), as a complex digestive tract disorder, has seen a year-on-year increase in its incidence rate globally in recent years, imposing a heavy burden on patients and society. Although existing chemical drugs and biological agents can alleviate the symptoms of IBD to some extent, curative treatment remains a significant challenge. Therefore, finding new therapeutic strategies and drug targets is crucial for the clinical treatment of IBD.
In this study, we delved into the potential role of remdesivir in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Remdesivir, a medication originally designed to target RNA viruses, has garnered significant attention in recent years due to its notable efficacy against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)[25]. Numerous studies have demonstrated that remdesivir exhibits a robust antiviral effect in the treatment of COVID-19 and has been considered by the U.S. FDA as one of the candidate drugs for this disease [19, 26, 27]. Research in SARS-CoV-infected mouse models has shown that remdesivir not only mitigates pulmonary lesions and bronchiolitis but also provides protection against acute lung injury [28]. This finding has been further corroborated by clinical trials, where remdesivir has shown positive effects in enhancing the rate of clinical improvement in hospitalized patients, reducing the risk of disease progression, and decreasing the hospitalization rate for mild cases, with its safety widely recognized [29]. Beyond its prominent performance in the field of antiviral therapy, remdesivir has also shown potential applications in the treatment of inflammation-related diseases. Studies indicate that remdesivir can improve various disease conditions, including metabolic dysfunction-related diseases [30], acute kidney injury [31], and tumors [32], by modulating inflammatory cytokines and immune responses. These studies suggest that remdesivir may have broad potential in treating inflammation-related diseases. Although COVID-19 and IBD differ significantly in their pathogenesis and clinical manifestations, both involve the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the release of a large number of inflammatory cytokines, leading to tissue damage. Based on remdesivir's dual roles in antiviral and anti-inflammatory actions, we hypothesize that it may have similar therapeutic effects in the treatment of IBD.
Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of enteritis. An increasing body of evidence indicates that an overactivation of the inflammatory response within the gut leads to intestinal tissue damage and the manifestation of a range of clinical symptoms. To treat IBD, researchers have developed drugs targeting inflammatory factors, mitigating intestinal inflammation by disrupting cytokine signaling and reducing their expression levels within the gut[33]. Additionally, studies have shown that some natural plant extracts, such as Artemisia capillaris, can improve IBD symptoms by upregulating anti-inflammatory factors and downregulating pro-inflammatory factors [34]. Initially, we used a mouse model of acute colitis induced by DSS to preliminarily confirm the therapeutic effect of remdesivir on IBD. The experimental results showed that remdesivir could significantly improve indicators such as weight loss, Disease Activity Index (DAI) scores, colon length, and fecal calprotectin content in mice, demonstrating efficacy comparable to or even superior to that of positive control drugs. Further research found that remdesivir could reduce the infiltration of inflammatory cells, restore the number of goblet cells, and thus maintain the integrity of the intestinal epithelial mucosa. At the same time, remdesivir was also able to decrease the expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in animal and RAW264.7 cell models, demonstrating its potent anti-inflammatory effects. These results provide strong evidence for our deeper understanding of the role of remdesivir in the treatment of IBD.
When delving into the pathogenesis of IBD, we must pay close attention to the importance of intestinal barrier function. The intestinal barrier, a complex structure composed of the mucus layer, epithelial cells, and intercellular tight junctions, plays a crucial role in maintaining intestinal health and defending against harmful substances. From a physiological perspective, the permeability of tight junctions has a decisive impact on the function of the intestinal barrier. However, inflammatory and injurious factors can often disrupt these tight junctions, leading to increased permeability [10]. The mucus layer, as the first line of defense of the intestinal barrier, is essential for intestinal health. Mucin secreted by goblet cells, particularly MUC2, plays a key role in the physical structure of the intestinal mucosal barrier [35]. In the pathological process of IBD, especially ulcerative colitis (UC), the thickness of the mucus layer often thins, which is closely related to the abnormal glycosylation of the MUC2 protein [36]. Tight junction proteins, as an important component of the intestinal barrier, are crucial for preventing harmful substances from passing through the intestinal mucosa into the bloodstream [1, 37, 38]. Researchers, through exploring different mechanisms, have found that mannose can protect the intestinal epithelial barrier function and maintain the integrity of the epithelial barrier, thereby effectively alleviating intestinal inflammation[1]. In addition, compounds such as lithospermate B and wedelolactone have also been found to have the effect of repairing damaged epithelial barriers, exerting therapeutic effects on enteritis by inhibiting related signaling pathways and reducing the infiltration and activation of neutrophils[39, 40]. Our research found that remdesivir could restore the reduction of intestinal mucosal protein MUC2 content induced by DSS in IBD mice and increase the expression levels of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 in the intestines of IBD mice and Caco-2 cell models, thereby improving intestinal barrier function. This discovery has revealed a new mechanism of remdesivir in the treatment of IBD for us.
Bile acids, as important substances in the human metabolic process, play a crucial role in the gut-liver axis. They are not only key factors in the digestion and absorption of fats but also act as signaling molecules that convey information between the intestine and the liver, coordinating their functions. In the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), abnormalities in bile acid metabolism often affect the balance of the gut microbiota through the gut-liver axis, thereby exacerbating intestinal inflammation. This abnormal bile acid metabolism forms a vicious cycle with intestinal inflammation, making the condition of IBD difficult to control[41]. Intestinal bacteria also play an important role in bile acid metabolism; they produce secondary bile acids by metabolizing bile acids, which regulate the number and function of RORγ + regulatory T cells in the intestine, maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis[42]. In this study, we conducted an in-depth sequencing analysis of fecal samples from mice in the normal group, the model group, and the high-dose remdesivir treatment group. The results showed that high-dose remdesivir treatment could significantly improve the abnormal secretion of bile acids in the IBD mouse model, helping to restore their normal levels. This finding provides strong experimental evidence for the potential of remdesivir in the treatment of IBD.
The activation of the NF-κB pathway is closely related to the pathogenesis of IBD[43]. Studies have shown that mutations in the NFκB1 gene exacerbate the pathological manifestations of IBD, and the persistent activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway further intensifies the inflammatory response. Additionally, mice with mutated NFκB1 lacking p105 expression exhibit spontaneous intestinal inflammation similar to IBD, highlighting the key role of NF-κB in IBD. Annexin A5 (AnxA5), as an important calcium and phospholipid-binding protein, has garnered widespread attention for its biological functions in the bio-medical field. In the study of inflammatory bowel disease, the anti-inflammatory effects of AnxA5 are particularly prominent. It can effectively inhibit the expression of inflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules induced by LPS-activated platelets or microvesicles, thereby effectively controlling the inflammatory response in IBD[16]. Furthermore, AnxA5 can also suppress the activation of the NF-κB pathway by binding to phosphatidylserine on the surface of colonic vascular endothelial cells, inducing the internalization of TLR4[17]. As a candidate drug, remdesivir may play a significant role in the treatment of IBD by regulating AnxA5 and affecting the activation state of the NF-κB pathway. By inhibiting the overactivation of the NF-κB pathway, remdesivir is expected to alleviate intestinal inflammation and improve the clinical symptoms of IBD patients.
In summary, this study not only reveals the potential application value of remdesivir in the treatment of IBD but also elucidates its mechanism of action in inhibiting the progression of inflammatory bowel disease by targeting Annexin A5 to regulate the NF-κB pathway. These findings provide new ideas and methods for the development of novel, safe, and effective drugs for the treatment of IBD. However, there are still some limitations and deficiencies in this study. Firstly, our research is mainly based on mouse models, and although certain experimental results have been obtained, further verification of its efficacy and safety in clinical practice is still required. In addition, the number of samples within the gut microbiota and bile acid sequencing groups is relatively small, and we will collect more mouse fecal samples in the future. Secondly, the mechanism of action of remdesivir still needs to be further explored to fully understand its role in the treatment of IBD. Moreover, we also need to pay attention to the combined application of remdesivir with other drugs in order to achieve better therapeutic effects.