Evaluation of antibiosis resistance in six tomato cultivars to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4981232/v1

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Evaluation of antibiosis resistance in six tomato cultivars to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4981232/v1

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The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is a devastating and polyphagous pest of tomato in Bangladesh and other growing regions. This study investigated the impact of six new tomato cultivars (BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-9, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11 and F1 hybrid) on the life history and population growth parameters of TSSM at 25 ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 16:8 hours (L:D) with 60 ± 10% relative humidity. The age-stage, two-sex life table method was employed to explore these parameters. The immature developmental times of TSSM were longest on BARI Tomato-11 (13.45 days) and shortest on BARI Tomato-2 (11.96 days). Fecundity varied significantly among the cultivars, with the lowest observed on BARI Tomato-9 (60.0 eggs female^-1) and the highest on BARI Tomato-5 (74.56 eggs female^-1). Female longevity also differed across cultivars, with the shortest lifespan on BARI Tomato-2 (20.40 days) and the longest on BARI Tomato-5 (22.33 days). The net reproductive rate (R₀) varied from 45.51 on BARI Tomato-2 to 57.51 eggs individual^-1 on BARI Tomato-5. The finite rate of increase (λ) was highest on BARI Tomato-5 (1.2790 day^-1) and lowest on BARI Tomato-11 (1.2567 day^-1). The lowest and highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) was 0.2285 day^-1 and 0.2461 day^-1 on BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-5, respectively. The estimated values for mean generation time (T) were lowest on BARI Tomato-2 (15.77 days) and highest (17.57 days) on BARI Tomato-11 (17.57 days). A comparison of TSSM demographic data on six tomato cultivars revealed that BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-5 were resistant and susceptible cultivars to TSSM. The findings of this research could provide new valuable information for designing a comprehensive IPM strategy for controlling T. urticae infestation in tomato cultivation.

Tetranychus urticae

Tomato

Life table

Antibiosis resistance

Population dynamics

The two-spotted spider mite (TSSM), Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836 (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a devastating pest species of different crops worldwide (Migeon and Dorkeld 2016), including tomato (Meck et al., 2013; Keskin and Kumral, 2015, Azadi-Qoort et al., 2019). Over 150 commercially significant horticultural, agronomic, medicinal, and decorative plants have been recorded to be attacked by the species globally, which has > 1200 different host plants (Vacante, 2016; Migeon and Dorkeld, 2019). TSSM causes leaf damage to plants by forming uneven patterns of tiny white spots (Scully et al., 1991) and developing a network of webs covering the underside of leaves and petioles (Davidson and Lyon, 1979). The depletion of the chlorophyll content of leaves reduces host plant production, lowering the net photosynthesis rate (Martinez-Ferrer et al., 2006). The consequent disruption to plant physiological processes can significantly affect growth intensity, flowering, and yields (Tomczyk and Kropczynska, 1985).

Each year T. urticae infest a considerable portion of tomato growing area. Therefore, it is urgently necessary to regulate this pest. It can be used for both contact and systemic pesticide treatments. However, due to the repetitive use of pesticides, T. urticae now has the resistant capability against several insecticides or miticides (Kwon et al., 2010; İnak et al., 2019). Furthermore, consistent pesticide or acaricide spraying resulted in the destruction of natural enemies in the field and increased environmental hazards (Kumral and Kovanci, 2005, Simon, 2014). Recently, predatory mites belonging to the phytoseiid family have been developed commercially and used as substitutes for synthetic pesticides to control TSSM under greenhouse conditions (Kilincer et al., 2010). Combined IPM (Integrated Pest Management) approaches, rather than a single application, may increase mite control success. As a result, one of the most critical components of the approaches is the usage of plant resistance varieties or cultivars to pests. Understanding the plant resistance mechanism and identifying the origins of certain insect species is the initial phase in developing pest-resistant varieties or cultivars (Darvishzadeh and Jafari, 2016).

Host plant resistance is especially effective for controlling arthropods that are not environmentally harmful and can minimize growers' financial investment (Li et al., 2004). As a result, it is critical to determine which host plant cultivars or types do not tolerate pest infestation. This would reduce the dependency on pesticides while also benefiting natural enemies. For a better understanding, life table parameters are a proper measurement of the population growth of a known species under a certain set of conditions. Chi and Liu (1985) and Chi (1988) established a two-sex, age-stage life table model, which provides a comprehensive method for assessing pest populations. This model considers the different developmental rates of both sexes, providing a more accurate representation of population dynamics. Conventional female-based age-specific life tables only consider females and overlook the influence of males on population dynamics. Males and females, on the other hand, differ significantly in terms of survival, lifespan, predation, and susceptibility to pesticides (Chi and Liu, 1985). The two-sex life table can thoroughly calculate the age and stage structure of a two-sex population completely (Chi, 1988) and provide the substantive control ability of the whole population, i.e., males and females are comprised (Chi and Su, 2006). The age-stage, two-sex life table method provides more accurate and useful information than the only female-based age-specific life table method (Yu et al., 2013). As a result, using a two-sex life table in biological control decisions can be quite beneficial. Furthermore, life table factors indicate the host plants' susceptibility (Bonato et al., 2000; Adango et al. 2006). In this status, the objective of the research work was to assess the effect of six tomato cultivars on T. urticae population growth parameters to determine tomato cultivars resistance or susceptibility to this pest. Our findings, in particular, might be used to successfully build a comprehensive pest management program for T. urticae in both outdoor and protected conditions.

All research works were carried out in the Insect Toxicology and Acarology Laboratory of the Entomology department at the Faculty of Agriculture of Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Dinajpur, Bangladesh, from November 2022 to February 2023.

Collection and mass rearing of Tetranychus urticae

Tetranychus urticae populations were collected from a cucumber field of Kornai village Dinajpur, Bangladesh, in November 2022. Following collection, the mite colonies were reared on Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. IPSA Seem 2 at 25 ± 2°C and a photoperiod of 16L: 8D hours with 60 ± 10% RH for two generations before being used in studies.

Plant culture

Seeds of six commercial tomato cultivars (BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-9, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11, F1 hybrid) were collected from the BADC (Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation) and BRAC (Bangladesh Rural Advancement Committee), Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Each cultivar seed was sown separately in earthen pots (25 D × 30 H cm) filled with fertilized field soil and cow dung. No fertilizer or pesticides were used during the studies, and all the plants received water during the trials. Fresh tomato leaves were employed in the experiment.

Experiments

Three-centimeter-diameter tomato leaf discs from each cultivar were placed adaxially on water-saturated polyurethane mats in six-centimeter-diameter and one-centimeter-depth glass Petri dishes as part of the experiments. Tap water was added daily to polyurethane mats to ensure leaf freshness and prevent mite escape. The mites were replaced from old to fresh leaf discs every three to four days. Each arena (N = 180) for the six cultivars was considered a replicate. The immature developmental time of T. urticae female and male was assessed on six tomato cultivars under the conditions mentioned above. Two to four gravid females were transferred to the 180 new arenas for egg laying. After 6 hours, the females and additional eggs were removed; one egg per disc was maintained and observed throughout the developmental (egg to adult) period. Inspections were performed every twelve (12) hours with a stereomicroscope. To explore adult traits on each cultivar, females developed in the previous trial were paired with males from the same cultivar or a stock colony. All the studies were done in a completely randomized design (CRD). The arenas were observed twice a day until the first eggs were deposited. After that, the number of eggs deposited by each female was recorded every 24 hours until died. This observation allowed us to determine the reproductive parameters of females and adults longevity. Newly emerged individuals were used to calculate the proportion of the sex ratio of each cultivar.

Statistical analysis

The demographic data of T. urticae were statistically examined according to the age-stage, two-sex life table theory developed by Chi and Liu (1985) and Chi (1988). This analysis was performed using the computer TWO SEX-MS Chart program (Chi 2013), which is accessible at http://nhsbig.inhs.uiuc.edu/wes/chi.html (Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign-Urbana, IL). The means and standard errors of each parameter were estimated by bootstrap analysis with 100,000 iterations (Efron and Tibshirani, 1993). For data concerning developmental phases and demographic parameters among various treatments, we employed the paired bootstrap technique.

Developmental time of different stages

The development times of T. urticae (males and females) at various life stages (egg, larval, protonymphal, and deutonymphal) differed significantly among the six tomato cultivars and are presented in Table 1. The total immature development time for female TSSM was shortest on the BARI Tomato-2 cultivar (11.96 days) and longest on the BARI Tomato-11 cultivar (13.45 days). These differences were statistically significant compared to the development times observed on the other cultivars. While specific values for male TSSM were not mentioned, the same trend of variability across cultivars is implied (Table 1). The sex ratio of females varied from 64.38% on BARI Tomato-11 to 72.35% on F1 hybrid, with BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-2 displaying the lowest female sex ratios compared to other cultivars (Table 1).

Table 1

Development duration (days ± S.E.) from egg to adult of *T. urticae* reared on three local cultivars of tomato plants at 25°C, 60 ± 10% RH under a 16L: 8D photoperiod
Host plants	Sex	Egg	Larva	Protonymph	Deutonymph	Egg-to-Adult	F1 Female ratio (%)
BARI Tomato-2	♀	4.60 ± 0.05b	3.20 ± 0.09c	1.90 ± 0.08c	2.04 ± 0.06c	11.96 ± 0.13d	65.08
BARI Tomato-2	♂	4.72 ± 0.09ab	3.28 ± 0.19bc	1.61 ± 0.07d	1.89 ± 0.07c	11.50 ± 0.20d	65.08
BARI Tomato-5	♀	4.00 ± 0.08c	3.31 ± 0.09c	2.72 ± 0.08a	2.43 ± 0.07a	12.46 ± 0.16c	71.90
BARI Tomato-5	♂	3.94 ± 0.15c	3.31 ± 0.13c	2.81 ± 0.19a	2.44 ± 0.15a	12.50 ± 0.23c	71.90
BARI Tomato-9	♀	3.83 ± 0.12c	3.93 ± 0.13a	2.69 ± 0.09b	2.43 ± 0.08a	12.87 ± 0.22bc	70.90
BARI Tomato-9	♂	3.20 ± 0.12e	4.00 ± 0.16a	2.70 ± 0.12a	2.30 ± 0.12b	12.20 ± 0.20d	70.90
BARI Tomato-10	♀	4.81 ± 0.08a	3.44 ± 0.06b	2.13 ± 0.09c	2.04 ± 0.06c	12.43 ± 0.13c	69.30
BARI Tomato-10	♂	4.75 ± 0.16a	3.62 ± 0.23b	2.31 ± 0.21c	1.94 ± 0.11c	12.62 ± 0.23c	69.30
BARI Tomato-11	♀	3.95 ± 0.09c	4.18 ± 0.09a	2.88 ± 0.08a	2.45 ± 0.06	13.45 ± 0.13a	64.38
BARI Tomato-11	♂	3.79 ± 0.10c	4.29 ± 0.18a	2.93 ± 0.17ab	2.36 ± 0.14a	13.36 ± 0.24ab	64.38
F1 hybrid	♀	3.97 ± 0.07cd	3.28 ± 0.09c	2.83 ± 0.13a	2.58 ± 0.09a	12.67 ± 0.18c	72.35
F1 hybrid	♂	3.70 ± 0.12d	3.70 ± 0.25ab	3.30 ± 0.30a	2.70 ± 0.12a	13.40 ± 0.24ab	72.35
Mean values differ significantly at P < 0.05 (Paired bootstrap test). Durations followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different at the 5%

Adult longevity and fecundity

The tested tomato cultivars had significant effects on adult pre-ovipositional periods (APOP), total pre-ovipositional period (TPOP), fecundity and longevity of T. urticae. Additionally, TPOP values on BARI Tomato-11 and BARI Tomato-9 were significantly longer than those reared on different cultivars. The oviposition periods on BARI Tomato-2 and BARI Tomato-5 lasted between 7.33 and 8.30 days. The total fecundity for T. urticae reared on BARI Tomato-1, BARI Tomato-9 and F1 hybrid was significantly lower compared to other cultivars. BARI Tomato-5 had the highest fecundity with 74.56 eggs, while BARI Tomato-9 had the lowest with 60 eggs. The tomato cultivars also had a significant effect on longevity for both sexes (Table 2). The longest and shortest male longevity periods were observed in the F1 hybrid (21.30 days) and BARI Tomato-2 (18.89 days), respectively.

Table 2

Average pre-oviposition period (APOP), total pre-oviposition period (TPOP), oviposition days, female longevity (days ± S.E.), and eggs per female (mean ± S.E.) of *T. urticae* reared on different local cultivars of tomato plants at 25°C, 60 ± 10% RH under a 16L:8D photoperiod
Host plants	APOP	TPOP	Oviposition days	Female longevity	Male longevity	Eggs per female
BARI Tomato-2	0.81 ± 0.05c	12.77 ± 0.13c	7.33 ± 0.12c	20.40 ± 0.16b	18.89 ± 0.30c	61.27 ± 0.83c
BARI Tomato − 5	0.85 ± 0.06b	13.31 ± 0.17b	8.30 ± 0.08a	22.33 ± 0.15a	20.06 ± 0.42b	74.56 ± 1.57a
BARI Tomato- 9	0.89 ± 0.06b	13.76 ± 0.23b	6.72 ± 0.35c	21.06 ± 0.45b	19.10 ± 0.68bc	60.00 ± 2.55c
BARI Tomato- 10	0.93 ± 0.03b	13.35 ± 0.12b	7.63 ± 0.37ab	21.59 ± 0.42a	20.88 ± 0.43ab	65.11 ± 2.57bc
BARI Tomato- 11	1.09 ± 0.06a	14.54 ± 0.13a	7.45 ± 0.37b	22.57 ± 0.39a	20.57 ± 0.71ab	69.25 ± 3.20ab
F1 hybrid	0.85 ± 0.05b	13.52 ± 0.18b	7.77 ± 0.10b	22.03 ± 0.18a	21.30 ± .037a	60.97 ± 0.72c
Mean values differ significantly at P < 0.05 (Paired bootstrap test). Durations followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different at the 5% level.

Survival and fecundity

The S_xj (age-stage survival rates) of T. urticae on six tomato cultivars are plotted in Fig. 1 which indicates the survival probability of a newborn individual until age x and stage j. The highest probability of a newborn egg surviving to adulthood was 0.7428, 0.8571, 0.7714, 0.8125, 0.7428 and 0.800 for females and 0.2571, 0.1428, 0.2285, 0.1562, 0.2285 and 0.200 for males on BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-9, BARI Tomato-10, BARI Tomato-11 and F1 hybrid, respectively. Tomato cultivars had a significant impact on the age-specific survival rate (l_x), age-specific fecundity rates (m_x), and age-stage-specific fecundity (f_xj) of T. urticae females (Fig. 2). The f_xj indicates the number of eggs produced by adult females at each stage of x, where age x is counted from the egg stage. The age-specific fecundity rate (f_xj) peaks on the 14th day for the BARI Tomato-2 (5.3461 eggs), on day 15 for the F1 hybrid (5.6333 eggs), on day 16 for the BARI Tomato-5 (5.8518 eggs), on day 17 for the BARI Tomato-9 (5.92 eggs), on day 15 for the BARI Tomato-10 (6.038 eggs) and on day 17 for the BARI Tomato-11(6.7142 eggs), respectively. The initial oviposition began on days 12, 11, 11, 12, 14 and 12 on BARI Tomato-2, BARI Tomato-5, BARI Tomato-9, BARI Tomato-10, and BARI Tomato-11 and F1 hybrids, respectively. The age-stage reproductive values (v_xj) of T. urticae reared on six tomato cultivars are depicted in Fig. 3. The egg and female stages on each of the studied cultivars had the lowest and highest values of v_xj, respectively. The highest reproductive value (v_xj) of females in the age stage was 32.0637 on the 13th day of BARI Tomate-2, followed by 36.7213 on the 14th day of BARI Tomate-5, 31.3164 on the 15th day of BARI Tomate-9 and 34.1460 on day 14 of BARI Tomate-10, 37.1462 on day 15 of BARI Tomate-11 and 31.1347 on day 14 of F1 hybrid (Fig. 3).

Age-stage life expectancy

The age-stage life expectancy (e_xj) curves of T. urticae reared on six tomato cultivars are plotted

in Fig. 4. According to the findings, the age-stage life expectancy of T. urticae downward as it grew older. Females had the longest life expectancy on BARI Tomato-5, 11.3333 days, 11.0353 days on BARI Tomato-9, 11.0333 days on F1 hybrid, 10.5925 days on BARI Tomato-10, 10.5925 days on BARI Tomato-11 and 9.9038 days on BARI Tomato- 2, respectively.

Life table parameters

The net reproductive rate (R0) of T. urticae ranged from 45.51 offspring female-1 on BARI Tomato-2 to 57.11 offspring female-1 on BARI Tomato-5 (Table 3). Notably, these parameters differed significantly, with no significant difference between BARI Tomato- 9 and BARI Tomato-10 cultivars. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) and finite rate of increase (λ) of T. urticae on BARI Tomato-11 were significantly lower (0.2285 and 1.2567 day^− 1, respectively) compared to other cultivars. The mean generation time (T) of T. urticae differed statistically among the six tomato cultivars, with the longest generation time observed on BARI Tomato-11 (17.57 days) and the shortest on BARI Tomato-2 (15.77 days). The gross reproductive rate (GRR) of T. urticae demonstrates the same results as its R₀.

Table 3

Demographic parameters (mean ± S.E.) of *T. urticae* reared on different cultivars of tomato plants at 25°C, 60 ± 10% RH and a 16L:8D photoperiod.: net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of natural increase (r, day^− 1), mean generation time (T, day), finite rate of increase (λ), and gross reproduction rate (GRR).
Host plants	R₀	r	T	λ	GRR
BARI Tomato − 2	45.51 ± 4.57e	0.2422 ± 0.0069b	15.77 ± 0.14c	1.2740 ± 0.0087a	51.83 ± 4.85d
BARI Tomato − 5	57.51 ± 5.44a	0.2461 ± 0.0066a	16.46 ± 0.16b	1.2790 ± 0.0084a	61.22 ± 5.19b
BARI Tomato- 9	50.63 ± 4.36d	0.2378 ± 0.0064c	16.50 ± 0.27b	1.2685 ± 0.0081a	60.43 ± 4.04b
BARI Tomato- 10	50.23 ± 5.03d	0.2381 ± 0.0064c	16.45 ± 0.14b	1.2688 ± 0.0081a	55.89 ± 5.11c
BARI Tomato- 11	55.40 ± 5.32b	0.2285 ± 0.0058d	17.57 ± 0.13a	1.2567 ± 0.0073a	64.06 ± 5.10a
F1 hybrid	52.26 ± 3.63c	0.2414 ± 0.0052b	16.39 ± 0.18b	1.2731 ± 0.0065a	56.31 ± 3.94c
Mean value differ significantly at P < 0.05 (Paired bootstrap test). Durations followed by the same letters within a column are not significantly different at the 5% level.

The current study demonstrates that T. urticae could successfully survive, feed and complete the development of different tomato cultivars; however, their development, fecundity and population growth parameters were greatly affected by these cultivars. Indeed, the data reveal that the tomato cultivars significantly influenced T. urticae development stages, the net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of natural growth (r_m), female offspring, and adult survival. The immature development time of T. urticae females ranged from 11.96 days on BARI Tomato-2 to 13.45 days on BARI Tomato-11. In harmony with our findings, the total immature development duration of T. urticae was recorded at 12.09 days by Azadi-Qoort et al. (2019) and from 11.36 to 11.52 days by Atalay and Kumral (2013) on different tomato cultivars. At 25.0 ± 1^oC, Osman et al. (2019) reported 10.41 days, as an immature developmental time of T. urticae on tomato. Also, Keskin and Kumral (2015) observed that the total immature development of T. urticae was influenced by tomato cultivars and ranged from 8.26 to 11.37 days. Conversely, Nawar (2019) and Nasr et al. (2019) opined that the total immature developmental time was 6.20 and 9.25 days at 25°C, which was lower than our present findings. The discrepancies in developmental times of published data could be attributed to various factors, including plant suitability, leaf surface characteristics, rearing methods and the presence of phytochemical compounds (Greco et al., 2006; Uddin et al., 2015). The resistance cultivars for instance, BARI Tomato-11 and F1 hybrid that extended the time needed to complete the immature developmental stage may promote the efficacy of their management strategy by employing predators and insecticides or acaricides. Thus the use of aforementioned cultivars can be included in the IPM approach for controlling T. urticae.

The sex ratio of T. urticae is an important trait that greatly influences the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) value and the selection of resistant and susceptible varieties or cultivars in a study. Consistent with earlier investigations on Tetranychoid mites (Jafarian and Jafari, 2016; Uddin et al., 2017; Sepahvandian et al., 2019), all the tomato cultivars showed a female-dominated sex ratio. Moreover, Osman et al. (2019) found a 78% sex ratio of females at 25.0 ± 1^oC on tomato. In contras at 25 ± 2°C, Beyranvand et al. (2019) documented a lower female sex ratio of T. kanzawai (40–41%) in different soybean genotypes. This result demonstrated that, despite the sex ratio of TSSM being generally female-biased; this may be modified by extrinsic factors, for instance, temperature, host plant quality and suitability. In T. urticae, fertilized eggs generate females, whereas unfertilized eggs produce males. The amount of sperm transmitted to the female largely determines the sex ratio, as noted by Takafuji and Ishii (1989). So it can be suggested that increasing the population of males in future studies potentially enhances sperm transfer, which may lead to a more pronounced effect on the resulting sex ratios.

However, the fecundity of TSSM varied significantly among different tested tomato cultivars. Its value ranged from 60.0 eggs on BARI Tomato-9 to 74.56 eggs on BARI Tomato-5. The fecundity of TSSM on tomato at 25°C was 74.6 eggs (Nawar 2019), which is consistent with the present findings. Osman et al. (2019) and Nasr et al (2019) found 61.56 and 48.67 eggs in tomato varieties at 25°C, which is lower than our current study. Also, Keskin and Kumral (2015) observed lower fecundity of T. urticae in the same host plant. Conversely, Atalay and Kumral (2013) reported 85.31 to 276.00 eggs on tomato at 27 ± 1°C, which is higher than our present data. These variations could be attributed to the morphological structure of the leaf, the photochemical compound of the host plant, the farming method, geographical strain and experimental circumstances (Islam et al., 2017; Osman et al., 2019).

The demographic parameters such as the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) and the net reproductive rate (R_o) are important essential criteria for determining plant resistance to insects (Uddin et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017). The intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_m) is a typical indicator for determining the potential severity of a pest species (Gotoh et al., 2010; Safuraie-Parizi et al., 2014). Numerous factors including developmental rate, survival, fecundity and mostly generation time influence r_m. In the present findings, the estimated r_m values ranged from 0.2285 to 0.2461 ♀/ ♀/ day. Kasap (2004) reported a r_m value of 0.243 ♀/ ♀/ day on apple cultivars at 25°C which is near to our present findings. The r_m value for this mite on sweet pepper and bean at 25°C was reported as 0.130 (Karimi et al., 2006) and 0.038 to 0.142 ♀/ ♀/ day (Ahmadi et al., 2007), respectively which is lower than our current study. Conversely, Nasr et al (2019) reported 0.65 ♀/ ♀/ day as the r_m value on tomato at the same temperature higher than the present study. There is a wide discrepancy in the r_m values of T. urticae on different cultivars. The absence of primary essential nutrients, chemical composition, leaf surface morphology, chemical contents, food quality, secondary chemical compounds and experimental status could lead to this variation (Uddin et al., 2015; Beyranvand et al., 2019). The result indicates that the BARI Tomato-11 is the least unfavorable host compared to the other tomato cultivars for T. urticae. The net reproductive value (R_o = 45.51 to 57.51) in our study of this mite at 25°C was lower than those reported by Osman et al. (2019) (36.49) and Nasr et al (2019) (21.9), respectively on tomato. Keskin and Kumral (2015) also observed a lower net reproductive rate (5.818 to 26.105) of this mite in seven tomato varieties. On the other hand, Kasap (2004) reported a higher net reproductive rate (92.19) on apples which are higher than the values obtained in the present findings. The disparity of the R_o may be due to the plant age, cultivar differences, moisture and soil nutrient availability in excised leaves.

Finally, our research has shown that the BARI Tomato-11 cultivar is less suitable for the two-spotted spider mite compared to other tomato cultivars. This is due to its extended immature developmental time and slower population growth. This study provided valuable information regarding the preference of the T. urticae food source, which is important for developing integrated pest management for this mite in tomato fields. Resistant plants contain chemical defense mechanisms like antixenosis, antibiosis, and tolerance to protect themselves from arthropod herbivores. The utilization of resistant plants confers substantial benefits because it reduces the number of frequent applications of pesticides, therefore preserving natural enemies of pests.

Acknowledgements

This study is a part of the M.S. thesis of Md Fahmid Hasan, which was certificated by Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University (HSTU), Post Graduate Studies. This work was supported by the Institute of Research and Training (IRT), HSTU.

Authors’ contributions

All authors conceived the research.M.F.H., laboratory work, manuscript writing; M.N.U., research team leader and supervisor, M.M.H.B. manuscript concept; A.A.B. Formal analysis and investigation; H.F.E.T., laboratory experiment supervisor; M.S.U., data analysis, figures and tables. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Data availability Not applicable.

Ethics approval The authors declare compliance with the ethical and scientific standards. The present study does not include results of studies involving animals or humans.

Consent for publication All the authors give their consent to publish the manuscript.

Competing interests The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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Evaluation of antibiosis resistance in six tomato cultivars to Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae)

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