Research on laser-induced plasma shock wave propulsion microspheres based on fiber structure

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-4995452/v1

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Research on laser-induced plasma shock wave propulsion microspheres based on fiber structure

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4995452/v1

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This paper presents a novel approach to microsphere propulsion by harnessing laser-induced plasma shock waves through fiber structures. The research provides a comprehensive analysis of various propulsion aspects, including motion characteristics (distance, velocity), propulsion efficiency, power sources, and potential applications. To gain deeper insights into the experimental outcomes, a physical model of the fiber propulsion structure was developed. The investigation highlights the substantial impact of factors such as laser energy, microsphere size, and fiber structure design on the motion characteristics and propulsion efficiency of microspheres, as evidenced by the analysis of experimental and simulation data. Analysis of characteristic peaks in the plasma spectrum confirms that the power propelling the microsphere is derived from the shock wave generated by air plasma expansion. Moreover, the direction of microsphere movement indirectly validates the spherical expansion of the shock wave, aligning with simulation findings. Notably, the fiber structure is shown to have the capacity to manipulate the shock wave's propagation direction, opening up possibilities for applications like laser billiard ball and surface impurity particle removal. These findings offer valuable theoretical underpinning for future research pursuits.

Pulse laser propulsion

Shock wave

Fiber structure

Microspheres

The interaction of lasers with matter, a ubiquitous physical phenomenon, has found diverse applications in everyday life in recent decades [1–4]. Examples range from laser-induced plasma shock wave propulsion (LPSWP) [5–7] to laser cleaning[8–11]. LPSWP, in particular, has attracted considerable interest for its superiority to conventional chemical fuel propulsion, offering reduced launch expenses and increased payload capabilities [12]. This technology holds promise as an innovative propulsion approach that could supplant traditional chemical fuel methods. Advancements in LPSWP technology have extended propulsion applications beyond macroscopic entities to microscopic entities, including individual minuscule particles [12, 13]. This distinctive feature empowers LPSWP technology to undertake specialized functions at the microscopic scale. Prior research has suggested that object propulsion is driven by shock wave expansion, leading to a recoil effect on the objects [14–16]. Hence, a comprehensive grasp of plasma formation and shock wave propagation characteristics is essential for elucidating the propulsion mechanisms of microscopic entities.

The motion characteristics of objects (distance, velocity) are influenced by factors such as energy, material properties, geometric structure, ambient pressure, and laser repetition rate [6, 17, 18, 19, 20]. Fabbro's experiments [21] have illustrated that employing a constraining structure amplifies the pressure applied by the shock wave on the target surface, extends the interaction duration, and induces a discernible motion effect on the target. In Zheng's series of propulsion experiments, diverse liquids were utilized to fill the geometric structure of the target surface, resulting in a substantial enhancement in target motion effect and propulsion efficiency, nearly one order of magnitude greater than that achieved with laser direct focusing propulsion [22]. Ahmad conducted a study examining the influence of different geometric structures on ferrite surface propulsion efficiency, revealing that multiple shock wave reflections within the structure intensified the force interaction between the shock wave and the object's surface [23]. Qiang's research explored the impact of object material on propulsion in an underwater setting, demonstrating that compression of the shock wave by the surrounding water environment resulted in noticeable object motion effects [24]. However, current investigations predominantly focus on macroscopic propulsion, leading to uneven shock wave pressure on microparticles (at the micrometer level) due to the large laser spot size achieved through direct focusing (at the millimeter level), causing deviations in particle movement paths [25, 26]. Moreover, excessive energy levels may potentially harm the particle's surface [27]. Hence, there is a need to propose a structure capable of regulating spot size in microscopic propulsion fields to minimize object surface damage. Additionally, recognizing the limited generalizability of parameters derived from a single experiment, the integration of physical model simulations addresses these experimental constraints and enhances the predictive capacity of LPSWP application analyses.

In this study, we introduce fiber structures with varying tapers as propulsion mechanisms, enabling the regulation of laser spot size and minimizing the risk of damage to propelled objects. By integrating experimental data with physical model simulations, we examine the motion dynamics, propulsion efficacy, and power sourcing. Furthermore, capitalizing on the bending properties intrinsic to fiber structures, we delve into the prospective uses of LPSWP utilizing fiber structures, particularly in laser billiards and the elimination of surface impurity particles.

The experimental arrangement is depicted in Fig. 1(a), featuring fiber structures with varying tapers employed as propulsion apparatus. Tapered fiber structures 1 and 1' are produced utilizing welding and hot melt stretching methods. Tapered fiber structure 2, distinguished by the minimal taper and a flat-headed fiber, is crafted using cutting techniques (Fig. 1(b)). The propelled object is a microsphere (Beesley New Materials (Suzhou) Co., Ltd.) with a uniform shape.

In our experimental setup, a Nd:YAG pulse laser (Beamtech Optronics Dawa-200) operating at a wavelength of 532nm, a pulse width of 10ns, and a repetition rate of 5Hz is utilized as the light source. The laser is coupled into a multimode optical fiber (YP-LINK) through an optical lens coupling device. Within the fiber, the laser beam is split into two beams of equal energy, namely detection beam 1 and excitation beam 2, using a 50:50 beam splitter. Detection beam 1 is directed towards an energy meter (Field MaxII-Top, with a resolution of 0.01 µJ) to measure the pulse laser energy, while excitation beam 2 continues along the fiber. Plasma is generated at the fiber tip through focusing, leading to the expansion and formation of a shock wave. The particles are impelled by the interaction between the shock wave and the particles. For this experiment, microspheres with a diameter of 75µm, composed of SiO₂, are chosen as the propelled objects. The microsphere particles serve as the propulsion objects were selected under the same microscope environment to obtain the particle with standard size or uniform shape, and the size of the particles can be evaluated from the cross wire in a microscope. The MgF₂ substrate, with a surface roughness of less than 0.2nm [28], is selected. To observe significant motion effects of the microspheres, they are positioned on a MgF₂ substrate with a low friction coefficient. A versatile recording system is devised, comprising a microscope objective (OLYMPUS BX43), a 532nm filter (HW-532-1100LGP-F8*9), a spectrometer (Ocean Optics QE Pro, with 1-nm resolution), a standard CCD camera (Toup Tek Photonics, ip1 20000c) for horizontal and vertical orientations, and a high-speed CCD camera (Photron fastcam-ultima 1024). This recording setup enables the concurrent capture of the plasma spectrum and the dynamic behavior of the microsphere. Spectrometers are employed for gathering plasma spectra, with distinctive peaks in the spectra revealing the plasma's source. These distinct peaks arise from the vibration of ions or functional groups following the absorption of particular light wavelengths. For instance, peaks around ~ 560nm are indicative of nitrogen ion vibration. Prior to commencing the experiment, the microsphere is situated on the magnesium fluoride substrate, and the fiber tip is brought into proximity with the microsphere using a three-dimensional micro-displacement table. The positioning of the microsphere and the fiber tip is monitored from above using the standard CCD camera (in horizontal and vertical orientations). The placement of the fiber tip is constantly fine-tuned with the three-dimensional displacement table to maintain proximity to the particle. Two laser energies, 16 and 36, are employed in the experiment [30]. To bolster the reliability of the findings, five repetitions of the experiment are conducted under consistent environmental conditions to reduce experimental uncertainties. Meanwhile, the velocity of the particle can be calculated by v = S/t (S: movement distance, t: interval time).

3.1 The influence of taper and energy on the motion effect of microsphere

The current study examined the impact of fiber structure taper and energy on the movement of microspheres. Figures 2(a) and 2(b) depict how the fiber structure affects the motion of microspheres with a laser energy of 16μJ and a particle size of around 75μm. Microspheres driven by fiber structure 2 demonstrated a motion distance of around 139.1μm, notably surpassing the 43.7μm observed for structure 1. The experiment comprised three sets of trials. The initial velocity with micro tip 1 is represented as k1, while the initial velocities for the two sets of experiments with fiber tip 2 are denoted as k₂ and k_2'. Within the time interval of 0-0.375ms, the microsphere impelled by fiber structure 2 achieved a higher initial velocity (k₂>k₁) and propulsion efficiency (Momentum coupling coefficient C_m=mv/E), measuring at 11cm/s, 2.7cm/s, 15.87×10-7Ns/J, and 3.37×10-7Ns/J, respectively (Table 1).

Table 1 motion effect and propulsion efficiency of the microsphere with a diameter of ~75 μm

Fiber structure	Tip size (μm)	Energy (μJ)	Distance (μm)	Initial velocity (cm/s)	C_m (×10^-7Ns/J)
Structure1	~12	~16	~43.7	~2.7 (k₁)	~3.37
Structure 2	~125	~16	~139.1	~11 (k₂)	~15.87
Structure 2	~125	~36	~450	~16 (k₂')	~24.53

Moreover, we explored the impact of energy on microsphere motion using structure 2 as a case study, where the laser energy was elevated to 36μJ (Table 1). In Figure 2c, k₁, k₂, and k_2' denote the initial velocity of the particle. As illustrated in the inset of Figure 2c and Figure 2d, the findings indicated that with the escalation in energy, the microsphere demonstrated increased displacement, initial velocity (k_2'>k₂), and propulsion efficiency, measuring at 450μm, 16cm/s, and 24.53×10-7Ns/J, respectively. These experimental results suggest that both the fiber structure design and variations in laser energy play a role in enhancing the motion behavior and propulsion efficiency of microspheres. In the propulsion test employing fiber structure 1, the microsphere exhibited relatively low parameter values, including propulsion efficiency, displacement distance, initial velocity, and so forth. Via COMSOL simulation, we discovered that the energy loss at the location closely resembles that at the experimental site utilizing fiber structure 1. Consequently, we hypothesize that this is attributed to the diminutive size of the tip of structure 1, leading to the generation of an evanescent field and subsequent energy dissipation. This occurrence culminates in the particles achieving minimal initial velocity, motion distance, and propulsion efficiency.

3.2 The effect of microsphere size on motion effect of microsphere

With the elevation of laser energy, a notable improvement in the motion behavior of the microspheres was noted, along with concurrent alterations in the fiber's structural tip (refer to Fig. 3(a)-(e)). When operating under low-energy circumstances, plasma is formed at the fiber structure's tip, leading to the creation of a shock wave that propels the microsphere via a recoil effect (as shown in Fig. 3(b)). It is crucial to acknowledge the existence of green light at the tip of the fiber structure, arising from the amalgamation of plasma-emitted light and the 532nm laser's color. To validate the presence of plasma, the composite light emitted at the fiber structure tip is sieved through a 532nm filter, unveiling the white light emitted by the plasma (as illustrated in Fig. 3(c)). As the laser energy rises, the brightness of the light emitted by the plasma at the tip of the structure intensifies (see Fig. 3(d)). When the fiber reaches its damage threshold, the tip of the fiber is seen to rupture (Fig. 3(e)). By analyzing the situation of pellet and fiber in Figure. 3(a)-(e), we found the most suitable laser energy for this experiment.

We then examined the impact of microsphere size on the motion behavior. Microspheres of 30μm, 40μm, 50μm, and 60μm were studied for fiber structure 1 with a laser energy of around 2.8μJ. The volume, mass, and initial velocity of microspheres of these dimensions are documented in Table 2. The findings suggest that with an increase in microsphere volumes, both the displacement distance and initial velocity of the microsphere decrease. This pattern can be ascribed to the direct relationship between the microsphere's mass and volume, leading to heightened resistance (on the scale of 10^-13) and diminishing the noticeable motion effect. Nevertheless, for microspheres of varying volumes, the propulsion efficiency exhibits non-uniform fluctuations. It shows an initial rise followed by a decline, a phenomenon that can be ascribed to the combined impact of both mass and velocity on the momentum coupling coefficient (C_m).

Table 2 The corresponding volume, mass and initial velocity of particles of different sizes

Number	Microsphere size (μm)	Volume (μm³)	Mass （μg）	Initial velocity （cm/s）
1	30	1.41×10⁴	3.27×10^-2	4.241
2	40	3.35×10⁴	7.77×10^-2	2.121
3	50	6.54×10⁴	1.52×10^-1	0.454
4	60	1.13×10⁵	2.58×10^-1	0.151

4.1 The influence of taper on the laser energy emitted from fiber structure tip

In order to evaluate the impact of taper on the laser energy emitted from the tip of the fiber structure, we fabricated fiber structure tips with varying diameters and quantified the laser energy emitted from each one. Figure 4(a) illustrates a microscopic view of the fiber structure tips, ranging in diameter from 12 to 125µm. The correlation between the recorded pulse energy and fiber diameter is illustrated in Fig. 4(b), demonstrating a non-linear rise in pulse energy with the reduction in diameter of the fiber structure tip.

In order to thoroughly investigate the structural influence on the motion effects of microspheres, physical model simulations were carried out for both fiber structure 1 and fiber structure 2 (refer to Figs. 4(c) and 4(d)). The normalized energy intensity was compared, and the model simulation results suggest that the fiber structure functions as a focusing lens, concentrating laser energy at the tip of fiber structure 1. The energy intensity decreases gradually along the laser propagation direction, indicating that a microsphere located at the tip of fiber structure 1 travels a longer distance and attains a higher initial velocity compared to a microsphere positioned farther away. Comparable model simulation results were noted for fiber structure 2, demonstrating laser focusing at a distinct location from the end face of the structure. When comparing the energy intensity at the "focal spot" position of the two fiber structures, it was noted that the laser energy intensity of fiber structure 1 surpasses that of fiber structure 2 (Fig. 4(e)). This difference can be attributed to the smaller cross-sectional area of the tip of fiber structure 1, rendering it more prone to reaching the threshold for air breakdown. Nevertheless, as illustrated in Fig. 4(e), it is evident that the energy decay pattern of structure 2 exhibits a slower rate compared to that of structure 1 as the distance increases. This creates a more conducive setting for the motion of small spheres, aligning with the findings detailed in Table 1.

4.2 Influence of taper on shock wave intensity of fiber structure tip

In this section, we investigate the impact of fiber structure taper on the energy intensity conveyed by shock waves. As illustrated in the results of the physical model simulation, plasma is produced as a result of the concentrated laser energy at the "focal spot" of the fiber structure exceeding the air breakdown threshold. Following this, the plasma expands to create a shock wave that travels outward in a non-uniform spherical form (refer to Figs. 5(a) and 5(b)).Furthermore, it was observed that regardless of the structure, the energy carried by the shock wave increases with the laser energy, corresponding to the observed microsphere motion patterns. As the shock wave propagates over a distance, the energy intensity gradually decreases (refer to Fig. 5(c)). Upon comparing the shock wave intensity at the same location between fiber structure 1 and fiber structure 2, it was found that the shock wave intensity at the tip of fiber structure 2 exceeded that at the tip of fiber structure 1 (see Fig. 5(c) insert). In conclusion, the experimental and simulation outcomes suggest that a well-designed structure contributes to the enhanced motion effects of the microspheres.

4.3 Analysis of the dynamic source of microsphere movement

In this section, we perform a qualitative analysis of the power source propelling microsphere motion. The combined light comprising plasma and green light, detected at the tip of the fiber structure without filtration, poses challenges in ascertaining the actual presence of plasma in this scenarioTo tackle this issue, a 532nm filter was utilized in the experiment to capture the white light emitted by the plasma at the tip of the fiber structure (refer to Figs. 6(a) and 6(b)). Furthermore, through the analysis of the obtained spectra, distinctive peaks around ~ 560nm and ~ 780nm were identified, corresponding to nitrogen ions and oxygen atoms, respectively. The pie chart illustrates the presence of Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N) elements in the air, indicating the generation of air plasma through the ionization of the surrounding air. In this process, the laser is first focused on a location in the air through a lens, which ignites (ablates) this part of the air to form an air plasma (mainly N and O ions). Subsequently, the shock wave produced by the plasma expansion serves as the driving force behind the microsphere motion (Fig. 6(c)). It is important to highlight that excessive laser energy emitted from the tip of the fiber structure leads to an escalation in the energy carried by the shock wave resulting from plasma expansion. Consequently, the surface material of the microsphere liquefies and adheres to the MgF2 substrate (Figs. 6(d) and 6(e)).

4.4 Determination of the shape of shock wave expansion

The ionization of air at the tip of the fiber structure leads to the creation of air plasma, which then expands to create a shock wave that drives the microsphere forward via a recoil effect. To investigate the pattern of shock wave expansion, we adjusted the relative positioning of the fiber structure tip and the microsphere center, monitoring the shock wave expansion in alignment with the microsphere's motion direction (Fig. 8(ai)-8(av)). The scattering pattern observed in the direction of the microsphere's movement exhibits varying deviation angles following the interaction of the shock wave with the microsphere at different positions (Fig. 8(bi)-8(bv)). We roughly estimated the shock wave expansion shape based on the particle swarm motion direction and found that the shock wave propagates outward in a spherical shape. This examination offers indirect evidence confirming the spherical expansion of the shock wave (Fig. 8(c)), with the experimental findings consistent with the predictions from model simulations.

4.5 Rotation analysis of microspheres under shock wave pressure

This section examines the rotational behavior of microspheres following their interaction with non-uniform shock wave pressure during motion. Irregularly shaped microspheres were selected as the propelled objects for ease of observation. Initially, the surface of the microsphere is positioned downward at location 1. Following the impact of the shock wave, the microsphere shifted to position 2 in an upward trajectory. Similarly, as the microspheres progress in motion, position 1 sequentially transitions through positions 2, 3, and 4 (see Fig. 9(a)). Examination indicates that when the fiber structure tip is not aligned with the microsphere center, the microsphere encounters uneven shock wave pressure, leading to rotational movement. This observation clarifies the reason behind the curved trajectory followed by the microsphere instead of a linear path (refer to Fig. 9(b)).

5.1 Remove of surface impurity particles in the microscopic field

This section introduces qualitative research on simulating LPSWP using fiber structures for impurity particle removal. By manipulating the fiber structure direction at a micro level, the shock wave propagation at the fiber structure tip can be adjusted, thereby modifying the particle motion direction. Utilizing the aforementioned observation system (horizontal and vertical orientations) and a high-speed CCD camera, we monitored the elimination of impurity particles during the experiment (refer to Fig. 10 (b) - (d)). This adjustment enables the targeted removal of impurity particles in a specific direction without affecting the state of the target particles (see Figs. 10(a) and 10(b)). It is important to highlight that nanowires were utilized in this experiment instead of actual micro and nano systems. All images captured during the experiment (refer to Figs. 10(b)-(d)) were obtained using a high-speed CCD camera. Likewise, the simulation of surface impurity particles on nanowires is conducted both before and after clearance using fiber structures 1 and 2, illustrated in Figs. 10(c) and 10(d). It is crucial to emphasize the necessity of employing suitable laser parameter settings to prevent damage to the fiber structure during impurity particle removal. The findings highlight the significant potential of LPSWP utilizing fiber structures for impurity particle removal in the microscopic domain.

5.2 Laser billiards

Billiards, a recreational game where players use a cue to strike a white cue ball toward pocketing the target ball. By striking the white ball at different points on the cue, such as 1, 2, 3, and 4, various movements can be achieved, including translation, left or right rotation, and jumping (Fig. 11(ai)-(ci)). In the microscopic realm, a concept akin to "laser billiards" emerges within the propulsion experiment based on fiber structures. Taking the tapered fiber structure as an example, the fiber structure can be regarded as a "laser cue" and the microsphere functions as a "white ball". By adjusting the relative position between the center of the fiber structure and the microsphere (Fig. 11(aii)-(cii), 11(ciii)), the direction of shock wave propagation can be manipulated, resulting in uneven shock wave pressure on the microsphere. Thereby, achieving the translation (Fig. 11(aiii)), rotation (Fig. 11(biii), and jumping (Fig. 11(civ)) of the microsphere. This intriguing experiment advances the utilization of fiber laser propulsion structures for particle propulsion, broadens the scope of application, and offers insights for future research in this area.

This study introduced the fiber structure and examined the dynamic process of microspheres propelled by LPSW using fiber structures. By integrating experimental analysis and physical model simulation, the effects of motion, propulsion efficiency, and power sources influencing microsphere movement were assessed. The experimental findings demonstrated that the motion effects (distance, velocity) and Cm of microspheres increased linearly with laser energy, as a result of the increased energy conveyed by the shock wave. On the contrary, the motion effects decreased with increasing particle size, due to changes in frictional force, van der Waals force, and air resistance between the microspheres and the substrate. The Cm showed a pattern of initial increase followed by decrease, reflecting the combined influences of mass and velocity. Additionally, with consistent laser energy and microsphere size, the motion effect of microspheres in the propulsion experiment using fiber structure 2 was notably greater than that with fiber structure 1. Through an analysis of the characteristic peak positions in the plasma spectrum, it was shown that the power driving microsphere movement is derived from the shock wave produced by the expansion of air plasma. By adjusting the relative position between the tip of the fiber structure and the microsphere, the spherical propagation of the shock wave was indirectly validated by the divergent motion of the microsphere. Furthermore, by harnessing the ability of fiber structures to modify the propagation direction of the shock wave, potential applications of LPSWP were simulated, such as laser billiards and surface impurity particle removal. In conclusion, optimizing laser energy, particle size, and structure are essential factors to examine in the exploration of LPSWP. The results of this research offer valuable insights and direction for the precise elimination of contaminated particles from micro-components and the mitigation of surface damage on matrices due to laser ablation.

Acknowledgments The authors are thankful to the Qiqihar University for providing the research facilities, thankful to the Fundamental Research Funds in Heilongjiang Province Universities, the Deological and Political case database for Heilongjiang Graduate Courses and the Doctoral Research Initiation Fund Program for providing financial support.

Author contributions All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by Haichao Yu and Wenhui Sun. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Haichao Yu and Wenhui Sun.The review and editing of the manuscript was written by Chenghao Gong and Xuelian Liu.All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds in Heilongjiang Province Universities, China (Grant No. 135509218, 145109309, 145209133), the Initiation Fund Program of Doctoral Research, the Deological and Political Case Database for Heilongjiang Graduate Courses and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant No. 51701099).

Competing interests The authors have no conflicts to disclose.

Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Research on laser-induced plasma shock wave propulsion microspheres based on fiber structure

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Figures

1 Introduction

2 Experimental setup

3 Results

4 Discussion

4.1 The influence of taper on the laser energy emitted from fiber structure tip

4.2 Influence of taper on shock wave intensity of fiber structure tip

4.3 Analysis of the dynamic source of microsphere movement

4.4 Determination of the shape of shock wave expansion

4.5 Rotation analysis of microspheres under shock wave pressure

5 Potential application analysis

5.1 Remove of surface impurity particles in the microscopic field

5.2 Laser billiards

6 Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1