Social media is a way of communication that is an electronic communication platform, such as websites for social networking, where individuals create virtual communities to share information, ideas, and personal messages (1). It is a global phenomenon, connecting people worldwide and creating a sense of a smaller, interconnected village.
In recent years, the ubiquitous presence of social media platforms has profoundly influenced the lives of young adults worldwide, including university students. Social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter offer unprecedented opportunities for connectivity, information sharing, and social interaction (2). However, alongside these benefits, concerns have arisen regarding the potential adverse effects of excessive social media use on mental health, particularly its association with depression among young adults.
Studies have demonstrated that increased engagement with social media can lead to declines in subjective well-being and heightened levels of depressive symptoms among young adults in various cultural contexts(3,4). A Meta-analytic findings further shows the consistent association between problematic social media use and increased risk of depression across diverse populations(5).
Additionally, a study explored social media patterns among pharmaceutical undergraduates at Kenyatta University, emphasizing WhatsApp and YouTube as primary platforms for leisure and academic information sharing(6). These findings emphasize the high social media usage among university students and warrant an examination of its potential correlation with depression levels.
Depression is a global mental health concern that affects over three million individuals worldwide, with major depressive disorder (MDD) contributing significantly to disability. In the U.S., approximately 16.1 million aged 15 to 44 experience major depressive disorder annually. Africa, including Ethiopia, faces substantial challenges, with millions affected by depressive disorders (7).
Among university students, Numerous studies highlight the alarming rates of depression among university students(8). The effects of depression extend beyond mental and academic performance(9,10). To address this issue, understanding the causes of depression is crucial, making the proposed study on the relationship between social media use and depression among university students at Addis Ababa University.
In Ethiopia, the rapid expansion of social media usage has paralleled the country's increasing access to the internet, particularly among young adults and university students. A Study done on the prevalence and factors associated with problematic internet use among Dilla university students found that a high prevalence of problematic Internet use and there were various factors associated with increased prevalence of problematic Internet use(11). Although this study tried to highlight the prevalence of internet use among university students, it didn't show problematic social media use which is different from the general problematic internet use.
There are few literatures that showed the prevalence of social media use and associated factors among different university students. However, on manual and different journal searches, there is scarce literature that reveals the relationship between problematic social media use and depression rate among Ethiopian university students, including the current study area.
Furthermore, this study addressed important interconnected factors that could be managed by stakeholders. It aimed in providing students with information on safe, beneficial, and healthy Internet practices and to help control psychological issues among them. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating how widespread problematic social media use is and its relationship with depression among undergraduate students at Addis Ababa University.
Statement of the Problem
With the continuous evolution of technology, the increase in internet coverage, and the regular emergence of social media applications, young people have increasingly shifted towards online interactions rather than traditional face-to-face communication. Various activities are now predominantly conducted through diverse online social media platforms.
As of April 2024, globally social media users reached 5.07 billion, with an additional 2259 million users in the last 12 months, resulting in 62.9% worldwide social media usage (12). This data shows the rapid increase in the social media users with a significant proportion being young people.
In the United States of America (U.S.A), digital consumers spend approximately 2.5 hours daily on online socializing, with 69% of adults using more than one social media platform. On average, an American internet user has 7.1 social media accounts, and 88% of U.S. citizens' social media users aged 18 to 29 find it challenging to function without social media. These statistics highlight the prevalent use of social media, especially among young adults and university students (12).
Existing literature highlights the heightened use of social media among young individuals, particularly those enrolled in universities. A study conducted which revealed that university students are among the most active users of social media, utilizing these platforms for both academic and social purposes(13). Similarly, another study found that a significant proportion of university students spend multiple hours daily on social media(14).
A systematic review revealed that the prevalence of problematic social media use among university students ranges from 13–31%(15). In the United States, a study found that approximately 29% of university students reported experiencing problematic social media use(4).
Meta-analytic findings further showed the consistent association between problematic social media use and negative mental health outcomes among university students. Another meta-analysis found an average prevalence of 24.5% for problematic social media use among this demographic(5). The analysis confirmed consistent associations between problematic use and increased risk of depression. Additionally, a study in China noted that 22.3% of Chinese university students met the criteria for problematic social media use, with female students more likely to report such behaviors compared to male students(16).
Concurrently, a literature review has revealed varying levels of depression among university students on a global scale. A reported that a substantial percentage of university students experience depressive symptoms(8). A study in Saudi Arabia found that the prevalence of depression among university students was notably high, highlighting the mental health challenges faced by this demographic(17). A study that determine the associations between depression, sociodemographic, social and health variables among undergraduate students of Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria identified high levels of depressive symptoms among university students(18). Another study further illustrated the severity of this problem in Kenya, where a significant proportion of university students were found to suffer from moderate to severe depression(19).
The relationship between problematic social media use and depression among university students is a significant concern globally, with research highlighting consistent patterns across different areas. A meta-analytical study have demonstrated a robust positive correlation between social media addiction and depressive symptoms among college students, showed the widespread nature of this issue(20).
These findings collectively suggest that while social media provides valuable benefits for university students, such as enhanced communication and information sharing, it also poses risks to their mental health, particularly in the form of increased depressive symptoms.
Given the observable surge in social media utilization and the concurrent rise in depression levels among undergraduates, it becomes imperative to investigate the potential correlation between social media use and depression in this population.
Despite the global and regional recognition of these issues, there is a lack of comprehensive research focused on Ethiopian university students, particularly those at Addis Ababa University. This gap in knowledge suggests the need for this study to assess the prevalence and impact of problematic social media use on depression among regular undergraduate students at Addis Ababa University.
Objective of the study
General objective
The major objective of the study is to examine the relationship between problematic social media use and depression levels among Addis Ababa University’s main campus undergraduates.
Specific Objectives
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To determine the prevalence of problematic social media use among students at Addis Ababa University’s main campus.
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To examine the relationship between problematic social media use and the presence of depression symptoms among students at Addis Ababa University’s main campus.
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To determine the association between demographic factors and the level of depression among students at Addis Ababa University’s main campus.
Significance of the study
The rise of social media has revolutionized the way individuals communicate, interact, and share information. This transformation is particularly pronounced among university students.
This study, focusing on Addis Ababa University main campus regular undergraduate students, aims to explore the prevalence and relationship of problematic social media use (PSMU) and depression. The significance of this study lies in its potential to fill critical research gaps, inform policy and intervention strategies, and contribute to the broader understanding of social media's impact on mental health within an Ethiopian context.
One of the primary significance of this study is its potential to address a notable research gap. While numerous studies have explored the relationship between social media use and mental health in Western contexts, there is a scarcity of research focusing on African populations, particularly Ethiopian university students. This study will provide much-needed empirical data on the prevalence of PSMU and its correlation with depression among Addis Ababa University students, offering insights that are directly relevant to the Ethiopian context.
Depression are often under-recognized and under-treated in many developing countries, including Ethiopia. This study aims to raise awareness about the potential mental health risks associated with excessive social media use. By highlighting the prevalence of PSMU and its association with depression, the study can contribute to a broader understanding of these issues among students, faculty, and administrators at Addis Ababa University. Increased awareness can lead to more proactive measures to identify and support students struggling with mental health issues, ultimately fostering a healthier university environment.
The findings of this study have significant implications for policy and intervention strategies at Addis Ababa University and potentially other educational institutions in Ethiopia. Understanding the relationship between social media use and depression can inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at promoting healthy social media habits and improving mental health support services. Additionally, mental health services could be tailored to address the specific needs of students who exhibit signs of PSMU and depression, ensuring timely and effective support.
This study can serve as a foundation for future research in the area of social media use and mental health among Ethiopian students. By providing empirical data and insights, it can stimulate further investigations into the causal mechanisms underlying the relationship between PSMU and depression.
While this study is localized to Addis Ababa University, its findings will contribute to the global literature on social media use and mental health. By providing data from a non-Western context, the study can enhance the diversity and comprehensiveness of existing research.
For educators and administrators, the study provides evidence-based insights that can inform the development of curricula and programs aimed at promoting digital literacy and mental well-being. Health professionals, including counselors and psychologists, can use the findings to enhance their understanding of the digital behaviors of university students and tailor their interventions accordingly.
By addressing a critical research gap, enhancing mental health awareness, informing policy and intervention strategies, guiding future research, and contributing to global literature, the study holds the potential to make a substantial impact on the understanding and management of mental health issues related to social media use. The practical applications of the study's findings can lead to improved mental health and academic performance, promoting the holistic development of students and encouraging responsible social media use.
Ultimately, this study aims to contribute to the well-being of university students and foster a healthier, more supportive educational environment.
Literature review
Problematic Social Media Use Prevalence
Problematic Social Media Use(PSMU) has been defined as the excessive, compulsive, or dysfunctional use of social media platforms, leading to negative consequences such as impaired daily functioning, psychological distress, or interference with real-life relationships(21).
Problematic social media use among university students varies widely, with reported rates ranging from 0.8–47.7% in different studies(22, 23). The majority of research indicates that excessive internet usage negatively impacts physical health, family relationships, and academic achievement.
Studies conducted in various countries have showed significantly different estimates. For instance, the prevalence of problematic Internet use among college students was very low in Italy 0.8% (22). Whereas in the UK, the prevalence rate has been reported as high as 18%(24).
A study in Japan investigated the prevalence and assessment of Internet addiction (IA) among college students through cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2014 and 2016, involving 1005 respondents with a mean age of 18.9 years. The findings revealed that 21.6% of students found to have internet addicted which is highly prevalent among college students(25).
A pilot study conducted at Ugandan public university among medical students examined the association between problematic internet, social media, and smartphone use with depression symptoms. The study found that 16.73% of the students reported moderate to severe depression symptoms. Prevalence rates for being at risk of smartphone addiction were 45.72%, social media addiction 74.34%, and internet addiction 8.55%(26).
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A study conducted at Dilla University, Ethiopia, found a high prevalence of problematic Internet use among undergraduate students, with 19.4% exhibiting symptoms according to Young's internet Addiction Test(11). Significant factors associated with this behavior included male gender, depression, and the consumption of khat or caffeinated drinks. This finding is comparable with the global studies.
Even though problematic Internet use is becoming a serious problem and highly prevalent across the world, there is no much study done among ethiopian university students.
Prevalence of Depression Among University Students
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Depression among university students has been extensively studied due to its significant impact on mental health and academic performance. Various studies have highlighted the prevalence and associated factors contributing to depression in this population.
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A systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the prevalence of depression among Chinese university students, compiling data from 113 studies retrieved through electronic databases revealed the overall prevalence of depression 28.4%. The findings underscored a persistently high prevalence of depression among Chinese university students(27).
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Another systematic review done on the prevalence of depressive symptoms among university students in low- and middle-income countries based on data extracted from 37 studies published between 2009 and 2018 found that the overall prevalence of depressive symptoms among university students was estimated to be 24.4%, highlighting a substantial burden of depression in this population(28).
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A meta-analysis and comprehensive review conducted to observe the prevalence of depression among university students in Ethiopia found a pooled prevalence of depression of 28.13% where significant factors associated with depression included being female, being a first-year student, and having a family history of mental illness(29). This study revealed that more than one-fourth of students at Ethiopian universities experienced depression.
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A study done to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among Ambo University students,Ethiopia indicated that 32.2% of the participants were experiencing depression. Factors significantly associated with depression included being female, with females being four times more likely to experience depression compared to males(30).
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The collective findings from various studies examining the prevalence of depression among university students across the globe reveal a significant mental health challenge affecting this population. Across different universities and regions, prevalence rates vary but consistently highlight a substantial burden of depression. Studies consistently identify being female, being a first-year student, having a family history of mental illness, and engaging in substance use as common factors associated with higher rates of depression. The prevalence ranges from 4.4% to as high as 35.52%, showing the variability across different settings and demographic factors.
Problematic Social media Use and Depression
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Over the past decade, problematic social media use has been identified as a major contributor to the development of depression among university students and existing data indicate a correlation between problematic social media use and depression(31).
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A meta-analysis aimed to explore the relationship between depression and Internet addiction (IA) among adolescents aged 10 to 24, synthesizing data from 42 studies involving 102,769 participants. The analysis confirmed a positive correlation between depression and IA, with adolescents experiencing depressive disorders showing a higher risk of IA, and those with IA exhibiting a higher risk of depressive disorders. Furthermore, IA was found to have a stronger effect on increasing the risk of depression. The findings underscore the bidirectional nature of the relationship between depression and IA in adolescents(32).
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A cross-sectional study assessed Facebook addiction among 422 Ethiopian university students alongside measures of self-esteem, anxiety, depression, and study habits and results indicated a high prevalence of Facebook addiction among participants, with significant associations found between Facebook addiction and lower academic performance, as well as symptoms of anxiety and depression(33). This study also shows similarity with the global findings.
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Another cross-sectional study conducted among undergraduate students at Dilla University aimed to assess the prevalence of problematic Internet use and its associated factors found a high prevalence of problematic Internet use and depression being significantly associated with problematic Internet use(11).
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The reviewed studies consistently demonstrate a significant association between problematic social media use (PSMU) and depression. However, there is a scarcity of data on the relationship of problematic social media use and depression among Ethiopian university students. Consequently, this study investigates the relationship between depression and problematic social media use in this population. Additionally, it assesses factor that are associated with problematic social media use and depression .
Theoretical Framework
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB)
TPB serves as a fundamental approach for predicting and elucidating diverse behaviors. It aims to discern individuals' intentions to engage in specific actions, focusing on behaviors subject to self-control (34). The key construct is behavioral intent, shaped by perceptions of the likelihood of desired outcomes and subjective assessments of risks and benefits associated with the behavior. The TPB, consisting of six components—attitudes, behavioral intention, subjective norms, perceived behavioral control, perceived power, and social norms—has effectively explained various health-related actions. Given its emphasis on intention, motivation, and anticipated outcomes, this model proves pertinent to understanding intentional social media use among university students and forms the foundation for grasping the motivations behind their engagement.