Pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure and cerebrospinal fluid protein

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5016920/v1

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Pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure and cerebrospinal fluid protein

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5016920/v1

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Purpose Ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) are a life-saving intervention for hydrocephalus. Device failure is extremely common, and carries great morbidity for patients, their families, and the healthcare system. Predicting shunt failure remains a substantial challenge. Clinically, cerebrospinal fluid protein (CSFp) is suspected to contribute to VPS obstruction, this is widely debated, and definitive evidence is lacking. We assess the value of CSFp in predicting VPS failure due to non-infective causes.

Methods: A retrospective review of VPS procedures at the Queensland Children’s Hospital between 2014-2019 was conducted. The relationship between CSFp level and outcome were explored. Outcome variables were early VPS failure (< 90-days), and late VPS failure (<1-year). A CNS infection was reason for exclusion. A logarithmic correction was applied to CSFp (Log-CSFp) for statistical modelling.

Results 552 procedures were assessed in 243 patients. 87 (15.8%) VP shunts failed within 90-days, 129 (23.4%) within 1-year. 77 patients (31.7%) experienced an episode of <1-year VPS failure. Multivariate analysis found Log-CSFp was predictive for early VPS failure (OR 1.19, 1.05-1.35, p=0.005), and late VPS failure (OR 1.15, 1.01-1.32, p=0.042) independent to hydrocephalus aetiology, patient age, and CSF red blood cell count. Older patient age was a significant protective factor for early (OR 0.94, 0.89-0.99, p=0.023) and late VPS failure (OR 0.89, 0.84-0.95, p<0.0001) respectively.

Conclusion CSFp holds prognostic value for VPS failure in pediatric patients, a relentlessly unpredictable complication of VPS devices, informing procedure timing, patient follow-up and risk-stratification.

Hydrocephalus

CSF protein

obstruction

ventriculoperitoneal shunt

Hydrocephalus affects up to 88 per 100,000 children globally [1].Ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) insertion for hydrocephalus is the most performed pediatric neurosurgical procedure [2], with 85% of VPS devices failing within 15-years of placement [3], most commonly due to fouling and blockage of the VPS system [4–7]. Pediatric patients are at significantly increased risk of device failure compared to adults [4, 5], and this complication carries a large burden of morbidity for patients and their families [6, 8, 9].

Identifying patients at high risk of VPS failure remains a substantial challenge. Factors such as young age at insertion [9–11], haemorrhagic aetiology for hydrocephalus [10, 12], and CSF white blood cell count [9] have been previously been associated VPS failure. In neurosurgical practice, shunt failure commonly occurs in the context of elevated CSF protein (CSFp) [7]. However, current evidence for the role of CSFp elevation in VPS failure is equivocal [9, 13–19]. Several in-vitro analyses have explored the relationship between VPS failure and CSFp with CSF albumin as a protein marker, showing no association with device failure [16, 18, 19]. However, albumin lacks any pro-inflammatory capacity, a fundamental pathophysiological mechanism for protein interaction with foreign devices [20, 21]. A recent assessment of CSFp and valve-specific device failure in 285 patients described a significant association between peri-operative CSFp failure [9].

The presence of CSF proteins such as IL-4, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, complement and immunoglobulins, in patients suffering hydrocephalus is well described [20, 22–26]. These originate from glial activation or peripheral plasma following insult, and are particularly elevated in hydrocephalus following intraventricular haemorrhage, tumours, and post-infection aetiologies [22, 25, 26]. Interestingly, shunt failure is more common in these aetiologies [3, 4, 8].

Understanding the role CSFp plays in the aetiology of obstruction may have implications for decisions on timing of VPS insertion, clinical surveillance and, potentially, for device modification. In this study, we aim to investigate the relationship between CSFp and VPS failure in a large pediatric cohort.

Procedures

A retrospective search of the Queensland Children’s hospital’s neurosurgical department database was undertaken. Relevant data pertaining to all VPS procedures conducted between 2014 to 2019 was extracted. The study was approved by the hospital’s human research ethics committee (EX/22/QCHQ/84740, approval number: 230322), and deemed not to require individual patient consent per the committee’s low-negligible risk study guidelines. This study was conducted in accordance with the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines.

All patients within the pediatric range receiving a VPS procedure (revision or new insertion) were included. Patients data for a procedure was excluded if a CSF infection was present, defined as a positive CSF culture 3 days pre- or post-operatively. The primary outcomes were early VPS device failure, occurring within 90-days of a previous shunt procedure, and delayed failure within 1-year. Extracted data included patient demographics, aetiology of hydrocephalus, date of a procedure, emergency or elective procedure, number of previous VPS procedures, CSFp level, CSF red blood cell count (CSF RCC), and deceased status at last follow-up. A procedure was classified as an emergency when the patient had an acutely deteriorating clinical status and the procedure was performed non-electively. Where aetiology was classified as post-infection, this described an infectious process as a cause for hydrocephalus and not an infection at the time of CSF sampling. Vascular aetiologies included intra-ventricular haemorrhage, arteriovenous malformation rupture, aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage, and traumatic haemorrhage. These were grouped to account for the shared pathophysiological mechanism of haemolysis in chronic communicating hydrocephalus.

Statistical Analysis

All analyses were conducted by a senior biostatistician and the investigating team. Normality of distribution was assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test. continuous variables with a normal distribution were described using mean and standard deviation, otherwise median and inter-quartile range were employed. Multiple CSF protein samples taken within 3-days preceding a VPS procedure were averaged. CSF protein and CSF red blood cell count levels in this population had a significant right skew, therefore a logarithmic base 2 (Log₂CSFp) correction was applied to each respectively (Log-CSFp, Log-RCC) [27]. Therefore, odds ratio’s represent an effect with doubling of CSFp or CSF RCC. Univariate binary logistic regression was used to define relationships between independent and dependent variables. Variables with an alpha <0.1 were included in multivariate analyses by mixed effects logistic regression . Relationships between independent and dependent variables was described by odds-ratio’s.

Two-hundred and fourty-five patients underwent 592 procedures in the 6-year study period. After exclusion for CSF infection, two-hundred and fourty-three patients were assessed undergoing 552 procedures. A confirmed CNS infection was recorded for 40 procedures (6.8%). Sex distribution had a male prevalence with 133 (54.7%) male patients and 110 (45.3%) female patients. Average patient age was 6.3 years (± 5.3 years), with 44 patients (18.1%) less than 1-year old. Congenital pathology was the most common aetiology (27.5%), followed by vascular pathology (26.1%) and tumours (26.1%). Over half of patients underwent a single VPS procedure in the 6-year study period (126 patients, 51.9%), 82 patients (33.7%) underwent 2 or 3 procedures and the remainder received more than 3 procedures (14.4%). Sixty patients (24.7%) experienced an episode of shunt failure less than 90-days from a shunt insertion or revision, while 77 (31.7%) patients experienced shunt failure within 1-year. On a per-procedure basis 87 VPS revisions (14.7%) occurred within 90-days, 129 (21.8%) within 1-year. Average time to shunt failure was 113.2 days (± 190.3). Emergency VPS procedures accounted for 366 (66.4%) procedures. Median CSF protein during admission was 380.0mg/L (IQR130–1400mg/L), transformed to a Log-CSFp of 8.8 mg/L (± 2.1mg/L). The median CSF RBC during admission was 160 x10⁶/L (IQR 15, 1260), transformed to a Log-RCC of 7.4 x10⁶/L (± 4.0 x10⁶/L ).

Table 1

Cohort characteristics of patients undergoing ventriculoperitoneal shunt revision or insertion at the Queensland Children’s Hospital from 2014–2020.
Variable		Cohort, n (%)
N		243
Male: Female		133:110
Age-group (years)
	< 1	44 (18.1)
	≥ 1	199 (81.9)
Pathology group
	Vascular	57 (26.1)
	Congenital malformation	60 (27.5)
	Tumour	57 (26.1)
	Post-infection	16 (7.3)
	Other*	28 (12.8)
Procedures per patient
1		126 (51.9)
2–3		82 (33.7)
> 3		35 (14.4)
Episode of < 90-day shunt failure		60 (24.7)
Episode of < 1-year shunt failure		77 (31.7)
Deceased at last review		22 (9.1)
Procedures
N		552
VP Shunt failure within 90-days		87 (15.8)
VP Shunt failure within 1-year		129 (23.4)
*Other included idiopathic hydrocephalus, post-traumatic or post-operative hydrocephalus

3.1 VP Shunt failure within 90-days post-insertion.

VP shunt failure within 90-days was experienced by 60 patients (24.7%), who suffered 87 episodes (15.8%) within the study period. Average Log-CSFp was significantly elevated in patients suffering VPS failure within 90-days compared to those who did not, and predicted 90-days VPS failure (9.6 ± 2.3 vs 8.6 ± 2.0 mg/L, OR 1.26, 1.12–1.42, p < 0.0001). Younger patient age similarly predicted 90-day VPS failure, with older age reducing odds of 90-day failure (OR 0.92, 0.88–0.97, p = 0.001). The predictive value of Log-CSFp was retained on multivariate analysis including patient age and pathology type (OR 1.19, 1.05–1.35, p = 0.005). Older patient age similarly retained predictive value in reduced odds for 90-day VPS failure (OR 0.94, 0.89–0.99, p = 0.023).

Table 2

Binary logistic regression analysis and mixed effects logistic regression multivariate analysis for 90-day ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure.
N = 552	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
Shunt fail < 90 days	Fail %	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Log-CSFp		1.26 (1.12–1.42)	< 0.0001	1.19 (1.05–1.35)	0.005
Log-RCC		1.02 (0.96–1.10)	0.422
Gender
Female	23.6%	1.00
Male	20.1%	0.75 (0.48–1.19)
Age ≥ 1year		0.92 (0.88–0.97)	0.001	0.94 (0.89–0.99)	0.023
Presentation type
Elective	25.5%	1.00
Emergency	20.0%	0.96 (0.60–1.55)
Pathology group
Congenital	16.9%	1.00		1.00
Post-infective	26.7%	1.61 (0.54–4.85)	0.394	0.31 (0.04–2.57)	0.277
Tumour	23.5%	1.71 (0.86–3.38)	0.126	1.78 (0.83–3.80)	0.138
Vascular	29.9%	1.84 (0.95–3.57)	0.072	1.55 (0.71–3.37)	0.268
Other	16.2%	1.72 (0.76–3.90)	0.192	1.53 (0.61–3.80)	0.364

3.2 VP-Shunt failure within 1-year post-insertion.

VP shunt failure within 1-year was experienced by 77 patients (31.7%) who suffered 129 episodes (23.4%) within the study period. Average Log-CSFp was significantly elevated in patients suffering VPS failure within 1-year compared to those who did not, and predicted 1-year VPS failure (9.4 ± 2.3 vs 8.6 ± 2.0 mg/L, OR 1.21, 1.09–1.34, p < 0.0001). 1- year VPS failure was similarly less likely with older patient age (OR 0.89, 0.85–0.94, p < 0.0001) and pathology subtype (p = 0.005). Multivariate analysis for these variables, including Log-RCC, found 1-year VPS failure was predicted by Log-CSFp (OR 1.15, 1.01–1.32, p = 0.04), pathology subtype (p = 0.045), and less likely with older patient age (OR 0.89, 0.84–0.95, p > 0.0001).

Table 3

Binary logistic regression analysis and mixed effects logistic regression multivariate analysis for 1-year ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure.
N = 552	Univariate Analysis			Multivariate Analysis
Shunt fail < 90 days	Fail %	OR	p-value	OR	p-value
Log-CSFp		1.21 (1.09–1.34)	< 0.0001	1.15 (1.01–1.32)	0.040
Log-RCC		1.06 (1.00-1.12)	0.070	1.07 (1.00-1.15)	0.052
Gender
Female	16.9%	1.00
Male	13.3%	0.82 (0.55–1.21)
Age ≥ 1 year		0.89 (0.85–0.94)	< 0.0001	0.89 (0.84–0.95)	< 0.0001
Presentation type
Elective	15.4%	1.00
Emergency	14.9%	0.73 (0.49–1.10)
Pathology group
Congenital	11.0%	1.00		1.00
Post-infective	16.7%	1.79 (0.71–4.51)	0.219	2.04 (0.48–8.62)	0.147
Tumour	17.6%	1.51 (0.84–2.71)	0.170	1.59 (0.73–3.50)	0.243
Vascular	18.6%	2.10 (1.20–3.67)	0.009	1.58 (0.70–3.57)	0.272
Other	17.6%	1.79 (0.71–4.50)	0.219	0.40 (0.11–1.39)	0.364

To our knowledge this is the largest pediatric analysis of VPS failure related to CSF biochemistry. Our rate of VPS failure is consistent with the literature and confirms that a significant cohort of patients require at least one VPS revision procedure [5, 7, 9] (Table 1). Our data also indicates that, for every doubling in peri-operative CSFp: (1) the odds of early VPS failure within 90-days increase by 19% (Table 2), and (2) the odds of delayed VPS failure within 1-year increases by 15% (Table 3). Older patient age is protective for VPS failure. Despite the high incidence of VPS failure and development in our understanding of hydrocephalus, predicting device failure in clinical practice remains a challenge [3, 5], and the value of CSFp in this respect has been debated [9, 13–16]. The results herein are a valuable addition to the literature describing the potential of CSFp in predicting VPS failure.

These results suggest CFSp has a role in early and late device failure, and therefore a possible sustained pathological process. Across early and late device failure, predictive value was retained on multivariate analysis for variables such as CSF RBC count, patient age, underlying aetiology, and procedure urgency. Our findings are supported by a large clinical study investigating valve-specific obstruction, finding significantly higher CSFp concentrations in early valve obstructions [9]. Similarly, a review of obstructed VPS devices for tuberculous meningitis patients described a strong relationship between CSFp and VPS obstruction [7]. Furthermore, a recent clinical study described marked elevation of inflammatory proteins IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, MMP-7, and MMP-9 in patients with higher historical incidence of VPS obstruction [20]. Other clinical cohort studies have failed to demonstrate this relationship [13, 14, 17]. One explanation for the difference in findings may be the impact of natural variability in CSFp on smaller cohort sizes used in these studies (33–95 patients).. In-vitro flow-studies have similarly assessed the effect of CSFp on shunt flow, using high concentration CSF-albumin [16, 18, 19]. They observe no difference in CSF flow and device failure with raised albumin concentrations, however albumin has no inflammatory capacity and these models do not account for the predominance of inflammatory proteins in acquired hydrocephalus [22–26]. Under homestatic conditions, albumin is the predominant CSF protein by approximately eight fold [19]. However, inflammatory proteins such as cytokines, immunoglobulins and complement are markeldy elevated in communicating hydrocephalus [18, 19, 22–25]. Evidence for dysregulate inflammation and glial cell activation in VPS failure is growing [11, 28–31]. Multiple immunohistochemical analyses on obstructed VPS devices [11, 28–31]. A recent immunohistochemical analysis described a marked local astrocyte, macrophage, and microglia presence in obstructed VPS catheters [11]. Microglia and astrocytes are intimately approximated to the proximal VPS catheter, and reactive gliosis in this pro-inflammatory environment may underly VPS fouling.

Hydrocephalus aetiology is thought to affect VPS failure risk, with a higher incidence of failure in vascular aetiologies [32]. Our results demonstrate vascular aetiology held significance on univariate analysis in predicting late shunt failure, however this was not significant on multivariate analysis (Table 3). CSF-RCC which holds close relation to underlying aetiology held a trend toward signifance in predicting late VPS failure (OR 1.07, 1.00-1.15, p = 0.052, Table 3). Vascular aetiologies may cause chronic communicating hydrocephalus by extravasation of red blood cells, followed by erythrolysis with a reactive inflammatory fibrosis at sites of CSF reabsorption such as arachnoid granulations [30, 32]. Lysis protein products, such as haem, are pro-inflammatory and likely mediate both hydrocephalus and VPS obstruction, rather than whole erythrocytes. This may explain our finding that on multivariate analysis CSFp retains significant predictive value when adjusted for underlying aetiology.

Older patient age was independently protective for odds of early and late VPS failure on multivariate analysis (Table 2, 3). This is consistent with other pediatric populations [33, 34], in which patients less than 1-year old are significantly more likely to suffer failure. This may be accounted for by the inclusion of preterm infants, or differences in immune capacity [33].

These results define a phenomen observed in clinical practice, increased incidence in VPS failure in the setting of raised CSFp levels [7]. Factoring CSFp levels into clinical decision-making for timing of VPS insertion, may reduce the significant burden of morbidity experienced by these patients and their families. Similarly, patient follow-up and risk-stratification may be informed by our findings for patients in which CSFp is known to be elevated.

Strengths and Limitations

We have collected data from a large cohort of pediatric patients. We have also analysed values of CSFp collected over a sequence of days to mitigate variable CSFp levels evident across a series of single collections. While there exists cause-effect limitations inherent to our retrospective design, our results have demonstrated strong associations that catalyse the need for further investigation. Excluding cases of culture positive CSF infections was important because we were interested primarily in the failure of VPS devices for causes not-related to infection. However, 30% of VPS infections are culture negative [4], so we cannot rule out infection-related CSFp elevation in a subset of our cohort. Finally, variability in hydrocephalus aetiology by geographic and socio-economic separation is well-documented [22], This cohort represents the Australian pediatric population and external validity to other cohorts may be limited.

Children with hydrocephalus necessitating a VPS insertion experience significant morbidity from device failure. This complication is extremely common and remains difficult to predict. We find that CSF protein is associated with VPS failure within 90-days and 1-year, independent of other risk factors. Our results suggest that timing of VPS insertion in relation to CSFp, and closer surveillance of VPS patients with high protein levels may be prudent. Our results highlight the need for a large, prospective multi-centre cohort study to evaluate CSFp and device failure in patients suffering hydrocephalus.

Author Contribution

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection were performed by Charles F Yates, and Michael J Colditz. Statistical analysis was done by Charles F Yates with institutional biostatistics support by Dr Lee Jones. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Charles F Yates, Michael J Colditz, Liam Maclachlan. All authors commented on and aided revision of versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to acknowledge Dr Lee Jones, Queensland Institute for Medical Research, for statistical support in final analysis.

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No competing interests reported.

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Pediatric ventriculoperitoneal shunt failure and cerebrospinal fluid protein

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Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Methods and Materials

Procedures

Statistical Analysis

3. Results

3.1 VP Shunt failure within 90-days post-insertion.

3.2 VP-Shunt failure within 1-year post-insertion.

4. Discussion

Strengths and Limitations

5. Conclusion

Declarations

Author Contribution

Acknowledgement

References

Additional Declarations

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