Abdel Moneim, A.E., 2013. The neuroprotective effects of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) on rotenone-induced biochemical changes and apoptosis in brain of rat. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug. Targets 12, 830–841. https://doi.org/10.2174/18715273113129990081
Abegaz, B.M., Mutanyatta-Comar, J., Nindi, M., 2007. Naturally occurring homoisoflavonoids: Phytochemistry, biological activities and synthesis. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2, 1934578X0700200. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X0700200418
Aberoumand, A., 2009. Nutritional evaluation of edible Portulaca oleracea as plant food. Food Anal. Methods 2, 204. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-008-9049-9
Adebayo, S.A., Amoo, S.O., 2019. South African botanical resources: A gold mine of natural pro-inflammatory enzyme inhibitors? S. Afr. J. Bot. 123, 214–227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.020
Agha-Hosseini, F., Borhan-Mojabi, K., Monsef-Esfahani, H.-R., Mirzaii-Dizgah, I., Etemad-Moghadam, S., Karagah, A., 2010. Efficacy of Purslane in the treatment of oral lichen planus. Phytother. Res. 24, 240–244. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2919
Ahangarpour, A., Oroojan, A.A., Khorsandi, L., Lamoochi, Z., 2018. Effect of hydroalcohal extract of Pursulane (Portulaca oleracea L.) on diaetic variables in D-galactose induced aging mouse model. Acta. Endocrinol. (Buchar) 14, 24–29. https://doi.org/10.4183/aeb.2018.24
Alam, M.A., Nadirah, T.A., Mohsin, G.M., Saleh, M., Moneruzzaman, K.M., Aslani, F., Juraimi, A.S., Alam, M.Z., 2021. Antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activities, and mineral contents among underutilized vegetables. Int. J. Veg. Sci. 27, 157–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/19315260.2020.1748785
Alam, Md.A., Juraimi, A.S., Rafii, M.Y., Abdul Hamid, A., Aslani, F., Hasan, M.M., Mohd Zainudin, M.A., Uddin, Md.K., 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant compounds, antioxidant activities, and mineral composition of 13 collected Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) accessions. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/296063
Allahmoradi, E., Taghiloo, S., Omrani-Nava, V., Shobeir, S.S., Tehrani, M., Ebrahimzadeh, M.A., Asgarian-Omran, H., 2018. Anti-inflammatory effects of the Portulaca oleracea hydroalcholic extract on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Med. J. Islam. Repub. Iran 32, 80. https://doi.org/10.14196/mjiri.32.80
Almasoud, A.G., Salem, E., 2014. Nutritional quality of Purslane and its crackers. Middle East J. Appl. Sci. 4, 448–454.
Al-Sheddi, E.S., Farshori, N.N., Al-Oqail, M.M., Musarrat, J., Al-Khedhairy, A.A., Siddiqui, M.A., 2015. Portulaca oleracea seed oil exerts cytotoxic effects on human liver cancer (HepG2) and human lung cancer (A-549) cell lines. Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev. 16, 3383–3387. https://doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.8.3383
Anthonia Ezeabara, C., 2014. Comparative determination of phytochemical, proximate and mineral compositions in various parts of Portulaca oleracea L. J. Pharmacol. Sci. 2, 293. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jps.20140206.15
Anusha, M., Prabhakaran, V., Kumari, Bp., Venkateswarlu, M., Taj, Ss., Ranganayakulu, D., 2011. Hepatoprotective activity of aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in combination with lycopene in rats. Indian J. Pharmacol. 43, 563. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.84973
Arruda, S.F., Siqueira, E.M.A., Souza, E.M.T., 2004. Malanga (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) and Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) leaves reduce oxidative stress in vitamin A-deficient rats. Ann. Nutr. Metab. 48, 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1159/000081075
Azeredo, H.M.C., 2009. Betalains: properties, sources, applications, and stability - a review: Betalains - a review. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 44, 2365–2376. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2007.01668.x
Aziz, M.A., Adnan, M., Khan, A.H., Rehman, A.U., Jan, R., Khan, J., 2016. Ethno-medicinal survey of important plants practiced by indigenous community at Ladha subdivision, South Waziristan agency, Pakistan. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 12, 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-016-0126-7
Bai, Y., Zang, X., Ma, J., Xu, G., 2016. Anti-diabetic effect of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharideandits mechanism in diabetic rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 17, 1201. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17081201
Baradaran Rahimi, V., Rakhshandeh, H., Raucci, F., Buono, B., Shirazinia, R., Samzadeh Kermani, A., Maione, F., Mascolo, N., Askari, V.R., 2019. Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea extract on lps-induced rat lung injury. Molecules 24, 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24010139
Baziz, K., Maougal, R.T., Amroune, A., 2020. An ethnobotanical survey of spontaneous plants used in traditional medicine in the region of Aures, Algeria. Euro. J. Ecol. 6. https://doi.org/10.17161/eurojecol.v6i2.14669
Belayneh, A., Asfaw, Z., Demissew, S., Bussa, N.F., 2012. Medicinal plants potential and use by pastoral and agro-pastoral communities in Erer Valley of Babile Wereda, Eastern Ethiopia. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 8, 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-8-42
Belcheff , E., 2012. A medical intuitive reveals the wonders of Purslane. Polished Publishing Group.
Bhat, R.S., Al-Daihan, S., 2014. Phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of some green leafy vegetables. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 4, 189–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(14)60230-6
Bosi, G., Guarrera, P.M., Rinaldi, R., Mazzanti, M.B., 2009. Ethnobotany of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in Italy and morphobiometric analyses of seeds from archaeological sites in the Emilia Romagna Region (Northern Italy). Plants and Culture: seeds of the cultural heritage of Europe, in: Plants and Culture: Seeds of the Cultural Heritage of Europe. Edipuglia, pp. 129–139.
Brussell, D.E., 2004. Medicinal Plants of Mt. Pelion, Greece. Econ. Bot. 58, S174–S202.
Cakilcioglu, U., Turkoglu, I., 2010. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants in Sivrice (Elazığ-Turkey). J. Ethnopharmacol. 132, 165–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.08.017
Carrió, E., Vallès, J., 2012. Ethnobotany of medicinal plants used in Eastern Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Mediterranean Sea). J. Ethnopharmacol. 141, 1021–1040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.03.049
Castelli, M.V., López, S.N., 2017. Homoisoflavonoids: Occurrence, biosynthesis, and biological activity, in: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Elsevier, pp. 315–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-63929-5.00009-7
Chaachouay, N., Benkhnigue, O., Fadli, M., El Ibaoui, H., Zidane, L., 2019. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies of medicinal and aromatic plants used in the treatment of metabolic diseases in the Moroccan Rif. Heliyon 5, e02191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02191
Chan, K., Islam, M.W., Kamil, M., Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N.M., Habibullah, M., Attas, A., 2000. The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of Portulaca oleracea L. subsp. sativa (Haw.) Celak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73, 445–451. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00318-4
Chandrasekara, A., 2019. Phenolic acids, in: Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry. Elsevier, pp. 535–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.22395-0
Chen, C.-J., Wang, W.-Y., Wang, X.-L., Dong, L.-W., Yue, Y.-T., Xin, H.-L., Ling, C.-Q., Li, M., 2009. Anti-hypoxic activity of the ethanol extract from Portulaca oleracea in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 124, 246–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.028
Chen, J., Shi, Y.-P., Liu, J.-Y., 2003. Determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in Chinese herbal extracts from Portulaca oleracea L. by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. A 1003, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(03)00786-6
Chugh, V., Mishra, V., Dwivedi, S.V., Sharma , K.D., 2019. Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.): An underutilized wonder plant with potential pharmacological value. J. Pharm. Innov. 8, 236–246.
Cushnie, T.P.T., Lamb, A.J., 2011. Recent advances in understanding the antibacterial properties of flavonoids. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 38, 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.02.014
da Silva, J.D.F., da Silva, S.P., da Silva, P.M., Vieira, A.M., de Araújo, L.C.C., de Albuquerque Lima, T., de Oliveira, A.P.S., do Nascimento Carvalho, L.V., da Rocha Pitta, M.G., de Melo Rêgo, M.J.B., Pinheiro, I.O., Zingali, R.B., do Socorro de Mendonça Cavalcanti, M., Napoleão, T.H., Paiva, P.M.G., 2019. Portulaca elatior root contains a trehalose-binding lectin with antibacterial and antifungal activities. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 126, 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.12.188
DeFilipps, R.A., Krupnick, G.A., 2018. The medicinal plants of Myanmar. PK 102, 1–341. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.102.24380
Desta, Z.Y., Cherie, D.A., 2018. Determination of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the extracts of aerial parts of Portulaca quadrifida. Chem. Cent. J. 12, 146. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-018-0514-2
Di Cagno, R., Filannino, P., Vincentini, O., Cantatore, V., Cavoski, I., Gobbetti, M., 2019. Fermented Portulaca oleracea L. Juice: A novel functional beverage with potential ameliorating effects on the intestinal inflammation and epithelial injury. Nutrients 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020248
Domingo, J.L., 2007. Omega-3 fatty acids and the benefits of fish consumption: is all that glitters gold? Environ. Int. 33, 993–998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2007.05.001
Dong, C.-X., Hayashi, K., Lee, J.-B., Hayashi, T., 2010. Characterization of structures and antiviral effects of polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. Chem. Pharm. Bull (Tokyo) 58, 507–510. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.58.507
Duan, Y., Ying, Z., Zhang, M., Ying, X., Yang, G., 2020. Two new homoisoflavones from Portulaca oleracea L. and their activities. Nat. Prod. Res. 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1815742
El-Desouky, T.A., 2021. Evaluation of effectiveness aqueous extract for some leaves of wild edible plants in Egypt as anti-fungal and anti-toxigenic. Heliyon 7, e06209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06209
El-Ghonemy, A., 1993. Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants of the United Arab Emirates. University of United Arab Emirates Press, UAE.
Elkhayat, E.S., Ibrahim, S.R.M., Aziz, M.A., 2008. Portulene, a new diterpene from Portulaca oleracea L. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 10, 1039–1043. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020802320590
El-Mokasabi, F.M., Al-Sanousi, Manal F , El-Mabrouk, R.M., 2018. Taxonomy and ethnobotany of medicinal plants in eastern region of Libya. J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol. 12, 14–23.
Endress, R., Jäger, A., Kreis, W., 1984. Catecholamine biosynthesis dependent on the dark in betacyanin-forming Portulaca callus. J. Plant Physiol. 115, 291–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0176-1617(84)80101-7
Farag, M.A., Shakour, Z.T.A., 2019. Metabolomics driven analysis of 11 Portulaca leaf taxa as analysed via UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and chemometrics. Phytochemistry 161, 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.02.009
Farag, O.M., Abd-Elsalam, R.M., Ogaly, H.A., Ali, S.E., El Badawy, S.A., Alsherbiny, M.A., Li, C.G., Ahmed, K.A., 2021. Metabolomic profiling and neuroprotective effects of Purslane seeds extract against acrylamide toxicity in rat’s brain. Neurochem. Res. 46, 819–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11064-020-03209-6
Farkhondeh, T., Samarghandian, S., 2019. The therapeutic effects of Portulaca oleracea L. in hepatogastric disorders. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 42, 127–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gastrohep.2018.07.016
Farkhondeh, T., Samarghandian, S., Azimi-Nezhad, M., Hozeifi, S., 2019. The hepato-protective effects of Portulaca oleracea L. extract: a review. Curr. Drug Discov. Technol. 16, 122–126. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180330142724
Faruque, M.O., Feng, G., Khan, M.N.A., Barlow, J.W., Ankhi, U.R., Hu, S., Kamaruzzaman, M., Uddin, S.B., Hu, X., 2019. Qualitative and quantitative ethnobotanical study of the Pangkhua community in Bilaichari Upazilla, Rangamati District, Bangladesh. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 15, 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-019-0287-2
Feng, P.C., Haynes, L.J., Magnus, K.E., 1961. High concentration of (−)-Noradrenaline in Portulaca oleracea L. Nature 191, 1108–1108. https://doi.org/10.1038/1911108a0
Fernández-Poyatos, M. del P., Llorent-Martínez, E.J., Ruiz-Medina, A., 2021. Phytochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Portulaca oleracea: Influence of the steaming cooking process. Foods 10, 94. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10010094
Fernandez, E.C., Sandi, Y.E., Kokoska L., 2003. Ethnobotanical inventory of medicinal plants used in the Bustillo Province of the Potosi Department, Bolivia. Fitoterapia. 74, 407–416. doi:10.1016/s0367-326x(03)00053-4.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. WASAG - The global framework on water scarcity in agriculture in a changing climate, 2021. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. URL http://www.fao.org/land-water/overview/wasag/en/ (accessed 4.25.21).
Gandía-Herrero, F., Escribano, J., García-Carmona, F., 2005. Betaxanthins as pigments responsible for visible fluorescence in flowers. Planta 222, 586–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-005-0004-3
Ghahramani, R., Eidi, M., Ahmadian, H., Hamidi Nomani, M., Abbasi, R., Alipour, M., Anissian, A., 2016. Anti-diabetic effect of Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) seeds in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Int. J. Med. Lab. 282–289.
Gheflati, A., Adelnia, E., Nadjarzadeh, A., 2019. The clinical effects of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) seeds on metabolic profiles in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Phytother. Res. 33, 1501–1509. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6342
Gong, F., Li, F., Zhang, L., Li, J., Zhang, Z., Wang, G., 2009. Hypoglycemic effects of crude polysaccharide from Purslane. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 10, 880–888. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms10030880
González-Tejero, M.R., Casares-Porcel, M., Sánchez-Rojas, C.P., Ramiro-Gutiérrez, J.M., Molero-Mesa, J., Pieroni, A., Giusti, M.E., Censorii, E., de Pasquale, C., Della, A., Paraskeva-Hadijchambi, D., Hadjichambis, A., Houmani, Z., El-Demerdash, M., El-Zayat, M., Hmamouchi, M., ElJohrig, S., 2008. Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean area: Synthesis of the results of the project Rubia. J. Ethnopharmacol. 116, 341–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2007.11.045
Greenwell, M., Rahman, P.K.S.M., 2015. Medicinal plants: Their use in anticancer treatment. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. Res. 6, 4103–4112. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.6(10).4103-12
Gu, Y., Leng, A., Zhang, W., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2020. A novel alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. and its anti-inflammatory activity. Nat. Prod. Res. 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2020.1795855
Guil-Guerrero, J.L., Rodríguez-García, I., 1999. Lipids classes, fatty acids and carotenes of the leaves of six edible wild plants. Eur. Food Res. Technol. 209, 313–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002170050501
Habtemariam, S., Harvey, A.L., Waterman, P.G., 1993. The muscle relaxant properties of Portulaca oleracea are associated with high concentrations of potassium ions. J. Ethnopharmacol. 40, 195–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90068-g
Habtemariam, S., Lentini, G., 2018. Plant-derived anticancer agents: Lessons from the pharmacology of geniposide and its aglycone, genipin. Biomedicines 6, 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines6020039
Hamedi, S., Forouzanfar, F., Rakhshandeh, H., Arian, A., 2019. Hypnotic effect of Portulaca oleracea on pentobarbital-induced sleep in mice. Curr. Drug. Discov. Technol. 16, 198–203. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570163815666180308142543
He, Y., Long, H., Zou, C., Yang, W., Jiang, L., Xiao, Z., Li, Q., Long, S., 2021. Anti-nociceptive effect of Portulaca oleracea L. ethanol extracts attenuated zymosan-induced mouse joint inflammation via inhibition of Nrf2 expression. Innate Immun. 27, 230–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753425921994190
Heldt, H.-W., Piechulla, B., 2011. Phenylpropanoids comprise a multitude of plant secondary metabolites and cell wall components, in: Plant Biochemistry. Elsevier, pp. 431–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384986-1.00018-1
Heredia-Díaz, Y., García-Díaz, J., López-González, T., Chil-Nuñez, I., Arias-Ramos, D., Escalona-Arranz, J.C., González-Fernández, R., Costa-Acosta, J., Suarez-Cruz, D., Sánchez-Torres, M., Martínez-Figueredo, Y., 2018. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used by inhabitants of Holguín, Eastern Region, Cuba. Bol. Latinoam. Caribe Plantas Med. Aromat. 17, 160–196.
Hongxing, Z., Nancai, Y., Guofu, H., Jianbo, S., Yanxia, W., Hanju, H., Qian, L., Wei, M., Yandong, Y., Hao, H., 2007. Neuroprotective effects of Purslane herb aquenous extracts against D-galactose induced neurotoxicity. Chem. Biol. Interact 170, 145–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbi.2007.07.009
Hu, Q., Niu, Q., Song, H., Wei, S., Wang, S., Yao, L., Li, Y.-P., 2019. Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. regulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells through voltage-gated Na+ channel. Biomed. Pharmacother. 109, 876–885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.113
Hu, S., Chai, W.C., Xu, L., Li, S., Jin, C., Zhu, R., Yang, L., Zhang, R., Tang, K., Li, P., Yang, E., Chang, W., Shen, T., Semple, S., Venter, H., Xiang, L., 2021a. Catecholic alkaloid sulfonates and aromatic nitro compounds from Portulaca oleracea and screening of their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Phytochemistry 181, 112587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112587
Hu, S., Chai, W.C., Xu, L., Li, S., Jin, C., Zhu, R., Yang, L., Zhang, R., Tang, K., Li, P., Yang, E., Chang, W., Shen, T., Semple, S., Venter, H., Xiang, L., 2021b. Catecholic alkaloid sulfonates and aromatic nitro compounds from Portulaca oleracea and screening of their anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. Phytochemistry 181, 112587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2020.112587
Huang, Y., Dong, L., 2011. [Protective effect of Purslane in a rat model of ulcerative colitis]. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 36, 2727–2730.
Hussein, S., Dhabe, A., 2018. Ethnobotanical study of folk medicinal plants used by villagers in Hajjah district - Republic of Yemen. J. Med. Plants Res. Studies 6.
Iranshahy, M., Javadi, B., Iranshahi, M., Jahanbakhsh, S.P., Mahyari, S., Hassani, F.V., Karimi, G., 2017. A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of Portulaca oleracea L. J. Ethnopharmacol. 205, 158–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2017.05.004
Islam, M.W., Zakaria, M.N.M., Radhakrishnan, R., Habibullah, M., Chan, K., 1998. Evaluation of analgesic activity of the aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea V. sativa and its comparison with two related species. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 50, 226–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1998.tb02426.x
Iyekowa, O., Uzama-Avenbuan, O., Enadeghe, O.R., Odaro, S.I., 2012. Antiasthmatic activity of Portulaca oleracea. Linn. ., Sky J. of Biochem. Res. 1, 1–6.
Jafarirad, S., Rasoulpour, I., 2019. Pharmaceutical ethnobotany in the Mahabad (West Azerbaijan) biosphere reserve: ethno-pharmaceutical formulations, nutraceutical uses and quantitative aspects. Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 55, e18133. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2175-97902019000118133
Jiang, M., Zhang, W., Yang, X., Xiu, F., Xu, H., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2018. An isoindole alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 2431–2436. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1419226
Jiao, Z.-Z., Yue, S., Sun, H.-X., Jin, T.-Y., Wang, H.-N., Zhu, R.-X., Xiang, L., 2015. Indoline Amide Glucosides from Portulaca oleracea : Isolation, Structure, and DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity. J. Nat. Prod. 78, 2588–2597. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00524
Jin, H., Chen, L., Wang, S., Chao, D., 2017. Portulaca oleracea extract can inhibit nodule formation of colon cancer stem cells by regulating gene expression of the Notch signal transduction pathway. Tumour Biol. 39, 101042831770869. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010428317708699
Jin, T.-Y., Li, S.-Q., Jin, C.-R., Shan, H., Wang, R.-M., Zhou, M.-X., Li, A.-L., Li, L.-Y., Hu, S.-Y., Shen, T., Xiang, L., 2018. Catecholic Isoquinolines from Portulaca oleracea and Their Anti-inflammatory and β2-Adrenergic Receptor Agonist Activity. J. Nat. Prod. 81, 768–777. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00762
Jiofack, T., Ayissi, I., Fokunang, C., Guedje, N., Kemeuze, V., 2009. Ethnobotany and phytomedicine of the upper Nyong valley forest in Cameroon. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 3, 144–150.
Joshi, A.R., Joshi, K., 2000. Indigenous knowledge and uses of medicinal plants by local communities of the Kali Gandaki Watershed Area, Nepal. J. Ethnopharmacol. 73, 175–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00301-9
Jovel, E.M., Cabanillas, J., Towers, G.H.N., 1996. An ethnobotanical study of the traditional medicine of the Mestizo people of Suni Miraño, Loreto, Peru. J. Ethnopharmacol. 53, 149–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(96)01437-7
Kaur, H., 2020. An analysis of pharmacological activities of Portulaca oleracea. Int. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 11, 5995–04. https://doi.org/doi: 10.13040/ IJPSR.0975-8232.11(12).5995-04.
Kaveh, M., Eidi, A., Nemati, A., Boskabady, M.H., 2017. Modulation of lung inflammation and immune markers in asthmatic rats treated by Portulaca oleracea. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 7, 409–416.
Khanam, B., Begum, W., Tipo, F.A., Naim, M., 2020. Effect of Tukhme Khurfa (Purslane seeds) in abnormal uterine bleeding: A prospective study. Adv. Integr. Med. S221295881930494X. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aimed.2020.03.001
Khare, C.P., 2016. Ayurvedic pharmacopoeial plant drugs: expanded therapeutics. CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
Khazdair, M.R., Anaeigoudari, A., Kianmehr, M., 2019. Anti-Asthmatic Effects of Portulaca oleracea and its Constituents, a Review. J. Pharmacopuncture 22, 122–130. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2019.22.016
Khoo, H.E., Azlan, A., Tang, S.T., Lim, S.M., 2017. Anthocyanidins and anthocyanins: colored pigments as food, pharmaceutical ingredients, and the potential health benefits. Food Nutr. Res. 61, 1361779. https://doi.org/10.1080/16546628.2017.1361779
Kipkore, W., Wanjohi, B., Rono, H., Kigen, G., 2014. A study of the medicinal plants used by the Marakwet community in Kenya. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 10, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-24
Klein, M.O., Battagello, D.S., Cardoso, A.R., Hauser, D.N., Bittencourt, J.C., Correa, R.G., 2019. Dopamine: functions, signaling, and association with neurological diseases. Cell Mol. Neurobiol. 39, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10571-018-0632-3
Komoreng, L., Thekisoe, O., Lehasa, S., Tiwani, T., Mzizi, N., Mokoena, N., Khambule, N., Ndebele, S., Mdletshe, N., 2017. An ethnobotanical survey of traditional medicinal plants used against lymphatic filariasis in South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 111, 12–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2017.03.005
Kong, R., Luo, H., Wang, N., Li, J., Xu, S., Chen, K., Feng, J., Wu, L., Li, S., Liu, T., Lu, X., Xia, Y., Shi, Y., Zhou, Y., He, W., Dai, Q., Zheng, Y., Lu, J., 2018. Portulaca extract attenuates development of dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in mice through activation of PPARγ. PPAR Res. 2018, 6079101. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/6079101
Korade, S.T., Deokule, S.S., 2015. Study of nutritive value and antioxidant activity of Lactuca runcinata and Portulaca quadrifida . Int. J. Curr. Res. 7, 20380–20384.
Kuklin, A.I., Conger, B.V., 1995. Catecholamines in plants. J. Plant Growth Regul. 14, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00203119
Kulma, A., Szopa, J., 2007. Catecholamines are active compounds in plants. Plant Sci. 172, 433–440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2006.10.013
Kumar , D., Kaur , R., Sonia, 2018. Morphological and anatomical studies of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) weed-an ethno medicinal plant. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 8, 1185–1189.
Kumar, N., Goel, N., 2019. Phenolic acids: Natural versatile molecules with promising therapeutic applications. Plant Biotechnol. Rep. 24, e00370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00370
Kumar, V., Nayak, S.K., 2020. Homoisoflavonoids: isolation, chemical synthesis strategies and biological activities. J. Pharm. Sci. & Res. 12, 1046–1055.
Kurek, J., 2019. Introductory chapter: Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and for Human Life, in: Kurek, J. (Ed.), Alkaloids - Their Importance in Nature and Human Life. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.85400
Lans, C.A., 2006. Ethnomedicines used in Trinidad and Tobago for urinary problems and diabetes mellitus. J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 2, 45. https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-2-45
Lee, J.H., Park, J.E., Han, J.S., 2020. Portulaca oleracea L. extract reduces hyperglycemia via PI3k/Akt and AMPK pathways in the skeletal muscles of C57BL/Ksj-db/db mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. 260, 112973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2020.112973
Lei, X., Li, J., Liu, B., Zhang, N., Liu, H., 2015. Separation and identification of four new compounds with antibacterial activity from Portulaca oleracea L. Molecules 20, 16375–16387. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules200916375
Lev, E., Amar, Z., 2002. Ethnopharmacological survey of traditional drugs sold in the Kingdom of Jordan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 82, 131–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00182-4
Li, C.-Y., Meng, Y.-H., Ying, Z.-M., Xu, N., Hao, D., Gao, M.-Z., Zhang, W.-J., Xu, L., Gao, Y.-C., Ying, X.-X., 2016. Three novel alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their anti-inflammatory effects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 64, 5837–5844. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02673
Li, Y., Hu, Y., Shi, S., Jiang, L., 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant and immuno-enhancing activities of Purslane polysaccharides in gastric cancer rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 68, 113–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.04.038
Li, Y.-H., Lai, C.-Y., Su, M.-C., Cheng, J.-C., Chang, Y.-S., 2019. Antiviral activity of Portulaca oleracea L. against influenza A viruses. J. Ethnopharmacol 241, 112013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2019.112013
Lila, M.A., 2004. Anthocyanins and human health: An in vitro investigative approach. J. Biomed. Biotechnol. 2004, 306–313. https://doi.org/10.1155/S111072430440401X
Lim, Y.Y., Quah, E.P.L., 2007a. Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food Chem. 103, 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.025
Lim, Y.Y., Quah, E.P.L., 2007b. Antioxidant properties of different cultivars of Portulaca oleracea. Food Chem. 103, 734–740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.09.025
Lin, L.-G., Liu, Q.-Y., Ye, Y., 2014. Naturally Occurring Homoisoflavonoids and Their Pharmacological Activities. Planta Med. 80, 1053–1066. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0034-1383026
Liu, L., Howe, P., Zhou, Y.-F., Xu, Z.-Q., Hocart, C., Zhang, R., 2000. Fatty acids and β-carotene in Australian Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) varieties. J. Chrom. A 893, 207–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0021-9673(00)00747-0
Lu, J., Zheng, Y., Luo, L., Wu, D., Sun, D., Feng, Y., 2006. Quercetin reverses D-galactose induced neurotoxicity in mouse brain. Behav. Brain Res. 171, 251–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2006.03.043
Luisa, H.C., Leila, Z., Elga, H.A., Maria Santos, R.B.F., Poliane, F., Rosangela, G.D., Moacir, G.P., Fatima Regina, M.B.S., 2008. Flavonoids: Prospective Drug Candidates. Mini-Rev. Med. Chem. 8, 1429-40. doi: 10.2174/138955708786369564.
Lyons, G., Dean, G., Tongaiaba, R., Halavatau, S., Nakabuta, K., Lonalona, M., Susumu, G., 2020. Macro- and micronutrients from traditional food plants could improve nutrition and reduce non-communicable diseases of Islanders on Atolls in the South Pacific. Plants 9, 942. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9080942
Ma, Y., Bao, Y., Zhang, W., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2020. Four lignans from Portulaca oleracea L. and its antioxidant activities. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 2276–2282. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1534852
Ma, Y., Li, X., Zhang, W., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2021. A trace alkaloid, oleraisoindole A from Portulaca oleracea L. and its anticholinesterase effect. Nat. Prod. Res. 35, 350–353. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1627356
Malek, F., Boskabady, M.H., Borushaki, M.T., Tohidi, M., 2004. Bronchodilatory effect of Portulaca oleracea in airways of asthmatic patients. J. Ethnopharmacol. 93, 57–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2004.03.015
Manzanero-Medina, G.I., Vásquez-Dávila, M.A., Lustre-Sánchez, H., Pérez-Herrera, A., 2020. Ethnobotany of food plants (quelites) sold in two traditional markets of Oaxaca, Mexico. S. Afr. J. Bot. 130, 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.01.002
Martins, W.B., Rodrigues, S.A., Silva, H.K., Dantas, C.G., Júnior, W.D.L., Filho, L.X., Cardoso, J.C., Gomes, M.Z., 2016. Neuroprotective effect of Portulaca oleracea extracts against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced lesion of dopaminergic neurons. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 88, 1439–1450. https://doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201620150574
Masoodi, M.H., Ahmad, B., Mir, S.R., Zargar, B.A., Tabasum, N., 2011. Portulaca oleracea L. A review. J. Pharm. Res. 4, 3044–3048.
Melilli, M.G., Pagliaro, A., Bognanni, R., Scandurra, S., Di Stefano, V., 2020. Antioxidant activity and fatty acids quantification in Sicilian Purslane germplasm. Nat. Prod. Res. 34, 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1560291
Meng, Y., Ying, Z., Xiang, Z., Hao, D., Zhang, W., Zheng, Y., Gao, Y., Ying, X., 2016. The anti-inflammation and pharmacokinetics of a novel alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 68, 397–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12526
Mhlongo, L.S., Van Wyk, B.-E., 2019. Zulu medicinal ethnobotany: new records from the Amandawe area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 122, 266–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.02.012
Miao, L., Tao, H., Peng, Y., Wang, S., Zhong, Z., El-Seedi, H., Dragan, S., Zengin, G., Cheang, W.S., Wang, Y., Xiao, J., 2019. The anti-inflammatory potential of Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) extract by partial suppression on NF-κB and MAPK activation. Food Chem. 290, 239–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.04.005
Middleton, Jr., M.D.E., 1996. Biological properties of plant flavonoids: An overview. Int. J. Pharmacogn. 34, 344–348. https://doi.org/10.1076/phbi.34.5.344.13245
Mir, S.R., Ali , M., 2016. Taraxerane-type triterpenoids from Portulaca oleracea Linn. seeds. Indian J. Chem.. 55B, 119–122.
Miraj, S., 2016. Healing properties of Purslane: A systematic review study. Der. Pharmacia Lettre. 8, 437–441.
Mohamed, A.I., Hussein, A.S., 1994. Chemical composition of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea). Plant Food Hum. Nutr. 45, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01091224
Mohamed, D.A., Abdelgayed, S.A., Essa, H.S., Mohamed, R., 2018. Preparation and evaluation of functional foods for prevention of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 21, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2018.454.462
Mosaddegh, M., Naghibi, F., Moazzeni, H., Pirani, A., Esmaeili, S., 2012. Ethnobotanical survey of herbal remedies traditionally used in Kohghiluyeh va Boyer Ahmad province of Iran. J. Ethnopharmacol. 141, 80–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2012.02.004
Mukherjee, P.K., 2019. Phyto-Pharmaceuticals, Nutraceuticals and Their Evaluation, in: Quality Control and Evaluation of Herbal Drugs. Elsevier, pp. 707–722. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-813374-3.00020-X
Muthoni, J., Nyamongo, D.O., 2010. Traditional Food Crops and Their Role in Food and Nutritional Security in Kenya. J. Agr. Food Inform. 11, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496500903466745
Nadkarni, A.K., 1982. Dr. K. M. Nadkarni’s Indian Materia medica, 3rd ed. Popular Book Depot; Popular Prakashan, Bombay.
Nanagulyan, S., Zakaryan, N., Kartashyan, N., Piwowarczyk, R., Łuczaj, Ł., 2020. Wild plants and fungi sold in the markets of Yerevan (Armenia). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 16, 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00375-3
Nayaka, H.B., Londonkar, R.L., Umesh, M.K., Tukappa, A., 2014. Antibacterial Attributes of Apigenin, Isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. Int. J. Microbiol. 2014, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/175851
Negi, S., 2018. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of Portulaca oleracea Linn. growing in unpolluted and polluted area. J. Pharm. Innov. 7, 619–621.
Nemzer, B., Al-Taher, F., Abshiru, N., 2020. Phytochemical composition and nutritional value of different plant parts in two cultivated and wild Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) genotypes. Food Chem. 320, 126621. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126621
Netala, S., Asha Priya , M., Pravallika, R., Naga, T.S., Sumaiya, S.M., Nandini, K.S., 2014. Comparative pharmacognostic studies on three species of Portulaca. Int. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. Res. 6, 806–816.
Nyffeler, R., Eggli, U., 2010. Disintegrating Portulacaceae: A new familial classification of the suborder Portulacineae (Caryophyllales) based on molecular and morphological data. Taxon 59, 227–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/tax.591021
Ocampo, G., Columbus, J.T., 2012. Molecular phylogenetics, historical biogeography, and chromosome number evolution of Portulaca (Portulacaceae). Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 63, 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.017
Ojah, E.O., Oladele, E.O., Chukwuemeka, P., 2021. Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of root extracts from Portulaca oleracea Linn. (Purslane) utilised in the management of diseases in Nigeria. J. Med. Plant. Econ. Dev. 5, a103. https://doi.org/10.4102/jomped.v5i1.103.
Okafor, I.A., Ayalokunrin, M.B., Orachu, L.A., 2014. A review on Portulaca oleracea (Purslane) plant – Its nature and biomedical benefits. Int. Jour. of Biomed. Res. 5, 75. https://doi.org/10.7439/ijbr.v5i2.462
Okwuasaba, F., Ejike, C., Parry, O., 1987a. Comparison of the skeletal muscle relaxant properties of Portulaca oleracea extracts with dantrolene sodium and methoxyverapamil. J. Ethnopharmacol. 20, 85–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90082-1
Okwuasaba, F., Parry, O., Ejike, C., 1987b. Investigation into the mechanism of action of extracts of Portulaca oleracea. J. Ethnopharmacol. 21, 91–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90098-5
Oliveira, I., Valentão, P., Lopes, R., Andrade, P.B., Bento, A., Pereira, J.A., 2009. Phytochemical characterization and radical scavenging activity of Portulaca oleracea L. leaves and stems. Microchem, J. 92, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2009.02.006
Olowa , L., Demayo, C.G., 2015. Ethnobotanical uses of medicinal plants among the Muslim Maranaos in Iligan City, Mindanao, Philippines. Adv. Environ. Biol. 9, 204–215.
Omara-Alwala, T.R., Mebrahtu, T., Prior, D.E., Ezekwe, M.O., 1991a. Omega-three fatty acids in Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) tissues. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68, 198–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657769
Omara-Alwala, T.R., Mebrahtu, T., Prior, D.E., Ezekwe, M.O., 1991b. Omega-three fatty acids in Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Tissues. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 68, 198–199. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02657769
Osbaldeston, T.A., 2000. Dioscorides de materia medica (Written in greek in the first century of the common era and translated by TA osbaldeston and RPA Wood in a new indexed version in modern english). IBIDIS Press, Johannesburg, South Africa .
Palaniswamy, U.R., McAvoy, R.J., Bible, B.B., 2001. Stage of harvest and polyunsaturated essential fatty acid concentrations in Purslane ( Portulaca oleraceae ) leaves. J. Agric. Food Chem. 49, 3490–3493. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0102113
Park, J.E., Han, J.S., 2018. A Portulaca oleracea L. extract promotes insulin secretion via a K+ATP channel dependent pathway in INS-1 pancreatic β-cells. Nutr. Res. Pract. 12, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2018.12.3.183
Park, J.E., Seo, Y., Han, J.S., 2021. HM-chromanone, a component of Portulaca oleracea L., stimulates glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscle cell. Phytomedicine 83, 153473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2021.153473
Park, J.E., Seo, Y., Han, J.S., 2019. HM-Chromanone isolated from Portulaca oleracea L. protects INS-1 pancreatic β cells against glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis. Nutrients 11, 404. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020404
Parry, O., Marks, J.A., Okwuasaba, F.K., 1993. The skeletal muscle relaxant action of Portulaca oleracea: role of potassium ions. J. Ethnopharmacol. 40, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(93)90067-f
Parry, O., Okwuasaba, F., Ejike, C., 1987a. Preliminary clinical investigation into the muscle relaxant actions of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea applied topically. J. Ethnopharmacol. 21, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90099-7
Parry, O., Okwuasaba, F.K., Ejike, C., 1987b. Skeletal muscle relaxant action of an aqueous extract of Portulaca oleracea in the rat. J. Ethnopharmacol. 19, 247–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90002-x
Petran, M., Dragos, D., Gilca, M., 2020. Historical ethnobotanical review of medicinal plants used to treat children diseases in Romania (1860s-1970s). J. Ethnobiol. Ethnomed. 16, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-020-00364-6
Petropoulos, S., Karkanis, A., Martins, N., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., 2016. Phytochemical composition and bioactive compounds of common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) as affected by crop management practices. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 55, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2016.06.010
Petropoulos, S.A., Fernandes, Â., Dias, M.I., Vasilakoglou, I.B., Petrotos, K., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., 2019. Nutritional value, chemical composition and cytotoxic properties of common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) in relation to harvesting Stage and plant part. Antioxidants 8, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080293
Petropoulos, S.Α., Karkanis, A., Fernandes, Â., Barros, L., Ferreira, I.C.F.R., Ntatsi, G., Petrotos, K., Lykas, C., Khah, E., 2015. Chemical composition and yield of six genotypes of common Purslane (Portulaca oleracea l.): an alternative source of omega-3 fatty acids. Plant Foods Hum. Nutr. 70, 420–426. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11130-015-0511-8
Pieroni, A., Hovsepyan, R., Manduzai, A.K., Sõukand, R., 2021. Wild food plants traditionally gathered in central Armenia: archaic ingredients or future sustainable foods? Environ. Dev. Sustain. 23, 2358–2381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-00678-1
Prabhu, S., Vijayakumar, S., Morvin Yabesh, J.E., Prakashbabu, R., Murugan, R., 2021. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used in pachamalai hills of Tamil Nadu, India. J. Herb. Med. 25, 100400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hermed.2020.100400
Quinlan, M.B., Quinlan, R.J., Nolan, J.M., 2002. Ethnophysiology and herbal treatments of intestinal worms in Dominica, West Indies. J. Ethnopharmacol. 80, 75–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00002-8
Radhakrishnan, R., Zakaria, M.N., Islam, M.W., Chen, H.B., Kamil, M., Chan, K., Al-Attas, A., 2001. Neuropharmacological actions of Portulaca oleracea L v. sativa (Hawk). J. Ethnopharmacol. 76, 171–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00230-6
Rashed, A., 2003. Simple evaluation of the wound healing activity of a crude extract of Portulaca oleracea L. (growing in Jordan) in Mus musculus JVI-1. J. Ethnopharmacol. 88, 131–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00194-6
Rasheed, A.N., Afifi, F.U., Shaedah, M., Taha, M.O., 2004. Investigation of the active constituents of Portulaca oleraceae L. (Portulacaceae) growing in Jordan. Pak. J. Pharm. Sci. 17, 37–45.
Reddy, A.M., Babu, M.V.S., Rao, R.R., 2019. Ethnobotanical study of traditional herbal plants used by local people of Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve in Eastern Ghats, India. Herba Pol. 65, 40–54. https://doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2019-0006
Rodriguez-Amaya, D.B., 2019. Betalains, in: Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry. Elsevier, pp. 35–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-100596-5.21607-7
Roozi, H., Bojar, M.N.A., Eidi, V., Ali, K.N.R., 2019. Effects of oleracein E and oleracein L from Portulaca oleracea on cell survival, antioxidant and antidiabetic efficacy on beta-TC-6 pancreatic cell line. Indian J. Pharm. Sci. 81. https://doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.559
Samarghandian, S., Borji, A., Farkhondeh, T., 2017. Attenuation of oxidative stress and inflammation by Portulaca oleracea in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J. Evid. Based Integr. Med. 22, 562–566. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156587217692491
Sangeetha, S., Kiran, R.S., Abbulu, K., Battu, S., 2020. A Review on traditional herb Portulaca oleracea. World J. Pharm. Res. 9, 578-601.
Santiago-Saenz, Y.O., Hernández-Fuentes, A.D., Monroy-Torres, R., Cariño-Cortés, R., Jiménez-Alvarado, R., 2018. Physicochemical, nutritional and antioxidant characterization of three vegetables (Amaranthus hybridus L., Chenopodium berlandieri L., Portulaca oleracea L.) as potential sources of phytochemicals and bioactive compounds. J. Food Meas. Charact. 12, 2855–2864. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-018-9900-7
Sargin, S.A., 2021. Plants used against obesity in Turkish folk medicine: A review. J. Ethnopharmacol. 270, 113841. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.113841
Scarpa, G.F., 2004. Medicinal plants used by the criollos of northwestern Argentine chaco. J. Ethnopharmacol. 91, 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2003.12.003
Selamoglu, Z., 2018. Allantoin as metabolic compound. J. Tradit. Med. Clin. Natur. 07. https://doi.org/10.4172/2573-4555.1000e143
Semenya, S.S., Maroyi, A., 2019. Ethnobotanical survey of plants used by bapedi traditional healers to treat tuberculosis and its opportunistic infections in the Limpopo Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 122, 401–421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.10.010
Shen, H., Tang, G., Zeng, G., Yang, Y., Cai, X., Li, D., Liu, H., Zhou, N., 2013. Purification and characterization of an antitumor polysaccharide from Portulaca oleracea L. Carbohydrate Polymers 93, 395–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.11.107
Shobeiri, S.F., Sharei, S., Heidari, A., Kianbakht, S., 2009. Portulaca oleracea L. in the treatment of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding: a Pilot clinical trial. Phytother. Res. 23, 1411–1414. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2790
Sicari, V., Loizzo, M.R., Tundis, R., Mincione, A., Pellicanò, T.M., 2018. Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane) extracts display antioxidant and hypoglycaemic effects. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality Vol 91 (2018): J. Appl. Bot. Food Qual. https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2018.091.006
Siddaiah, V., Rao, C.V., Venkateswarlu, S., Krishnaraju, A.V., Subbaraju, G.V., 2006. Synthesis, stereochemical assignments, and biological activities of homoisoflavonoids. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14, 2545–2551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2005.11.031
Silva, R., Carvalho, I.S., 2014. In-vitro antioxidant activity, phenolic compounds and protective effect against dna damage provided by leaves, stems and flowers of Portulaca oleracea (Purslane). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 9, 1934578X1400900. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578X1400900115
Simopoulos, A.P., 1986. Purslane: A terrestrial source of Omega-3 fatty acids, N. Engl. J. Med. 315, 833–833. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM198609253151313.
Simopoulos, A.P., 2004. The traditional diet of Greece and cancer. Eur. J. Cancer Prev. 13, 219–230. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.cej.0000130011.99148.07
Simopoulos, A.P., Norman, H.A., Gillaspy, J.E., 1995. Purslane in human nutrition and its potential for world agriculture. World Rev. Nutr. Diet. 77, 47–74. https://doi.org/10.1159/000424465
Simopoulos, A.P., Norman, H.A., Gillaspy, J.E., Duke, J.A., 1992. Common Purslane: a source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants. J. Am. Coll. Nutr. 11, 374–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.1992.10718240
Simopoulos, A.P., Tan, D.-X., Manchester, L.C., Reiter, R.J., 2005. Purslane: a plant source of omega-3 fatty acids and melatonin. J. Pineal Res. 39, 331–332. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-079X.2005.00269.x
Singh, A.G., Singh, M.P., Tewari, D.D., 2015. Wild plants used as vegetable in Rupandehi District of Nepal and their ethnomedicinal importance. J. Nat. Hist. Mus. 26, 111–125. https://doi.org/10.3126/jnhm.v26i0.14135
Siriamornpun, S., Suttajit, M., 2010. Microchemical components and antioxidant activity of different morphological parts of Thai Wild Purslane (Portulaca oleracea ). Weed Sci. 58, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1614/WS-D-09-00073.1
Soliman, S.S.M., Semreen, M.H., El-Keblawy, A.A., Abdullah, A., Uppuluri, P., Ibrahim, A.S., 2017. Assessment of herbal drugs for promising anti-Candida activity. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 17, 257. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1760-x
Sultana, A., Rahman, K., 2013. Portulaca oleracea Linn. A global panacea with ethno-medicinal and pharmacological potential. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 5, 33–39.
Sun, H., He, X., Liu, C., Li, L., Zhou, R., Jin, T., Yue, S., Feng, D., Gong, J., Sun, J., Ji, J., Xiang, L., 2017. Effect of Oleracein E, a neuroprotective tetrahydroisoquinoline, on rotenone-induced Parkinson’s Disease cell and animal models. ACS Chem. Neurosci. 8, 155–164. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.6b00291
Suroowan, S., Pynee, K.B., Mahomoodally, M.F., 2019. A comprehensive review of ethnopharmacologically important medicinal plant species from Mauritius. S. Afr. J. Bot. 122, 189–213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2019.03.024
Tao, H., Ye, D.-L., Wu, Y.-L., Han, M.-M., Xue, J.-S., Liu, Z.-H., Chen, X.-T., Wang, H.-L., 2018. The protective effect of polysaccharide extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. against Pb-induced learning and memory impairments in rats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 119, 617–623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.138
Tene, V., Malagón, O., Finzi, P.V., Vidari, G., Armijos, C., Zaragoza, T., 2007. An ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used in Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. J. Ethnopharmacol. 111, 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.032
Tholl, D., 2015. Biosynthesis and biological functions of terpenoids in plants, in: Schrader, J., Bohlmann, J. (Eds.), Biotechnology of Isoprenoids. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp. 63–106. https://doi.org/10.1007/10_2014_295
Tian, J.-L., Liang, X., Gao, P.-Y., Li, D.-Q., Sun, Q., Li, L.-Z., Song, S.-J., 2014. Two new alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea and their cytotoxic activities. J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res. 16, 259–264. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2013.866948
Tiwari, K.K., Dwivedi, S., Mishra, S., Srivastava, S., Tripathi, R.D., Singh, N.K., Chakraborty, S., 2008. Phytoremediation efficiency of Portulaca tuberosa Rox and Portulaca oleracea L. naturally growing in an industrial effluent irrigated area in Vadodra, Gujrat, India. Environ. Monit. Assess. 147, 15–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-007-0093-5
Tleubayeva, M.I., Datkhayev, U.M., Alimzhanova, M., Ishmuratova, M.Y., Korotetskaya, N.V., Abdullabekova, R.M., Flisyuk, E.V., Gemejiyeva, N.G., 2021. Component composition and antimicrobial activity of CO2 extract of Portulaca oleracea, growing in the territory of Kazakhstan. Sci. World J. 2021, 5434525. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5434525
Trezzini, G.F., Zrÿd, J.-P., 1991. Two betalains from Portulaca grandiflora. Phytochemistry 30, 1897–1899. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(91)85035-X
Truong, H.K.T., Huynh, M.A., Vuu, M.D., Dang, T.P.T., 2019. Evaluating the potential of Portulaca oleracea L. for Parkinson’s Disease treatment using a Drosophila model with dUCH-Knockdown. Parkinson’s Disease 2019, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1818259
Uddin, Md.K., Juraimi, A.S., Hossain, M.S., Nahar, Most.A.U., Ali, Md.E., Rahman, M.M., 2014. Purslane Weed (Portulaca oleracea ): A prospective plant source of nutrition, omega-3 fatty acid, and antioxidant attributes. Sci. World J. 2014, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/951019
Ullah, M., Khan, M.U., Mahmood, A., Malik, R.N., Hussain, M., Wazir, S.M., Daud, M., Shinwari, Z.K., 2013. An ethnobotanical survey of indigenous medicinal plants in Wana district south Waziristan agency, Pak. J. Ethnopharmacol. 150, 918–924. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.032
Urso, V., Signorini, M.A., Tonini, M., Bruschi, P., 2016. Wild medicinal and food plants used by communities living in Mopane woodlands of southern Angola: Results of an ethnobotanical field investigation. J. Ethnopharmacol. 177, 126–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2015.11.041
Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., 2013. Plant polyphenols, in: Studies in Natural Products Chemistry. Elsevier, pp. 269–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-62615-8.00008-4
Villaño, D., García-Viguera, C., Mena, P., 2016. Colors: Health effects, in: Encyclopedia of Food and Health. Elsevier, pp. 265–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384947-2.00190-2
Vincente, A.R., Manganaris, G.A., Ortiz, C.M., Sozzi, G.O., Crisosto, C.H., 2014. Nutritional quality of fruits and vegetables, in: Postharvest Handling. Elsevier, pp. 69–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-408137-6.00005-3
Wang, C.-Q., Yang, G.-Q., 2010. Betacyanins from Portulaca oleracea L. ameliorate cognition deficits and attenuate oxidative damage induced by D-galactose in the brains of senescent mice. Phytomedicine 17, 527–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2009.09.006
Wang, H., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., 2017. Isolating and identifying organic acids from Portulaca oleracea and determining their anti-cyanobacterial activity. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 26, 441–445. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/64465
Welcome, A.K., Van Wyk, B.-E., 2019. An inventory and analysis of the food plants of southern Africa. S. Afr. J. Bot. 122, 136–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2018.11.003
Weng, Q., Yuan, K., Zhang, H., Xiong, J., Wang, C., Xu, G., 2005. Determination of dopamine and norepinephrine in Portulaca oleracea L. by micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography with amperometric detection. Se Pu 23, 18–21.
World Health Organization. Regional Office for the Western Pacific, 1990. Medicinal plants in Viet Nam, Western Pacific Series. WHO regional publications.
Xiang, L., Xing, D., Wang, W., Wang, R., Ding, Y., Du, L., 2005. Alkaloids from Portulaca oleracea L. Phytochemistry 66, 2595–2601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.08.011
Xiu, F., Li, X., Zhang, W., He, F., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2019a. A new alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. and its antiacetylcholinesterase activity. Nat. Prod. Res. 33, 2583–2590. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1460833
Xiu, F., Ying, Z., Ying, X., Yang, G., 2019b. Pharmacokinetic studies of soyalkaloid A from Portulaca oleracea L. using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry and its antioxidant activity. Biomed. Chromatogr. 33, e4399. https://doi.org/10.1002/bmc.4399
Xu, X., Yu, L., Chen, G., 2006. Determination of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L. by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection. J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 41, 493–499. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2006.01.013
Xu, Z., Shan, Y., 2014. Anti-fatigue effects of polysaccharides extracted from Portulaca oleracea L. in mice. Indian J. Biochem. Biophys. 51, 321–325.
Yahyazadeh Mashhadi, S., Askari, V., Ghorani, V., Jelodar, G., Boskabady, M., 2018. The effect of Portulaca oleracea and α-linolenic acid on oxidant/antioxidant biomarkers of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Indian J. Pharmacol. 50, 177. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijp.IJP_737_16
Yang, X., Zhang, W., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2018a. New flavonoids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their activities. Fitoterapia 127, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.032
Yang, X., Zhang, W., Ying, X., Stien, D., 2018b. New flavonoids from Portulaca oleracea L. and their activities. Fitoterapia 127, 257–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2018.02.032
Yang, Z., Liu, C., Xiang, L., Zheng, Y., 2009. Phenolic alkaloids as a new class of antioxidants in Portulaca oleracea. Phytother. Res. 23, 1032–1035. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.2742
Ye, Q., Zhang, N., Chen, K., Zhu, J., Jiang, H., 2015. Effects of portulacerebroside a on apoptosis of human leukemia HL60 cells and p38/JNK signaling pathway. Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol. 8, 13968–13977.
Yeşil, Y., İnal, İ., 2020. Ethnomedicinal plants of Hasankeyf (Batman-Turkey). Front. Pharmacol. 11, 624710. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.624710
Younos, C., Fleurentin, J., Notter, D., Mazars, G., Mortier, F., Pelt, J.-M., 1987. Repertory of drugs and medicinal plants used in traditional medicine of Afghanistan. J. Ethnopharmacol. 20, 245–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(87)90052-3
Yue, M.-E., Jiang, T.-F., Shi, Y.-P., 2005. Simultaneous determination of noradrenaline and dopamine in Portulaca oleracea L. by capillary zone electrophoresis. J. Sep. Sci. 28, 360–364. https://doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200400045
Zhao, C., Ying, Z., Tao, X., Jiang, M., Ying, X., Yang, G., 2018. A new lactam alkaloid from Portulaca oleracea L. and its cytotoxity. Nat. Prod. Res. 32, 1548–1553. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2017.1385022
Zhao, R., Gao, X., Cai, Y., Shao, X., Jia, G., Huang, Y., Qin, X., Wang, J., Zheng, X., 2013. Antitumor activity of Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharides against cervical carcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Carbohydrate Polymers 96, 376–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.04.023
Zheng, G., Mo, F., Ling, C., Peng, H., Gu, W., Li, M., Chen, Z., 2018. Portulaca oleracea L. alleviates liver injury in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 12, 47–55. https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S121084
Zhou, Y.-X., Xin, H.-L., Rahman, K., Wang, S.-J., Peng, C., Zhang, H., 2015. Portulaca oleracea L.: A review of phytochemistry and pharmacological effects. BioMed Res. Int. 2015, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/925631
Zhu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Xia, Y., Tang, T., 2010. Analysis of flavonoids in Portulaca oleracea L. by UV–Vis Spectrophotometry with comparative study on different extraction Technologies. Food Anal. Methods. 3, 90–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12161-009-9091-2