Table 1: - Classification criteria of the contamination factor , ecological risk factor and Ecological risk index (ERI) of toxic heavy metals.
*FAO/WHO maximum allowable concentration (Nazir et al., 2015; Shaheen et al., 2016)
Table 2: - Phytoaccumulation factor (PF) of THMs in vegetable and cereal plants through agriculture soil and Irrigation water collected from different pre-urban agricultural areas around Lucknow, India (n=18).
Areas
|
Crop plants
|
As
|
Pb
|
Cr
|
Cd
|
Ni
|
Soil
|
Irrigation water
|
Soil
|
Irrigation water
|
Soil
|
Irrigation water
|
Soil
|
Irrigation water
|
Soil
|
Irrigation water
|
Biswan
|
Tomato
|
0.67
|
65.41
|
2.27
|
4.29
|
5.47
|
1953.60
|
1.03
|
-209.56
|
-1.23
|
4.87
|
Wheat
|
8.65
|
57.36
|
0.87
|
2.30
|
0.57
|
1147.30
|
0.50
|
-46.90
|
-0.08
|
0.75
|
Spinach
|
4.42
|
44.43
|
0.19
|
6.19
|
1.72
|
15.67
|
2.22
|
0.13
|
-0.77
|
1.30
|
Khairabaad
|
Tomato
|
-1.42
|
27.83
|
0.64
|
20.55
|
1.17
|
269.59
|
1.94
|
82.98
|
0.26
|
12.93
|
Wheat
|
5.36
|
276.92
|
0.43
|
3.61
|
1.49
|
23.48
|
0.75
|
0.45
|
-6.78
|
11.61
|
Spinach
|
-0.74
|
170.71
|
1.37
|
9.69
|
0.12
|
29.83
|
2.63
|
1.45
|
0.12
|
22.39
|
Shindholi
|
Tomato
|
3.25
|
238.73
|
0.49
|
2.25
|
1.23
|
121.98
|
1.43
|
54.81
|
-1.14
|
1.79
|
Wheat
|
2.44
|
269.30
|
0.06
|
4.22
|
32.15
|
140.21
|
0.01
|
18.23
|
5.80
|
1.59
|
Spinach
|
87.52
|
180.22
|
1.43
|
38.49
|
2.75
|
191.21
|
1.61
|
39.87
|
4.24
|
0.75
|
Pasonda
|
Tomato
|
620.08
|
29350.60
|
0.31
|
131.82
|
2.13
|
506.55
|
6.91
|
1371.61
|
-1.09
|
7.49
|
Wheat
|
2.17
|
590.29
|
2.76
|
259.52
|
3.01
|
784.29
|
1.31
|
979.25
|
-0.74
|
12.72
|
Spinach
|
5.81
|
741.39
|
1.02
|
304.92
|
1.36
|
859.38
|
7.42
|
4617.01
|
0.00
|
5.19
|
Mohanlal Ganj
|
Tomato
|
10.01
|
164.26
|
22.4
|
35.40
|
15.26
|
5.99
|
6.19
|
0.14
|
-8.91
|
18.55
|
Wheat
|
1.93
|
245.08
|
16.49
|
15.91
|
1.69
|
1.62
|
2.29
|
2.76
|
3.86
|
5.42
|
Spinach
|
0.58
|
70.09
|
5.46
|
5.87
|
0.50
|
0.53
|
1.11
|
1.14
|
0.45
|
0.58
|
*Phytoaccumulation factor in vegetable and cereal plant was calculated by the ratio of THMs level in total plant samples (root + stem + edible parts) and THMs levels in agricultural soil and irrigation water samples.
Table 3: - Phytoaccumulation factor (PF) of toxic heavy metals in different part of crop plants through agriculture soil collected from different pre-urban agricultural areas around Lucknow, India (n=18).
Areas
|
Crop plants
|
As
|
Pb
|
Cr
|
Cd
|
Ni
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible
part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible
Part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible
part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible
part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible
part
|
Biswan
|
Tomato
|
3.01
|
4.08
|
2.77
|
0.68
|
0.46
|
0.49
|
0.33
|
0.15
|
0.49
|
74.79
|
3.52
|
24.46
|
Nd
|
-0.05
|
-0.49
|
Wheat
|
0.93
|
1.67
|
1.78
|
0.04
|
0.02
|
0.02
|
1.53
|
0.34
|
0.34
|
37.87
|
5.98
|
6.00
|
Nd
|
-0.52
|
-0.62
|
Spinach
|
0.35
|
NA
|
0.24
|
2.25
|
NA
|
0.40
|
2.16
|
NA
|
0.35
|
219.50
|
NA
|
2.67
|
Nd
|
NA
|
-0.13
|
Khairabaad
|
Tomato
|
1.77
|
1.74
|
1.21
|
0.34
|
0.03
|
0.22
|
1.11
|
0.32
|
1.37
|
175.32
|
4.79
|
65.05
|
Nd
|
-0.58
|
-9.80
|
Wheat
|
-0.31
|
-0.47
|
-0.43
|
0.35
|
0.04
|
0.11
|
0.04
|
0.01
|
0.04
|
48.31
|
5.45
|
5.39
|
Nd
|
0.03
|
0.03
|
Spinach
|
5.88
|
NA
|
6.55
|
3.77
|
NA
|
0.26
|
0.45
|
NA
|
2.30
|
13.33
|
NA
|
9.35
|
Nd
|
NA
|
Nd
|
Shindholi
|
Tomato
|
50.69
|
34.46
|
30.78
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
0.07
|
0.01
|
0.14
|
1.61
|
124.52
|
3.03
|
94.08
|
0.49
|
0.10
|
9.52
|
Wheat
|
1.67
|
0.87
|
1.12
|
0.04
|
0.74
|
0.13
|
0.04
|
1.16
|
0.21
|
20.98
|
25.88
|
0.78
|
-0.14
|
-0.85
|
-0.03
|
Spinach
|
0.88
|
NA
|
0.75
|
0.35
|
NA
|
0.23
|
30.88
|
NA
|
12.96
|
1.27
|
NA
|
0.87
|
2.66
|
NA
|
0.06
|
Pasonda
|
Tomato
|
6.38
|
1.39
|
222.36
|
0.21
|
0.18
|
0.05
|
0.17
|
0.09
|
0.54
|
153.87
|
1.87
|
64.58
|
Nd
|
Nd
|
Nd
|
Wheat
|
2.62
|
1.34
|
0.67
|
0.39
|
0.24
|
0.24
|
0.16
|
0.56
|
0.53
|
101.26
|
14.92
|
15.01
|
Nd
|
Nd
|
Nd
|
Spinach
|
4.80
|
NA
|
1.01
|
0.70
|
NA
|
0.31
|
0.67
|
NA
|
0.69
|
720.92
|
NA
|
20.70
|
Nd
|
NA
|
Nd
|
Mohanlal Ganj
|
Tomato
|
0.76
|
0.48
|
0.49
|
29.32
|
1.99
|
10.48
|
1.04
|
0.72
|
0.38
|
372.70
|
20.99
|
29.39
|
6.73
|
0.54
|
0.01
|
Wheat
|
3.77
|
3.80
|
3.60
|
8.20
|
0.28
|
0.36
|
7.07
|
3.24
|
1.77
|
301.97
|
5.85
|
27.98
|
-4.43
|
-0.08
|
-0.22
|
Spinach
|
2.20
|
NA
|
1.00
|
0.90
|
NA
|
2.36
|
2.39
|
NA
|
1.60
|
41.87
|
NA
|
69.40
|
-0.90
|
NA
|
0.39
|
Nd* Not Detectable; NA* Not Available; *Edible part use for tomato is fruit, for spinach is leaf and for wheat is grain/seed: ** Phytoaccumulation factor in various parts of vegetable and cereal plant was calculated by the ratio of THMs level in root, stem and edible parts and THMs levels in agricultural soil samples.
Table 4: - Phytoaccumulation factor (PF) of toxic heavy metals in different part of crop plants through irrigation water collected from different pre-urban agricultural areas around Lucknow, India (n=18).
Areas
|
Agriculture Field
|
As
|
Pb
|
Cr
|
Cd
|
Ni
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible Part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible Part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible Part
|
Root
|
Stem
|
Edible Part
|
Biswan
|
Tomato
|
19.94
|
27.08
|
18.39
|
1.79
|
1.21
|
1.28
|
666.30
|
300.86
|
986.45
|
-152.50
|
-7.17
|
-49.88
|
Nd
|
0.45
|
4.41
|
Wheat
|
12.21
|
21.84
|
23.31
|
1.15
|
0.53
|
0.62
|
793.72
|
175.21
|
178.36
|
-35.63
|
-5.62
|
-5.65
|
Nd
|
0.34
|
0.41
|
Spinach
|
26.10
|
NA
|
18.32
|
5.25
|
NA
|
0.94
|
13.51
|
NA
|
2.16
|
0.13
|
NA
|
Nd
|
Nd
|
NA
|
1.30
|
Khairabaad
|
Tomato
|
10.45
|
10.23
|
7.15
|
11.85
|
1.00
|
7.70
|
107.18
|
31.08
|
131.33
|
59.34
|
1.62
|
22.02
|
Nd
|
0.73
|
12.21
|
Wheat
|
71.00
|
106.95
|
98.97
|
2.50
|
0.32
|
0.79
|
9.44
|
2.96
|
11.09
|
0.37
|
0.04
|
0.04
|
Nd
|
5.82
|
5.78
|
Spinach
|
80.76
|
NA
|
89.95
|
9.07
|
NA
|
0.62
|
4.90
|
NA
|
24.93
|
0.85
|
NA
|
0.60
|
Nd
|
NA
|
22.39
|
Shindholi
|
Tomato
|
104.38
|
70.97
|
63.39
|
0.16
|
0.29
|
1.79
|
0.74
|
9.45
|
111.79
|
30.79
|
0.75
|
23.26
|
0.09
|
0.02
|
1.68
|
Wheat
|
122.99
|
63.99
|
82.32
|
0.17
|
3.45
|
0.60
|
3.49
|
115.48
|
21.24
|
8.03
|
9.90
|
0.30
|
0.22
|
1.33
|
0.05
|
Spinach
|
97.03
|
NA
|
83.20
|
23.20
|
NA
|
15.28
|
134.67
|
NA
|
56.54
|
23.63
|
NA
|
16.24
|
0.73
|
NA
|
0.02
|
Pasonda
|
Tomato
|
813.16
|
177.43
|
283.60
|
63.84
|
53.15
|
14.82
|
104.80
|
59.78
|
341.98
|
957.90
|
11.64
|
402.07
|
Nd
|
0.37
|
7.12
|
Wheat
|
334.34
|
170.77
|
85.18
|
117.45
|
71.52
|
70.54
|
97.96
|
353.97
|
332.36
|
755.85
|
111.35
|
112.05
|
Nd
|
6.25
|
6.47
|
Spinach
|
612.47
|
NA
|
128.92
|
210.80
|
NA
|
94.13
|
424.56
|
NA
|
434.82
|
4488.12
|
NA
|
128.89
|
Nd
|
NA
|
5.19
|
Mohanlal Ganj
|
Tomato
|
72.27
|
45.22
|
46.77
|
24.84
|
1.68
|
8.88
|
2.91
|
2.02
|
1.06
|
0.13
|
0.01
|
0.01
|
17.17
|
1.37
|
0.02
|
Wheat
|
82.75
|
83.39
|
78.94
|
14.75
|
0.50
|
0.65
|
0.95
|
0.43
|
0.24
|
2.48
|
0.05
|
0.23
|
5.07
|
0.09
|
0.25
|
Spinach
|
48.17
|
NA
|
21.92
|
1.62
|
NA
|
4.24
|
0.32
|
NA
|
0.21
|
0.43
|
NA
|
0.71
|
1.03
|
NA
|
-0.45
|
Nd* Not Detectable; NA* Not Available; *Edible part use for tomato is fruit, for spinach is leaf and for wheat is grain/seed: ** Phytoaccumulation factor in various parts of vegetable and cereal plant was calculated by the ratio of THMs level in root, stem and edible parts and THMs levels in irrigation water samples.
Table 5: - Contamination factor , Ecological individual risk index , and Potential Ecological Risk Index (PERI) of soil samples collected from agriculture field of different pre-urban agricultural areas around Lucknow, India (n=18).
Sampling Areas
|
Agriculture Field Soil
|
|
|
ERI
|
As
|
Cr
|
Pb
|
Cd
|
Ni
|
As
|
Cr
|
Pb
|
Cd
|
Ni
|
Biswan
|
Wheat
|
4.215
|
0.163
|
0.592
|
7.961
|
Nd
|
42.149
|
0.326
|
2.959
|
238.82
|
Nd
|
284.25
|
Tomato
|
0.286
|
0.911
|
0.824
|
3.673
|
Nd
|
2.859
|
1.822
|
4.121
|
110.2
|
Nd
|
119.01
|
Spinach
|
0.565
|
0.237
|
8.303
|
6.098
|
Nd
|
5.646
|
0.475
|
41.517
|
182.94
|
Nd
|
230.58
|
Khairabaad
|
Wheat
|
-2.885
|
3.918
|
4.592
|
3.896
|
20.93
|
-28.851
|
7.836
|
22.958
|
116.87
|
104.64
|
223.46
|
Tomato
|
0.649
|
0.246
|
5.476
|
4.218
|
Nd
|
6.496
|
0.492
|
27.38
|
126.53
|
Nd
|
160.9
|
Spinach
|
-2.163
|
0.588
|
5.146
|
5.343
|
7.42
|
-21.628
|
1.175
|
25.73
|
160.28
|
37.08
|
202.64
|
Shindholi
|
Wheat
|
1.028
|
0.264
|
1.178
|
6.001
|
Nd
|
10.287
|
0.528
|
5.889
|
180.02
|
Nd
|
196.72
|
Tomato
|
1.545
|
0.012
|
16.718
|
291.12
|
0.38
|
15.448
|
0.023
|
83.59
|
8733.67
|
1.89
|
8834.62
|
Spinach
|
0.441
|
0.096
|
2.662
|
3.819
|
Nd
|
4.41
|
0.192
|
13.31
|
114.57
|
Nd
|
132.48
|
Pasonda
|
Tomato
|
1.659
|
0.224
|
1.102
|
10.235
|
Nd
|
16.6
|
0.448
|
5.509
|
307.03
|
Nd
|
329.59
|
Spinach
|
0.778
|
0.543
|
3.512
|
8.536
|
Nd
|
7.778
|
1.087
|
17.56
|
256.08
|
Nd
|
282.5
|
Wheat
|
0.289
|
0.205
|
4.972
|
2.721
|
Nd
|
2.887
|
0.41
|
24.86
|
81.63
|
Nd
|
109.79
|
Mohanlal Ganj
|
Wheat
|
0.305
|
0.061
|
0.768
|
4.968
|
Nd
|
3.052
|
0.12
|
3.839
|
149.03
|
Nd
|
156.05
|
Tomato
|
1.768
|
0.429
|
0.4116
|
7.272
|
3.46
|
17.681
|
0.858
|
2.058
|
218.17
|
17.32
|
256.09
|
Spinach
|
1.687
|
0.48
|
0.458
|
6.224
|
3.22
|
16.866
|
0.96
|
2.291
|
186.73
|
16.1
|
222.95
|
Nd* Not detectable
Table 6: - Carcinogenic Risk Factor (CR’s) of vegetable samples collected from agriculture field of different pre-urban agricultural areas around Lucknow, India (n=18)
Areas
|
Crop plants
|
Carcinogenic Risk Factor (CR’s)
|
As
|
Cr
|
Ni
|
Pb
|
Cd
|
Biswan
|
Tomato
|
0.03181
|
0.04049
|
0.17502
|
0.0000852
|
0.01752
|
Wheat
|
0.04032
|
0.00732
|
0.01614
|
4.14E-05
|
0.00198
|
Spinach
|
0.04124
|
0.00506
|
0.02007
|
5.04E-05
|
0.00147
|
Khairabaad
|
Tomato
|
0.03157
|
0.0302
|
0.12375
|
0.0002601
|
0.02469
|
Wheat
|
0.04988
|
0.01555
|
0.04263
|
0.0001081
|
0.00259
|
Spinach
|
0.0453
|
0.03498
|
0.16502
|
8.55E-05
|
0.03795
|
Shindholi
|
Tomato
|
0.03556
|
0.0267
|
0.15726
|
9.67E-05
|
0.03284
|
Wheat
|
0.04618
|
0.00507
|
0.00431
|
3.25E-05
|
0.00042
|
Spinach
|
0.04667
|
0.0135
|
0.00146
|
0.00082561
|
0.02292
|
Pasonda
|
Tomato
|
6.93686
|
0.02647
|
0.14352
|
0.0000369
|
0.04962
|
Wheat
|
0.02084
|
0.0257
|
0.13039
|
0.00017589
|
0.01383
|
Spinach
|
0.03154
|
0.03366
|
0.10448
|
0.0002347
|
0.0159
|
Mohanlal Ganj
|
Tomato
|
0.03489
|
0.0147
|
0.00154
|
0.00091698
|
0.0192
|
Wheat
|
0.04405
|
0.0096
|
0.04234
|
5.93E-05
|
0.01251
|
Spinach
|
0.01223
|
0.0087
|
-0.075
|
0.0003843
|
0.0389
|
# When CRs value has been found more than 10-4 it indicates the carcinogenic effect on the public by the consumption of THMs contaminated vegetable and cereals