Population and community macroinvertebrates characterization in ephemeral stream in north Patagonian perennial forest relict (Rucamanque, 38°S, Araucanía, Chile)

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5035036/v1

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Population and community macroinvertebrates characterization in ephemeral stream in north Patagonian perennial forest relict (Rucamanque, 38°S, Araucanía, Chile)

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5035036/v1

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The benthic macroinvertebrates in Patagonian streams are characterized by the presence of abundant aquatic insect larvae stages and crustaceans that can be used as water quality bioindicators. The studied site is an ephemeral stream, present only during rainy season and located in Rucamanque, a north patagonian park that is a relict of pristine perennial forest located at the northwest side of Temuco city. Benthic macroinvertebrates were first studied at population level, considering the spatial distribution of the taxa reported to determine if macroinvertebrates have a random, uniform or aggregated pattern with respective Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distribution. As second step, data were studied at community scale using null models, based on random presence on species co-occurrence and niche sharing. The results revealed that taxa such as Nematoda, presented a random and in consequence a Poisson distribution, while other groups such as Neuroperlopsis sp. (Plecoptera order), Psephenidae (Diptera order) and Aegla sp. (Decapoda order) presented a uniform with binomial distribution, and species from Diptera order such as; Tipulidae, Simulidae, Chironomidae, from Plecoptera order such as Diamphinopsis sp., from Ephenoptera order such as Leptophlebiidae and Chiloporter sp, from order Trichoptera (Smicridea sp) and Oligochaeta (Tubifex sp.) presented an aggregated negative binomial distribution. The results of null models’ analysis revealed that species associations were random, whereas the taxa share niche due interspecific competition. The exposed results of spatial distribution and null models were similar to previous observations in other Patagonian pristine rivers. At population level, only Nematoda had random distribution whereas at community level the random presence of species co-occurrence is due the presence of low species number with many repeated taxa by sample, that also would have niche sharing.

Biological sciences/Ecology

Biological sciences/Ecology/Community ecology

Biological sciences/Ecology/Freshwater ecology

macroinvertebrates

binomial distribution

negative binomial distribution

null models

random

streams

Patagonia

Benthic macroinvertebrates in running waters are important bioindicators of water quality given the differential sensitivity to environmental changes and to tolerate pollution of different species [1]. In addition, rivers and streams presenting a good water quality and well oxygenated, show a greatest biodiversity of macroinvertebrates and a higher number of organisms of each species [2]. In addition, there are species groups that can tolerate restricted environmental conditions such as was reported for Argentinean and Chilean Patagonia [3][4]. Nevertheless, as seen in most of the examples presented, these ecological studies are mainly directed to their role as bioindicators and there are very few studies that describe the ecology at population and community level [5][6]

At population level, one of the characteristics considered in studies is related with spatial distribution of reported taxa [7] [8]. On this basis, the species can have random, uniform, or aggregated pattern of distribution associated with probabilistic models such as Poisson, binomial and negative binomial distribution respectively [7] [8] [9] [10]. On this basis, the spatial distribution of determined taxa would not be random, and in consequence would have a kind of structured pattern that can be explained with probabilistic models [11][12].

At community level, the classical statistical point of view, proposes that communities are structured (non-random) due effect of determined factors as null models [13]. Nevertheless, the null models are based on the absence of community structures as null hypothesis. The latter mean that community structure is random, and these models would be more robust because it reduced the prone of error type I [14]. These null models specifically study the species co-occurrence that mean as hypothesis that species associations are random [15], and niche sharing that means if that species reported share niche in consequence there are interspecific competition[16]. These models have been applied in the intertidal [17], in inland water ecosystems in Chilean Patagonia [18] and in Algerian rivers [19][20].

The aim of the present study is to do a first characterization at population and community scale of benthic macroinvertebrates to determine the spatial distribution of taxa and apply null models to study community characteristic on benthic macroinvertebrates in Rucamanque stream. An ephemeral running waterbody located in a relict perennial forest located in the surrounding of Temuco. As first hypothesis, for population scale, each taxa have random distribution due absence of structured patterns. Whereas at community scale, the community is random due the absence of interspecific competition, that in consequence would have no structure in communities.

The results revealed the presence of 12 taxa, one Crustacea (Decapoda, Aegla), one nematoda, one Oligochaeta (Tubifex sp.,), and nine insecta larvae stages, within insect larvae Diptera order had four different groups, whereas Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera had two different groups, and it had one group of Trichoptera (Table 1), the most abundant taxa was Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera), and Nematoda had the low abundance (Table 1).

Table 1

Abundances of benthic macroinvertebrates for studied site.
Order	Genera	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	Mean	Variance
Nematoda	Nematoda indet.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.050	0.050
Diptera	Tipulidae indet.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0.100	0.200
	Simulidae indet.	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	2	0	2	1	1	0	0	0.400	0.463
	Chironomidae indet.	0	1	0	4	2	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.450	0.997
	Psephenidae indet.	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0.200	0.168
Plecoptera	Neuroperlopsis sp. (Illies, 1960)	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.150	0.134
	Diamphipnopsis sp. (Illies, 1960)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	1	0.250	0.408
Ephemeroptera	Leptophlebiidae indet.	8	4	0	1	1	7	0	1	1	5	1	0	5	1	2	4	5	3	0	4	2.650	6.029
	Chiloporter sp. (Lestage, 1931)	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.100	0.200
Trichoptera	Smicridea sp. (McLachlan, 1871)	0	1	0	0	2	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	2	1	4	0	0	0	1	0.650	1.187
Oligochaeta	Tubifex sp. (Lamarck, 1816)	0	2	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	2	0	0.350	0.450
Decapoda	Aegla manni (Jara, 1980)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.100	0.095

The results of spatial distribution revealed that taxa reported have random and in consequence Poisson distribution (Nematoda; Table 2; Fig. 1), uniform with binomial distribution (Neuroperlopsis sp., Psephenidae, and Aegla; Table 2; Fig. 1), and aggregated with negative binomial distribution (Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Simulidae, Diamphinopsis sp., Leptophlebiidae, Chiloporter sp, Trichoptera and Tubifex; Table 2; Fig. 1). The models are significantly and robusts, and the main model observed was aggregated with consequent negative binomial distribution (Table 2; Fig. 1).

Table 2

Results of probabilistic spatial distribution models for taxa observed in the present study.
Order	Genera	Var/Mean	Spatial distribution	Probabilistic model	\(\:{\chi\:}^{2}observed\)	\(\:{\chi\:}^{2}table\:(\alpha\:=0.05;\:\nu\:=19\))
Nematoda	Nematoda indet.	1.000	Random	Poisson	0.0013	30.100
Diptera	Tipulidae indet.	2.000	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.5285	30.100
	Simulidae indet.	1.158	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.0636	30.100
	Chironomidae indet.	2.216	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.4510	30.100
	Psephenidae	0.842	Uniform	Binomial distribution	0.0245	30.100
Plecoptera	Neuroperlopsis sp (Illies, 1960)	0.895	Uniform	Binomial distribution	0.0774	30.100
	Diamphinopsis sp (Illies, 1960)	1.632	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.3432	30.100
Ephemeroptera	Leptophlebiidae	2.275	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.9688	30.100
	Chiloporter sp (Lestage, 1931)	2.000	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	2.0206	30.100
Trichoptera	Smicridea sp (McLachlan, 1871)	1.826	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.6243	30.100
Oligochaeta	Tubifex sp (Lamarck, 1816)	1.286	Aggregated	Negative binomial distribution	0.1173	30.100
Decapoda	Aegla manni (Jara, 1980)	0.947	Uniform	Binomial distribution	0.0054	30.100

The results of null models’ analysis revealed that species associations were random for all considered models giving as results the consequent absence of interspecific competition (Table 3, Fig. 2), whereas the taxa share niche due interspecific competition (Table 3, Fig. 3). In consequence, the community structure for studied site had not interspecific competition, that would reflect in species co-occurrence and niche sharing.

Table 3

Results of null models for data of the present study.
Species co-occurrence
	Observed index	Mean index	Standard effect size	Variance	P
Fixed-Fixed	7.621	7.546	0.380	0.038	0.336
Fixed-Equiprobable	7.621	8.957	0.380	2.951	0.774
Fixed-Proportional	7.621	7.558	0.100	0.389	0.486
Niche sharing
Total	Observed index	Mean index	Standard effect size	Variance	P
Pianka	0.153	0.163	-0.438	< 0.001	0.628
Czekanowski	0.153	0.162	-0.390	< 0.001	0.607

The exposed results of species reported, are similar with descriptions of other Patagonian rivers. The dominant groups were mainly Ephemeroptera and Plecoptera, orders mainly reported as representative of pristine rivers and streams [21]. It is possible to find these groups as shredders because they fed on particulate vegetal matter in high oxygenated waters such as was reported in high zones in Patagonian rivers with perennial native forests in their surrounding basins [5][6]^,[22] [23][24]. Similar results have been reported for Andean Patagonian Argentinean rivers in zones with native forests in their surrounding basin [25][26].

The results of spatial distribution of reported taxa, revealed that the main dominant pattern was aggregated with consequent negative binomial distribution, this mean that these species are this life strategy for improve the use of food resources as well as protection against environmental stressors [9][10][25]. A different situation happens with species with uniform pattern with consequent binomial distribution, because these would be due territorial behavior of individuals with consequent intraspecific competition [27]. Finally, the unique case with random distribution with consequent Poisson distribution, although on a mathematical and statistical view point it is possible found this pattern [28][29], on ecological view point it is very low the possibility of individuals has random pattern with consequent Poisson distribution [30].

The results of null models revealed for both analysis applied species co-occurrence and niche sharing that species have not interspecific competition, that in consequence explain that the species associations analyzed by species co-occurrence are random [15], and the species share niche [16]. These results are similar with descriptions for Patagonian rivers [6][18][31][32][33]. The exposed results on null models on benthic macroinvertebrates are similar to Algerian rivers [18][19]. On this basis, the use of null models to explain species co-occurrence and niche sharing for benthic macroinvertebrates is feasible. In the case of the community properties a random distribution in species composition occurs due to the presence of many species repeated along studied sites, and also few total species reported for communities, such as was reported for terrestrial ecosystems [34][35][36][37].

If we integrate the results of spatial distribution, that revealed the random absence of many taxa, except Nematoda, and the null model that remarks an inverse situation of random presence in communities, it would be necessary do more detailed studies that include abiotic parameters that would complement the results population and community scale obtained results, it is because a disadvantage of null models is that does not considerate the abiotic parameters [38].

As conclusion we reject the first hypothesis for many taxa that has not random spatial distribution, except nematoda, whereas, at community scale we accept the null hypothesis that proposed the absence of interspecific competition, that in consequence would have not structure in communities.

Site description: Rucamanque forest (38°39´ S; 72°35´ W) is a relict of native forest located in the surroundings of Temuco town with 435.1 Ha. This site has native forest with Aetoxicon punctatum Ruiz et Pav., Nothofagus obliqua (mirb) Oerst., Eucryphia cordifolia Cav., Laurelia sempervirens Ruiz et Pav, Persea lingue Ruiz et Pav., Lauereliopsis philipiana (Looser) Schode and Weinmannia trichosperma Cav [21][39]. This relict has numerous mountain paths with small ephemeral stream that is present only in rain season (April-August) with a difficult access in winter (Jule-August). The studied site was a small stream located inside the park after walking a long mountain paths[21].

The site was visited in April 2022, that corresponded to southern autumn, when the stream is present. because it has low flow in summer due dry season. The stream is in a mountain slope with native forest. Benthic samples were taken using 50 x 50 cm Surber net randomly of 500 µm2 mesh size, 20 samples were taken. Collected specimens were fixed in absolute ethanol, quantified and identified in according to literature descriptions [40].

Data analysis: Variance/mean ratios were calculated to determine if the spatial distribution pattern of the studied populations was associated, uniform or random [7][8][9][10]. First, we registered the number of individuals for each sample, and then determined the variance and mean of each sample as a way to determine the spatial pattern for both species. So, if the variance-mean ratio value is 1, the distribution is random; whereas if the variance mean ratio is lower than 1, the distribution is uniform; and finally if the variance mean ratio is greater than 1, the spatial distribution is aggregated [9][10]. After this, data were examined using the Poisson, binomial or negative binomial distributions as appropriate probabilistic models of the spatial distribution patterns results obtained by Variance/mean ratio [9][10]. If the first analysis denoted associated, uniform and random spatial distribution, a second step analysis was applied with the negative binomial, positive binomial, and Poisson probability distributions, respectively [9][10], all these statistical analysis were done using Xlstat software [9][10].

A community is structured by competition when the C-score is significantly larger than expected by chance [13][14][41]. The row and column sums of the matrix are preserved in this model. Each random community thus contains the same number of species as the original community (fixed column), and each species occurs with the same frequency as in the original community (fixed row). In a fixed-equiprobable algorithm, only the sum of rows are fixed, and the columns are treated as equiprobable. This null model treats all the samples (columns) as equally suitable for all species [13][14]. The null model analyses were performed using the software R [42] and the package EcosimR [43][44].

For the niche overlap analysis, an individual matrix was built in which rows and columns represented species and sites, respectively. This matrix was used to test if the niche overlap significantly differed from the corresponding value under the null hypothesis (random assemblage). These analyses were applied to data from the second field collection and were based on Pianka and Czekanowski index. The models show the probability of niche sharing compared to the niche overlap of the theoretically simulated community [43][44]. The niche amplitude can be retained or reshuffled. It preserves the specialization of each species when the niche amplitude is retained. By contrast, the algorithm of niche amplitude uses a wide utilization gradient of specialisation when it is reshuffled. Furthermore, zero participation in the observed matrix can be maintained or omitted. We used the RA3 algorithm, which retains the amplitude and reshuffles the zero conditions [44]. This null model analysis was performed using the software R [42] and the package EcosimR [43][44].

Conflicts of interests

The authors declare that there are not conflicts of interest.

Author Contribution

PD-E: data analysis and redaction; MG-A: redaction in term of site description; FC-A: contribution to redaction in term of theoretical ecology; AB: contribution to redaction in term of ecology of benthic macroinvertebrates.

Acknowledgements

The present study was financed by project MECESUP UCT 0804, and Departamento de Ciencias Forestales (Universidad de la Frontera). Also, the main author express his gratitude to M.I., and S.M.A., for their valuable comments for improve the manuscript.

Data Availability

All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files

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Population and community macroinvertebrates characterization in ephemeral stream in north Patagonian perennial forest relict (Rucamanque, 38°S, Araucanía, Chile)

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