Development of Sustainable Standard Grade Concrete with Inclusion of Dolomite material as a High Performance Mineral Admixture

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5064102/v1

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Research Article

Development of Sustainable Standard Grade Concrete with Inclusion of Dolomite material as a High Performance Mineral Admixture

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5064102/v1

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Concrete, the building material is becoming more valuable due to its high cost. To minimize its worth, new building industry improvements use extra elements such as marble powder. This partial replacement decreases expenses, saves energy, and protects the environment. In order to overcome the problem of dolomite waste in developing nations like India, the current research investigates the usage of dolomite powder as a cement substitute in concrete. The purpose of the study is to determine how concrete workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength are affected when dolomite powder replaces some of the cement in the mixture. Additionally, to promote a more sustainable approach in the building industry, the research intends to safeguard natural raw resources such as sand and stone aggregates. The study develops M30 grade concrete and examines its physical characteristics, such as workability, compressive strength, and flexural strength at various percentages like 5%,10% and 15% and this research investigated the microstructural analysis of dolomite powder by conducting scanning electron microscopy and XRD analysis. Cube examples of M30 grade concrete mix were casted for research purposes. This research aims to use dolomite waste in concrete to reduce building costs and promote environmental sustainability. Protecting natural resources, such as stone aggregates and sand, is crucial. As a result, the modern building sector has adopted the notion of sustainability, and it was found that the optimum content of dolomite powder was 10% where better results are obtained.

Compressive strength

Flexural strength

split tensile strength

Dolomite

Workability

C-S-H Gel

Scanning electron microscopy

XRD analysis

Crystallinre structure

Sustainable materials in the building industry include resources and technologies that decrease environmental effects, enhance energy efficiency, and help to create a healthy ecosystem. They seek to reduce waste and pollution throughout a building’s lifespan, as traditional methods contribute to carbon emissions, resource depletion, and trash creation [16] The industry is crucial in embracing sustainability in order to combat climate change and resource depletion. Concrete is a popular traditional construction material in the building industry, utilized in the construction of roads,buildings,bridges, pipelines, dams, canals, silos, nuclear waste containment plants etc. Since it is affordable, easily available and can be customized into desired shape and size during its fresh state. Concrete can have design flaws, material flaws, construction flaws, corrosion, and chemical reactions that shorten its lifespan. Recent study indicates that microbial mineral precipitation from beneficial bacteria in concrete might improve its performance by transforming soluble organic nutrients into insoluble inorganic calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) calcium carbonate. This mechanism is called microbiologically induced calcite precipitation which has the potential to improve the structural qualities of concrete.

Concrete is an essential civil engineering material used in constructions, and cement is an essential component. Cement is made at high temperatures from calcimine, argillaceous, and calcareous minerals, which emit substantial amounts of CO₂ into the environment. India is the world’s second-largest cement producing country, and by reducing usage of cement in concrete production, we can save cost and CO₂ emissions can be lowered [1]. Dolomite powder, a carbonate substance made of calcium magnesium carbonate, can be used as a partial replacement for cement in concrete up to a certain point. Dolomite is a popular building material due to its wettability, dispensability, and weathering resilience. The strength characteristics of concrete containing dolomite powder should be investigated, as it has the same specific gravity and fineness as cement [2]. Because dolomite powder is high in calcium and magnesium carbonates, they improve the strength and durability of concrete buildings, making them more resistant to environmental forces and large loads [3]. It was also found that the inclusion of Dolomite powder enhances the workability of the concrete mix, making it simpler to handle, place, and finish. This leads to improved consolidation, lesser voids, and a smoother surface finish.

The hydration process in cement combines with dolomite powder addition is investigated in this experimental study. It was discovered that adding powdered dolomite with fine grains speeds up the crystallization of the product and enhances strength development [15]. The percentage of inert carbonate in cement is higher than the relative strength drops. The impact of dolomite powder on heat development during cement and alite hydration was also investigated in this study. It also investigated the relationship between cement's main silicate phases and dolomite [6]. When a dolomite filler is incorporated, hemi- and monocarboaluminate phases are formed, stabilizing ettringite, making dolomite Portland cement a strong, leaching-resistant material. The occurrence of hydrotalcite, which occurs at high temperatures and requires extended hardening, enhances the mortar's pore structure and enhances its compressive strength [11].

To ensure even consistency, ingredients must be brought to room temperature and cement samples must be well mixed before testing. Cement should be kept dry, ideally in an airtight container. Every batch of concrete needs to be completely air dried and graded according to specifications. To get the appropriate grading, aggregates should be divided into coarse and fine aggregates and then blended. Although separate coarse and fine aggregates are needed for grading, sieves can be used to separate the two types of aggregates.[13]

According to the Table1 mentioned below which describes that the dolomite substance's chemical composition consists mainly of CaO (80.21%), with MgO (14.83%) coming in second. SiO₂ is prevalent (2.50%), Al₂O₃ is less common (1.52%), while SO₃ makes up 0.85%. CuO and MnO are also found in trace concentrations. Based on the available data from Table 1, we can conclude that the cement and dolomite are rich is CaO(Lime) content, due to rich in CaO content in dolomite it helps in overcoming the contraction action in cement slurry and acts like the “Expanding Agent” in the concrete [16]. And we can also say that the content of MgO is far more in the dolomite than the MgO content in the cement, which results in the decrease in strength of cement that’s the reason why we can’t replace the cement with dolomite in higher percentages.

Table 1

Chemical composition of dolomite
Component	Composition
CaO	80.21
MgO	14.83
Al₂O₃	1.52
Sio₂	2.50
SO₃	0.85
CuO	0.07
MnO	0.02

By considering the data from the above table, we can say that dolomite powder is mostly constituted by calcium and magnesium oxides with small amounts of alumina, silica, and other minerals. Due to the high content of lime in dolomite powder it is rich in attaining the cementing property as well lime imparts the strength to the cement. Important point to be considered basically dolomite powder contains high percent of lime content which can lead to expansion of cement this is the reason why we can only make partial replacement of cement with dolomite powder and complete replacement is not possible [17].

In general, the chemical formula of dolomite powder is written as CaMg(CO₃)₂. The specific gravity of dolomite powder was found to be 2.85 and basically it is available in white colour and its tenacity was found to be brittle in nature. An important point to be considered is moisture content is nil in dolomite powder and additionally there are some other properties like sieve analysis where dolomite powder lies under Zone 3. And it also noted that the crystal system of dolomite powder was literally found to be Trigonal [4]. Inclusion of dolomite powder will help to enhance the durability properties of the concrete as well as the mechanical properties like compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of concrete due to its dense microstructure behavior [5].

According to the Research carried out by Kamal M.M. et al. (2012), The bond strength of self-compacting concrete mixes including dolomite powder,they strengthened their bond by using fly ash or silica fume. They conducted experiments and examined seven combinations. The study discovered that when dolomite powder was substituted for Portland cement, the binding strength has been increased. For design purposes, all SCC mixtures containing up to 30% dolomite powder produced a bond strength that was sufficient. When compared to conventional SCC without dolomite powder, this form of concrete offers special advantages for quicker construction and increased shear strength of RC beams. According to the Research carried out by Deepa Balakrishnan and Paulose (2013), on the workability and strength of self-compacting concrete using fly ash and dolomite powder. They developed self-compacting fly ash concrete in large volumes with varying cement percentages. The mechanical properties of the mix, such as split tensile strength, cylinder compressive strength, cube compressive strength, and flexural strength, were examined along with its acceptance features. The outcomes demonstrated that, at all cement replacement levels, the concrete surpassed the reference mixture both in the fresh and hardened stages.to the Research carried out by according to a 2013 study by Bhavin et al, the abrasion resistance and flexural strength of paver blocks with cement, dolomite block, and polypropylene fibers have been shown to be enhanced with the addition of 0.3% and 0.4% of polypropylene fibers. According to the research carried out by Salim Barbhuiya's 2011 study, Specialized Concrete (SCC) may be developed using fly ash and dolomite powder. For SCC manufacturing, a 3:1 mixture of fly ash and dolomite powder conformed with EFNARC regulations. For structural applications, the compressive strength of SCC containing 25% dolomite powder and 75% fly ash proved acceptable. This implies that SCC could be a good substitute for SCC manufacturing.

This research holds significant advantages over conventional by enhancing sustainability and workability, making concrete mix more economical and effective. It also focuses on reducing shrinkage in concrete while improving its mechanical and hardened properties. Additionally, this research aims to make concrete more cost effective and to investigate microstructural behavior of dolomite concrete. A crucial aspect of this research is its potential to reduce carbon footprints and emissions, contributing to a more environmentally friendly construction material.

4.1. Preparation of samples:

To ensure consistency, ingredients must be brought to room temperature and cement samples must be well mixed before testing. Cement should be kept dry, ideally in an airtight container. Every batch of concrete needs to be completely air dried and graded according to specifications. To get the appropriate grading, aggregates should be divided into coarse and fine aggregates and then blended. Although separate coarse and fine aggregates are needed for grading, sieves can be used to separate the two types of aggregates [12].

4.2. Batching of materials:

To ensure that the materials supplied are suitable, the total quantity of water in concrete mixes must be comparable to those used in the task. All the proportion of materials is done with the using the IS 10262:2019. To the nearest 0.1% of the batch's total weight, the amount of cement, size of aggregate, and water needed for each batch must be determined by weight. Batch mixers or manual labor can be used to mix concrete.

4.3. Mixing of materials:

To provide strength, durability, and workability for construction in a variety of buildings and applications, concrete mixing involves the combination of cement, aggregates, water, and additives to create a homogenous, cohesive mixture. This ensures the compatibility of the finished product. In our experimental investigation, we utilized concrete pan mixers; however generally, ready-mix concrete mixers are used for large amounts.

4.4. Placing of concrete:

Ultimately, the amount of the concrete mix was poured into the moulds, compacted with a tamping rod, and, if necessary, vibrated mechanically to assist release trapped air in the concrete.

5.1. Cement:

Cement is used as a binding material which is responsible for setting and hardening of cement. Basically, we have so many different types of cement available in the market. But the most used cement is ordinary Portland cement.OPC grade of 53 was used in the project. The specific gravity of OPC was found to be 3.15 as per IS 2720-Part 3.

5.2. Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate:

A Coarse aggregate, a chemically stable substance that lessens drying shrinkage and moisture movement, is the most important component of concrete. This research study utilized hard granite stones with a specific gravity of 2.68 as per IS 2386 (Part-3)1963.

To guarantee that combinations are workable and homogenous, fine aggregate is essential. By holding onto the coarse aggregate particles, it prevents segregation and supports cement paste. The fine aggregate must be natural, free of contaminants and organic materials, and free of clay. River sand, which has a specific gravity of 2.56 as per IS 2386 (Part-3)1963, is utilized as fine aggregate. The fine aggregate employed in our experimental investigation was found to be in zone II, which is the most acceptable zone out of the other three zones, by performing a gradation curve analysis of fine aggregate and obtained gradation curve resembles the perfect S-curve.

5.3. Water:

Because it actively participates in the chemical interaction with cement, water is an essential component. Drinking water that is clean and free of dangerous contaminants like oil, alkalis, and acids will be utilized in the project. Selection of water for concrete must satisfy the requirements of IS:456 like water should be free from the impurities otherwise it will further be harmful to structural components.

5.4. Dolomite:

Dolomite, or calcium magnesium carbonate (CaMg(Co₃)₂), is the component that makes up dolomite, a carbonate mineral. It is a sedimentary carbonate rock that is frequently the result of digenesis and has a magnesium-to-calcium ratio of 50% or greater. It is widely known that dolomite is water-soluble, dispensable, and has a relatively small absorption of oil and plasticizer. Basically, dolomite minerals are abundantly available in the states of Chhattisgarh and Odisha of our country [18].

6.1 Mix Designation

We have performed various trials on mix design calculations for M30 grade which includes the partial replacement of cement with dolomite powder in concrete as per the guidelines given by the IS 10262 − 2019 reference code for mix design calculations.

Table 2

Mix proportions by using various percentages of dolomite powder.
Sl No	Cement (kg/m³)	Dolomite powder (kg/m³)	Fine aggregate (kg/m³)	Coarse aggregate (kg/m³)	Water (kg/m³)	W/C ratio
1	350	0	980	1068	156	0.445
2	332.5	17.5	980	1068	156	0.445
3	315	35	980	1068	156	0.445
4	297.5	52.5	980	1068	156	0.445

By using the data given above in Table 2, As we all know density of concrete is 2400 kg/m³.so, our mix designation of standard grade concrete satisfies the mentioned calculation, and it was found that the density of standard grade concrete is 2554 kg/m³.Density of concrete plays an important role in case of determining the strength of the concrete. Our mix design satisfies the density of concrete and fulfills all the requirements like increases strength, increases durability and reduces the void content.

We have casted the specimens to perform the compression, flexure and split tensile strength test for 7,14,28,56 and 90 days respectively to determine the hardened properties of concrete specimens. An important point to be considered is that, in all above-mentioned trials dolomite powder varies but W/C remains constant. As part of the experimental work, we have performed various tests.

6.2 Workability test

6.2.1 Slump cone test

The concrete slump test measures the workability and flow of freshly mixed concrete prior to setting, and it could identify mixes that were not properly mixed. Generally, the slump value of the concrete mix by using simple slump cone apparatus which have the following dimensions Top Dia 10cm, Bottom Dia 20cm and Height of the cone is 30cm.We have carried out this experiment by following the codal provisions given by IS 1199-(1959)[23]. Slump cone test is performed by following this procedure,first After drying the inside of the moulds, set it on a smooth surface. Combine water, cement, sand, and aggregate to make a concrete mix. Pour three layers of material into the mould, levelling it to a quarter of its height and tamping it evenly. Lift and remove the mould once it has been levelled. The slump is the difference between the initial height and the height at the top of the concrete, which will eventually subside.

As mentioned in the Fig. 5,At initial stage of replacement of cement with dolomite the concrete mix contains lower slump value which means it has lower workability for minimum replacement of cement with dolomite powder .So, when we increase the dolomite content then slowly the slump value got increased which resulted in increase in workability of concrete mix. Finally, we can conclude that the increase in dolomite content up to some extent will result in increase in the workability, but as we all know that if dolomite content is more than 10% then it is not optimum in obtaining the strengths like compressive, split tensile and flexural strength. So, at 10% dolomite replacement by weight of cement will result in obtaining the strengths as well as the workability.

6.3 Hardened test on concrete:

6.3.1. Compressive strength test:

Concrete's compressive strength has been determined using 150 x 150 x 150 mm cube specimens. The process of preparing concrete mix includes calculating the components, mixing them further in a mechanical mixer, pouring the mixture into cube moulds, adding layers, striking off, levelling the surplus concrete, and labeling specimens, then lastly cured for a maximum of 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days in water. Following curing, the specimens have been put through tests using a 2000kN compression machine, applying 140 kg/cm²/min until they fractured. The overall quality of the concrete is shown by the average compressive strength. We have carried out this experiment by following the codal provisions given by IS 516:2021[21].

By utilizing the above graph Fig. 7, comparing the conventional concrete mix and 5% of dolomite mix we can say that there is less change in compressive strength or in other words we can say that the strength increased slightly. Further we have increased the percentage of dolomite in cement from 5–10% which has resulted in obtaining the higher compressive strengths at 7,14,28,56 and 90 days and later we have incorporated 15% of dolomite powder in the concrete mix. So, incorporating the 15% of dolomite resulted in decreasing of compressive Strength. An important point to be considered is that we have seen that at 10% of replacement we have achieved high compressive strengths because the dolomite powder acts as a filler material in concrete where it fills the tiny pores in concrete but only up to the certain point and finally results in becoming a dense microstructure. By incorporating 15% of dolomite powder resulted in reducing the compressive strengths because excessive of dolomite content or filler content in the concrete will leads to dilution effect the max compressive strength was obtained at 10% replacement of cement with dolomite powder.It has been observed that,in previous studies made by Pandey, S., & Mire, A. (2019) on “A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Dolomite Powder” stated that in increase in dolomite content upto some extent will results in increase in compressive strength of concrete and hence it is also proved in our research investigation.[8],[9].

6.3.2. Split tensile strength test:

Using 150mmx300mm or 100mmx200mm cylindrical cylinders, the study examined the effects of concrete's tensile strength on its size and cracking range. The process of preparing concrete mix includes calculating the components, mixing them further in a mechanical mixer, pouring the mixture into cylindrical moulds, adding layers, striking off, levelling the surplus concrete, and labeling specimens,then lastly cured for a maximum of 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days in water. Following curing, the samples have been run through testing on a 2000kN compression machine. We have carried out this experiment by following the codal provisions given by IS 5816:1999[22].

By analyzing the Above graph Fig. 10, It was found that the change in difference of split tensile strength between conventional concrete mix and 5% of dolomite mix is quite lower or in other words we can say that the strength increased slightly. Further we have increased the percentage of dolomite in cement from 5–10% which has resulted in obtaining the higher split tensile strengths at 7,14,28,56 and 90 days and later we have incorporated 15% of dolomite powder in the concrete mix. So, by incorporating the 15% of dolomite resulted in huge decrease in split tensile Strength. An important point to be considered we have seen that at 10% of replacement we have achieved higher split tensile strengths because the dolomite powder acts as a filler material in concrete where it fills the tiny pores in concrete but only up to the certain point and finally helps to resists the cracking in the concrete. By incorporating 15% of dolomite powder resulted in reducing the split tensile strengths because excessive of dolomite content or filler content in the concrete will leads to create a disturbance in interfacial zone between the cement paste and the aggregates which further results in formation of cracks .The max split tensile strength was obtained at 10% replacement of cement with dolomite powder. It has been observed,in previous studies made by Divekar, R. S., & Sawant, R. M. (2023). “Dolomite Powder in Concrete: A Review of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characterization” stated that in increase in dolomite content upto some extent will results in increase in split tensile strength of concrete and hence it is also proved in our research investigation[7] [8].

6.3.3. Flexural strength test:

The evaluation of the load at which concrete components may fracture depends critically on the modulus of rupture, also known as the flexural tensile strength at let-down. This information is helpful for designing airport runways, pavement slabs, deflection, and crack width. The process of preparing concrete mix includes calculating the components, mixing them further in a mechanical mixer, pouring the mixture into prism moulds, adding layers, striking off, levelling the surplus concrete, and labeling specimens, then lastly cured for a maximum of 7, 14, 28, 56, and 90 days in water. Tests were conducted on samples of 500mmx100mmx100mm, applying a 1000kN under flexural testing machine. We have carried out this experiment by following the codal provisions given by IS 516:1959[21].

From the Above graph Fig. 13, by comparing the conventional concrete mix and 5% of dolomite mix we can say that there is less change in flexural strength or in other words we can say that the strength increased slightly. Further we have increased the percentage of dolomite in cement from 5–10% which has resulted in obtaining the higher flexural strengths at 7,14,28,56 and 90 days and later we have incorporated 15% of dolomite powder in the concrete mix. So, incorporating the 15% of dolomite resulted in huge decrease in flexural Strength. An important point to be considered is that we have seen that at 10% of replacement we have achieved higher flexural strengths because the dolomite powder acts as a filler material in concrete where it fills the tiny pores in concrete but only up to the certain point and finally helps to resists the vertical loads. By incorporating 15% of dolomite powder resulted in reducing the flexural strengths because excessive of dolomite content or filler content in the concrete will leads to increase in porosity, and it was found that due to porosity the beam sample cannot resists the flexural loads. The max flexural strength was obtained at 10% replacement of cement with dolomite powder. It has been observed that, in previous studies made by Divekar, R. S., & Sawant, R. M. (2023). “Dolomite Powder in Concrete: A Review of Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Characterization”stated that in increase in dolomite content upto some extent will results in increase in flexueral strength of concrete and hence it is also proved in our research investigation.[7],[8].

6.4. Crack patterns of Concrete specimens

Important point to be considered is that, It has been observed that the crack pattern on the cube while doing compression test is in the acceptable range, because the cracks were only formed on the corners of the cube and slowly extended towards the center and it was found that the no cracks were formed on the surface of cube which is in contact with the plates of the compression testing machine, which resembles the satisfactory failure of the cube specimen.

An important point to be considered is that it has been observed that the crack pattern on the cylinder while doing the split tensile strength is in the acceptable range, because the cracks were formed only along the length of the cylinder and two equal halves were formed which indicates the failure pattern is in the acceptable range. No diagonal cracks were formed while testing the specimen which results in acquiring the high split strength values.

An important point to be considered that, It has been observed that the crack pattern on the concrete prism while doing flexural strength test is in the acceptable range, because the cracks were started forming from the tensile zone of the member and slowly extended towards the top side of the member which comes under the acceptable range of failure of the specimen.Regarding all the three crack patterns, an important point to be considered is that, in all the above-mentioned satisfactory reasons are referred from the BS EN 12390: 2009.

6.5 Microstructural analysis

Scanning Electron microscopy

Basically, Scanning Electron microscopy is the method of evaluating the microstructural properties of any material. To know the behavior of dolomite powder which is used as the supplementary cementitious in concrete. As we all knew that Concrete's microstructure may be determined by SEM images, which helps to determine the material's mechanical properties including flexural, tensile, and compressive strength in the same manner we are going to analyze the microstructural properties of dolomite powder where we can going to know about the C-S-H gel behavior by using SEM images as well the structure of dolomite powder is determined.

6.5.1. Results obtained through the scanning electron microscopy:

Before performing this scanning electron microscopy, while studying the existing literature we explored different research papers as well the journals and we came to know that the morphology of dolomite is like calcite which is crystalline in nature and amorphous. According to the research performed by Masoumi, Hadiseh(2023/03/28) on “Experimental, response surface methodology (RSM) and mass transfer modeling of heavy metals elimination using dolomite powder as an economical adsorbent” they concluded that the concrete's strength and workability have been enhanced by dolomite particles due to heavy microstructure and early hydration process and we also got similar kind of results like heavy or dense microstructure of the dolomite powder.It has been observed that,in previous studies made by “Ye, H., Fu, C., & Yang, G. (2019) on “Influence of dolomite on the properties and microstructure of alkali-activated slag with and without pulverized fly ash” have stated that inclusion of dolomite powder in concretre will create a denser microistucture properties and hence it is proved in our investigation [10]. An important point to be considered is that, by doing this microstructural analysis we conclude that, “Studies on microstructural characterization have shown that addition dolomite powder to concrete develops a microstructure that is denser, more compact, has fewer voids, and has better interfacial transition zones as shown in Fig. 16. The use of dolomite powder enhances the production of calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, which enhances the binding between the aggregates and cement paste [19].

According to Fig. 17, an X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern shows which is a widely used method in materials science and crystal for determining the structure and composition of materials. It is a graphical depiction of the intensity of dispersed X-rays dependent on their angle of deflection. As part of this research work, we have followed the XRD to determine the peak chemical compositions of the dolomite powder, and we conclude that the Ca is very huge in quantity of its total chemical composition and in further XRD studies it was found that the Mg was also at required percent of total composition. An important point to be considered is that, as dolomite has denser microstructure it has strong inter transition zone between aggregates and binding material which helps in improving mechanical and durability properties of the concrete.

7.1. Findings:

The addition of dolomite in the mix of cement increases the compressive strength of the concrete at all stages (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). The higher the percentage of dolomite added, the greater the increase in compressive strength. - However, the addition of 15% dolomite has shown a slight decrease in compressive strength at 7,14,28,56 & 90 days, as compared to 10% dolomite. Therefore, the optimum amount seems to be 10%.
At 10% dolomite content, the highest flexural strength ratios were observed at all test durations (7 days, 14 days and 28 days). However, with 15% dolomite content, there is a slight decrease in flexural strength ratios compared to the 10% dolomite content. The results suggest that 10% dolomite addition provides the optimal balance between enhancing flexural strength and maintaining the integrity of the concrete mixture.
The split tensile strength increases with an increase in the percentage of dolomite added to the mix.- At 10% dolomite content, the highest split tensile strength values were observed at all test durations. However, there is a slight decline in split tensile strength at 14 days with 15% dolomite content compared to 10% dolomite content. Thus, 10% dolomite addition seems to yield the optimal split tensile strength results.
By doing this experimental work, we came to know that as increase in dolomite percentage in concrete results in increase in workability of concrete
By doing this Experimental work, we came to know that by increase in dolomite powder up to some extent can increase the workability.
As part of the experimental research, we have analyzed that the dolomite microstructure is dense structure and crystalline and it had been found that the specimen's crystalline structure provided a higher strength at a suitable replacement of 10% of weight of cement with dolomite powder.

7.2. Research Limitations:

The study concentrated on the qualities of concrete while it was fresh and hardened, the effects on the environment, and practical adaptability in controlled conditions in laboratories. These areas may not fully represent real-world applications, and we were unable to conduct some tests on concrete like durability tests.

7.3. Recommendations for Future Research:

To create large concrete structures, we need to have high strength concrete, hence future research should focus on developing high strength self-compacting concrete with dolomite as a mineral additive. Additionally, by employing dolomite as a filler element, future research should concentrate on the long-term durability characteristics of concrete [14, 20].

Funding

This research did not receive any particular grants from funding sources in the public, commercial, or non-profit sectors. Any data utilized during the study can be accessible upon request.

Author Contribution

we all together shared the work

Data availability:

Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

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No competing interests reported.

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Development of Sustainable Standard Grade Concrete with Inclusion of Dolomite material as a High Performance Mineral Admixture

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Abstract

Figures

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Research Significance

4. Methodology

4.1. Preparation of samples:

4.2. Batching of materials:

4.3. Mixing of materials:

4.4. Placing of concrete:

5. Materials Used

5.1. Cement:

5.2. Fine aggregate and Coarse aggregate:

5.3. Water:

5.4. Dolomite:

6. Results and Discussions

6.1 Mix Designation

6.2 Workability test

6.2.1 Slump cone test

6.3 Hardened test on concrete:

6.3.1. Compressive strength test:

6.3.2. Split tensile strength test:

6.3.3. Flexural strength test:

6.4. Crack patterns of Concrete specimens

6.5 Microstructural analysis

6.5.1. Results obtained through the scanning electron microscopy:

7. Conclusions

7.2. Research Limitations:

7.3. Recommendations for Future Research:

Declarations

Funding

Author Contribution

Data availability:

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1