Sociodemographic factors
Among a total of 300 individuals invited to participate, 296 (98.6%) participated and completed the interview. Most (68.9%) participants were females. And 51.7% of the participants were within the age range of 29-48 years, and. (Table 1)
Table:1 Sociodemographic characteristics of people on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy attending rural health centers, southern Ethiopia (n=296)
Variable
|
Categories
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
Age in years
|
18-28
|
110
|
37.2
|
29-48
|
153
|
51.7
|
49-57
|
27
|
9.1
|
>58
|
6
|
2.0
|
Sex
|
Male
|
92
|
31.1
|
Female
|
204
|
68.9
|
Religion
|
Orthodox
|
144
|
48.6
|
Protestant
|
108
|
36.5
|
Muslim
|
37
|
12.5
|
Catholic
|
7
|
2.4
|
Residency
|
urban
|
229
|
77.4
|
Rural
|
67
|
22.6
|
Marital status
|
Married
|
156
|
52.7
|
Single
|
47
|
15.9
|
Divorced
|
78
|
26.4
|
Widowed
|
15
|
5.1
|
Educational level
|
Unable to read and write
|
108
|
36.5
|
Primary school
|
77
|
26.0
|
Secondary school
|
75
|
25.3
|
diploma and above
|
36
|
12.2
|
Social support level
|
Strong
|
111
|
26
|
Moderate
|
60
|
24
|
Poor
|
52
|
23
|
Clinical related characteristics
Most, (59.8%), of the participants were within stage I of the WHO HIV/AIDS clinical stage. About 56.8% of the study participants had more than five years of follow up visit. (Table 2)
Table: 2 Clinical related characteristics of people on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy attending rural health centers, southern Ethiopia (n=296)
Variable
|
Categories
|
Frequency
|
Percentage
|
WHO HIV/AIDS stage
|
I
|
177
|
59.8
|
II
|
41
|
13.9
|
III
|
51
|
17.2
|
IV
|
27
|
9.1
|
Recent CD4 count(cells/ml3)
|
<200
|
48
|
16.2
|
201-499
|
95
|
32.1
|
>500
|
26
|
8.8
|
undetermined
|
127
|
42.9
|
Follow up duration
|
less than one yeas
|
27
|
9.1
|
2-5 years
|
101
|
34.1
|
>05 years
|
168
|
56.8
|
Follow up frequency
|
Every one month
|
107
|
36.1
|
Every two month
|
72
|
24.3
|
Every three months
|
62
|
20.9
|
Every six months
|
55
|
18.6
|
Alcohol consumption level
|
Hazardous
|
97
|
32.8
|
Non hazardous
|
199
|
67.2
|
Abribbations: CD4= cluster of differentiation 4, WHO= world health organization, HIV=human immune virus, AIDS=acquired immune deficiency syndrome
Prevalence and reasons for the initiation of Khat chewing
The overall current and lifetime prevalence of khat chewing was 24.7% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 19.7%–29.4%) and 30.1% (95% CI: 25.7%–36.1%), respectively. There are numerous factors mentioned as reasons of Khat chewing among pregnant women with current chewing history. Almost all participants agreed that there were more than one possible reason for the initiation of their chewing practice. Getting relief from psychological stress and peer influence were the most attributed as single most important reasons for chewing accounts 29.6% and 21.1% of respondents, respectively (Fig.1).
Correlates of dysmenorrhea
Rural residency, male gender, alcohol consumption and longer follow up schedule had significant association with current regular Khat use. (Table 3)
Table: 3 Multi variable analysis of factors with the current Khat use among people on Highly Active Anti Retroviral Therapy attending rural health centers, southern Ethiopia (N=296)
Variables
|
Categories
|
Adherence level
|
COR 95% C1
|
AOR 95% CI
|
|
|
Non user
|
User
|
Sex
|
Male
|
60
|
32
|
2.12,( 1.22, 3.67)
|
2.46 (1.28, 4.73)*
|
Female
|
163
|
41
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Residency
|
Town
|
181
|
48
|
1.00
|
1.00
|
Rural
|
42
|
25
|
2.24(1.24, 4.04)
|
2.46(1.28, 10.14)***
|
Year of follow up
|
Less than one year
|
16
|
11
|
1.99(0.86, 4.64)
|
3.58(1.36, 9.42)
|
1-5 years
|
82
|
19
|
0.67(.36, 1.23)
|
0.702 (0.34, 1.41)
|
>05 years
|
125
|
43
|
1
|
1
|
Schedule frequency
|
Every one month
|
90
|
17
|
1
|
1
|
Every two month
|
55
|
17
|
1.63(0.77, 3.46)
|
1.65(0.73, 3.74)
|
Every three months
|
49
|
13
|
1.40(0.63, 3.13)
|
0.85(0.34, 2.08)
|
Every six months
|
29
|
26
|
4.74(2.26, 9.95)
|
5.25(2.33, 11.85)*
|
Social support
|
Strong
|
111
|
26
|
1
|
1
|
Moderate
|
60
|
24
|
1.70 (0.90, 3.231)
|
1.28(0.63, 2.61)
|
Poor
|
52
|
23
|
1.88(0. .98, 3.61)
|
1.97(0.94, 4.09)
|
Alcohol consumption level
|
Hazardous
|
64
|
33
|
2.05 (1.18, 3.53)
|
1.84(1.00, 3.37)***
|
Non hazardous
|
159
|
40
|
1
|
1
|
***P<001,**P<0.01,**P<0.05