We analyzed the relationship between MDR1 polymorphism and ARV-related hepatotoxicity from Western India. MDR1 encodes for the ATP- dependent membrane efflux transporter (14). The genetic variants that impact patients drugs are substrates of P-glycoproteins. The occurrence of MDR1 polymorphism changes from the population to the population [17]. We analyzed the MDR1 genotypes and haplotypes between individuals infected with HIV and hepatotoxicity.
The occurrence of MDR1 3435C/T polymorphism in our healthy people was identical to the investigations done in European, North India, Turkish, and Asian populations [29–34] and contrasted with the examinations did in Chinese, Iranian and Thailand populations [26, 32, 35]. The genotypic dispersal of MDR1 1236C/T polymorphism in our healthy people was almost alike to the investigation announced from North India [34], however, contrasted with the examinations shown from Indians, Mexicans, Chinese and South Africans populations [18, 30, 37, 38]. We have done the genotype-phenotype analysis and found that the MDR11236TT genotype was displayed a hazard for hepatotoxicity severity (OR = 1.37, P = 0.57). However, due to the small sample size in the hepatotoxicity group, the risk could not reach statistical significance. The low phenotypic expression is dictated by common polymorphisms inside P-gp. People with 3435TT genotype were connected with lower levels of P-gp than CC and CT genotype. MDR1 3435C/T polymorphism was related with the reduced risk of NNRTI-induced liver toxicity [24].
We have examined the relationship of gene-gene interaction to understand the additive impact of MDR1 polymorphism on ARV-related hepatotoxicity. The gene-gene collaboration had a greater effect on gene expression than a single gene [39]. In our investigation, haplotype TC was shown with a greater risk for the severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 1.96, P = 0.06). While, haplotypes TT and CC were linked with reduced risk of severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 0.16, P = 0.006; OR = 0.46, P = 0.06; OR = 0.09, P = 0.003; OR = 0.34, P = 0.03). It is likely that individuals with haplotype TC may have prone to the severity of hepatotoxicity, whereas haplotypes TT and CC may have reduced risk for hepatotoxicity severity.
Likewise, we analyzed the relationship between the MDR1 genotype and the stage of HIV infection. In our investigation, the prevalence of MDR1 genotypes did not significantly vary between people of various stages of HIV and healthy. MDR1 1236CT, 1236TT, and 3435CT genotypes were correlated with the HIV disease progression, however, these polymorphisms did not regulate the susceptibility of HIV-1 [40]. Following the treatment of a half year, patients with 3435 TT genotype had raised the CD4 + count [22].
Analysis of the relationship of gene environment was done to take a look at the impact on the etiology of the disease [41, 42]. We had selected a case-only analysis. We did not examine the case-control in light of the fact that in the case-control investigation, cases must be coordinated with the controls in the population [43]. Hence, we utilized the case-only analysis. HIV patient’s naïve ART utilizing alcohol has demonstrated a reduction in CD4 + cell count [44]. In women with HIV disease and tobacco utilization, ART response was seen to be diminished [45]. In our examination, the patients of hepatotoxicity utilizing alcohol with MDR11236TT genotype exposed a hazard for severity of hepatotoxicity (OR = 1.50, P = 0.88), while individuals of HIV contamination using alcohol with 3435CT genotype were at higher danger of HIV disease progression (OR = 2.47, P = 0.12). In hepatotoxic patients utilizing nevirapine and MDR1, 1236TT genotype demonstrated a higher threat for the hepatotoxicity severity (OR = 2.11, P = 0.55).
Individuals with HIV infection and utilizing nevirapine with MDR1 1236CT, 1236TT genotypes exposed a risk for the progression of HIV infection (OR = 1.66, P = 0.45; OR = 1.96, P = 0.55). In people with hepatotoxicity who took both alcohol and nevirapine, MDR1 1236TT genotype exposed the higher vulnerability for hepatotoxicity severity (OR = 2.21, P = 0.55). In people having an infection of HIV with MDR1 3435CT genotype and taking both nevirapine and alcohol showed a vulnerability for the progression of HIV infection (OR = 2.04, P = 0.23). This suggests that individuals with MDR1 1236TT and 3435CT genotypes having HIV infection or ARV-related hepatotoxicity have an additive effect on vulnerability of hepatotoxicity severity and progression of HIV disease. Individuals with 3435 T allele having infection of HIV taking nevirapine were connected with the reduced risk of hepatotoxicity [25]. People with MDR1 1236T and 1235T alleles were related to diminished plasma NNRTI concentration influencing the virological response to HAART [21]. Haas et al., (2005) recommended no significant relationship between ABCB1 variations and plasma EFV concentrations [19].
This work has a few limit points, it can just assess association and not indicate causation. In the beginning, the present investigation was planned for a 1:4 proportion of case controls. However, we were not able to complete to select a similar proportion of controls. Though, we recruited a 1:3 proportion which may be sufficient.