5.1. Analysis of the number of articles issued and the publishing journal
The results indicate an impressive annual growth rate of 25.77% from 2004 to 2024. This rate is significantly higher than those reported in other studies. For example, a survey of clinical research literature from 1991 to 2020 found average annual growth rates of 10.28% for primary literature and 10.57% for secondary literature[45]. Another study analyzing the growth of academic journals from 1986 to 2013 reported an average growth rate of 4.7% [46]. The higher growth rate in the data could be attributed to the specific field or the inclusion of various documents beyond journal articles. The average document age in the dataset is 4.31 years, which suggests a relatively recent body of work. This aligns with trends in rapidly evolving fields where newer publications are frequently cited. The average of 10.15 citations per document is also notable. In comparison, a study on the growth of scientific literature found that the average number of citations per document can vary widely depending on the field and the impact of the journals included [45], [47], [48].
Data shows an average of 3.21 authors per document and a notable number of single-authored documents (255 out of 2,605). This is consistent with trends in collaborative research, although the absence of international co-authorship is unusual. Research indicates a growing trend in international collaborations, which frequently boost the impact and citation rates of publications [45], [49]. The dataset's diversity in publication types, including books, book chapters, journal articles, and more, reflects a comprehensive scholarly output. This variety is essential for a holistic understanding of the field. For example, the inclusion of datasets and preprints indicates a modern approach to open science and data sharing, which is becoming increasingly common [45], [47]. Comparing data with existing literature highlights both unique aspects and common trends. The high growth rate and diverse publication types suggest a dynamic and rapidly expanding field. However, the lack of international co-authorship could be an area for future improvement to enhance the global impact and collaboration in the research community.
The thematic map highlights the central role of “climate change” and its interconnectedness with themes like “resilience,” “policy,” and “sustainable development.” This aligns with the findings of the IPCC’s Climate Resilient Development Pathways report, which emphasizes the interdependence of climate action and sustainable development [50], [51]. The report underscores that integrating climate mitigation and adaptation strategies is crucial for enhancing human and ecological well-being. The link between “climate change” and “resilience” in a map suggests a focus on adaptive strategies. This is consistent with the literature, which often highlights resilience as a key component in climate change adaptation. For example, a study on resilience-related policies and local practices in various cities worldwide found that resilience-building measures are essential for mitigating the impacts of climate change [50], [52]. These measures include enhancing social, economic, and ecological resilience to climate impacts.
The connection between “climate change” and “policy” in a map underscores the importance of governance in addressing climate issues. This is echoed in the literature, where effective policy frameworks are seen as critical for implementing climate action. A review of sustainability and resilience in business models also highlights the need for policies that align incentives and revenue mechanisms with sustainable outcomes [53]. This alignment is crucial for driving the transition to more sustainable economies. The map’s emphasis on the integrated approach needed to tackle climate change is supported by the literature. The IPCC report notes that pursuing climate action and sustainable development goals in an integrated manner increases their effectiveness [50]. Similarly, a study on the global network analysis of links between business, climate change, and sustainability concepts found that integrated approaches are necessary for addressing the complex challenges posed by climate change [54]. Comparing the thematic map results with existing literature highlights the importance of an integrated approach to climate change, resilience, policy, and sustainable development. The interconnectedness of these themes underscores the need for comprehensive strategies that address multiple aspects of society and the environment. The findings are well-aligned with the broader body of research, emphasizing the multifaceted nature of climate change and the critical role of governance and resilience in mitigating its impacts.
Data shows a clear upward trajectory in publications on climate resilience in agriculture from 2004 to 2024, with a strong positive correlation (R² = 0.7097). This trend is consistent with global patterns observed in the literature. For instance, a study on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices noted a significant increase in publications over the past two decades, reflecting growing academic and policy interest in sustainable agricultural practices [33]. The increasing number of publications in the data underscores the escalating focus on developing adaptive strategies to mitigate climate impacts on agriculture. The linear equation (y = 7.3838x − 233.62) in the data suggests a steady increase in scholarly output. This is comparable to findings from other studies that have documented similar growth patterns. For example, research on CSA adoption highlighted a consistent rise in publications, driven by the urgent need to address climate change impacts on agriculture [55]. The strong positive correlation in the data indicates a robust and sustained interest in this field, aligning with global trends.
The emphasis on developing adaptive strategies to mitigate climate impacts on agriculture is a common theme in the literature. Studies have shown that resilience-building measures, such as crop diversification, soil health improvement, and the use of climate-resilient crop varieties, are critical for enhancing agricultural sustainability [56]. The data’s focus on climate resilience aligns with these findings, highlighting the importance of adaptive strategies in ensuring food security and agricultural productivity. A study on climate-resilient agricultural practices among indigenous communities in India found that traditional knowledge systems play a crucial role in enhancing resilience [57]. This study emphasized the integration of indigenous practices with modern agricultural techniques to improve adaptive capacity. Data’s upward trend in publications may also reflect an increasing recognition of the value of integrating diverse knowledge systems to address climate resilience in agriculture.
Comparing findings with existing literature reveals a consistent global trend of increasing scholarly interest in climate resilience in agriculture. The strong positive correlation and steady growth in publications underscore the importance of developing adaptive strategies to mitigate climate impacts. Data aligns well with global patterns, highlighting the critical role of resilience-building measures and the integration of diverse knowledge systems in enhancing agricultural sustainability.
Data shows that “Qeios Ltd” leads with 69 articles, followed by the “Handbook of Climate Change Resilience” and “Sustainability” with 32 and 13 articles, respectively. This dominance by a few journals is a common trend in academic publishing. For instance, a study on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) found that a small number of journals, such as “Agricultural Systems” and “Climate Policy,” also dominate the publication landscape [55]. These leading journals often set the research agenda and attract high-quality submissions due to their reputation and impact factor. The presence of multiple journals with fewer articles, such as the “International Journal of Environment and Climate Change” and “Climatic Change,” indicates a broad interest in climate resilience research across different disciplines. This interdisciplinary nature is crucial for addressing complex issues like climate change. Similar studies have highlighted the importance of diverse publication venues in fostering a comprehensive understanding of climate resilience. For example, research on CSA practices has been published across a wide range of journals, reflecting the multifaceted nature of the topic [33].
The significant contributions from specialized journals like “Qeios Ltd” and the “Handbook of Climate Change Resilience” suggest a focused effort on climate resilience in agriculture. This is comparable to findings in other fields where specialized journals play a pivotal role in advancing specific areas of research. For instance, journals dedicated to environmental science and sustainability often publish targeted studies that drive innovation and policy development [56]. Data reflects the interdisciplinary nature of climate resilience research, with contributions from journals spanning various fields. This aligns with the broader literature, which emphasizes the need for integrating knowledge from different disciplines to develop effective climate resilience strategies. Studies have shown that interdisciplinary research is essential for addressing the complex interactions between climate change, agriculture, and socioeconomic factors [57]. Comparing findings with existing literature highlights the dominance of leading journals, the broad interest across various publication venues, and the critical role of specialized journals in advancing climate resilience research. The interdisciplinary nature of this research is essential for developing comprehensive strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on agriculture. Data aligns well with global trends, underscoring the importance of diverse and specialized contributions to this field.
The data shows a steep increase in the frequency of terms like “Climate Change” and “Adaptation” from 2004 to 2024. This trend is consistent with global patterns observed in the literature. For example, the IPCC’s reports have increasingly focused on these topics, highlighting the urgent need for both mitigation and adaptation strategies to address the impacts of climate change [50], [52]. The growing emphasis on these terms reflects a heightened awareness and concern about climate issues, which is also evident in the increasing number of publications and research funding dedicated to these areas [58]. The more gradual rise in terms like “Adaptive Capacity” and “Climate Smart Agriculture” suggests a steady but less pronounced focus. This aligns with findings from other studies that have documented a slower but consistent increase in research on these topics. For instance, a review of climate-smart agriculture practices noted a gradual increase in publications, driven by the need to develop sustainable agricultural practices that can withstand climate impacts [50], [52]. Similarly, research on adaptive capacity has been steadily growing as scholars and policymakers recognize the importance of building resilience in communities and ecosystems [59].
The cumulative increase in mentions of climate-related terms underscores the evolving discourse on climate resilience and its various facets. This trend is mirrored in the broader literature, where there has been a significant shift towards integrated approaches that consider the interconnectedness of climate change, resilience, and sustainable development [60]. For example, studies on climate-resilient development pathways emphasize the need for holistic strategies that address multiple dimensions of resilience, including social, economic, and environmental aspects [61]. The trends highlighted in the data emphasize the need for continued research and policy development in the area of climate resilience. This is consistent with the literature, which calls for ongoing efforts to enhance our understanding of climate impacts and to develop effective adaptation and mitigation strategies [50], [52]. The increasing frequency of terms related to climate resilience in academic publications reflects a growing recognition of the importance of this field and the need for comprehensive policies that can address the complex challenges posed by climate change. Comparing the findings with existing literature reveals a consistent global trend of increasing emphasis on climate change and adaptation, alongside a steady rise in research on adaptive capacity and climate-smart agriculture. The evolving discourse on climate resilience underscores the need for integrated approaches and continued efforts in research and policy development. Data aligns well with global patterns, highlighting the critical importance of addressing climate resilience in a comprehensive and interdisciplinary manner.
5.2. Analysis of key researchers
Data shows that authors like Neumann JE and Gaupp F have consistently contributed to the field of climate resilience in agriculture over multiple years. This sustained research interest is a common trend in the literature. For instance, a study on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices found that certain key researchers and institutions consistently publish high-impact work, driving the field forward [55]. The continuous contributions from these authors indicate their ongoing commitment to advancing knowledge and developing solutions for climate resilience. Authors such as Bodirsky BL and Kumareswami K show sporadic contributions, which suggests focused studies at particular intervals. This pattern is also observed in other studies where researchers may concentrate on specific projects or collaborations that result in bursts of publications. For example, research on climate-resilient agricultural practices among indigenous communities in India highlighted that certain researchers contribute intensively during specific projects or funding periods [33]. These focused contributions can lead to significant advancements in particular areas of study.
The larger bubbles in certain years, indicating peaks in research output, reflect pivotal studies that garnered significant attention. This trend is consistent with findings in the literature where landmark studies or special issues in journals can lead to spikes in publications and citations. For instance, a special issue on CSA adoption and impacts highlighted key studies that significantly influenced subsequent research and policy discussions [55]. These peaks often correspond to breakthroughs or comprehensive reviews that synthesize existing knowledge and set new research agendas. The chart underscores both the productivity and impact of research in climate resilience. The size of the bubbles represents the number of documents and the color shade indicating citations highlight the dual aspects of research output and influence. Similar studies have shown that highly productive researchers often have a significant impact on the field, as their work is frequently cited and builds the foundation for future research [56]. This dual focus on productivity and impact is crucial for advancing the field and addressing the complex challenges posed by climate change. Comparing the findings with existing literature reveals common trends in sustained research interest, sporadic contributions, and peaks in research output. The productivity and impact of research in climate resilience are critical for developing effective strategies to mitigate climate impacts on agriculture. Data aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the importance of ongoing contributions and the influence of key researchers in advancing the field.
Data shows that the h-index is relatively consistent across authors, indicating similar influence in terms of highly cited papers. This consistency is common in well-established research fields. For instance, in environmental science, leading researchers often have stable h-index values, reflecting their sustained contributions. In contrast, the g-index varies more among authors, highlighting differences in the breadth of impactful work. Some researchers have a few highly cited papers, while others have a broader range of moderately cited work. This trend is also observed in climate change research. The m-index, which normalizes impact over time, is lower for newer authors like Luginaah I. and Mohammed K. This is expected since the m-index accounts for the length of an author’s career. Newer researchers often have lower m-index values due to shorter publication histories, but these values increase as they establish their careers and accumulate citations. Total citations (TC) vary significantly, with Asfaw S. having the highest at 339. This highlights substantial influence, consistent with findings in other fields where a few researchers accumulate many citations. In climate resilience research, highly cited authors typically contribute foundational or highly innovative work that attracts significant attention.
The number of publications (NP) is mostly uniform, with a few outliers, indicating consistent research output among the authors. This pattern is common in other studies, where top researchers maintain a steady publication rate. For example, in climate adaptation research, leading researchers consistently publish a similar number of papers each year. The publication year start (PY_start) ranges from 2010 to 2021, showing a mix of established and emerging researchers. This mix is crucial for the dynamic development of the field, as a combination of experienced and new researchers fosters innovation and continuity. Having seasoned experts and fresh perspectives is essential for addressing evolving challenges in climate resilience. Comparing findings with existing literature reveals common trends in bibliometric indicators: consistency in h_index, variation in g_index, and lower m_index for newer authors. The significant variation in total citations and the mostly uniform number of publications highlight the diverse yet impactful contributions of these authors. The mix of established and emerging researchers underscores the dynamic nature of climate resilience research in agriculture. Data aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the importance of ongoing contributions from both seasoned and new researchers.
The network visualization map highlights the central importance of terms like “climate change,” “agriculture,” and “adaptation,” which have larger nodes. This centrality is consistent with literature findings, where these terms are core concepts in climate resilience research. For example, “climate change” and “adaptation” are frequently occurring terms in climate change adaptation research, reflecting their critical role. Similarly, “agriculture” is central in studies on climate change impacts on food security and productivity. Smaller nodes like “sustainable agriculture” and “climate-smart agriculture” are also significant, indicating their relevance. This aligns with studies emphasizing sustainable and climate-smart practices in enhancing agricultural resilience. For instance, research on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) highlights the role of sustainable practices in mitigating climate impacts and promoting resilience. The lines connecting the nodes represent relationships between concepts, illustrating the interconnectedness of various aspects of climate resilience. This interconnectedness is a common theme in literature, advocating integrated approaches to address climate challenges. For example, effective adaptation requires a holistic approach considering social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The color-coded clusters highlight sub-themes or closely related ideas, reflecting the diverse aspects of climate resilience research. This clustering is similar to findings in network analyses of climate research, identifying clusters related to policy, technology, and community-based adaptation. These clusters help organize the research landscape and identify key focus areas. Comparing network visualization maps with existing literature reveals common trends: the central importance of key terms, the significance of sustainable practices, and the interconnectedness of concepts. The color-coded clusters emphasize the diverse and multifaceted nature of climate resilience research. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, underscoring the need for integrated approaches to address complex climate challenges in agriculture.
5.3. Analysis of cited papers
The importance of Local Citation Scores (LCS) in identifying influential publications. For example, Lin BB., 2011 has a high LCS (20) and global citations (1144), showing broad recognition and local impact. This dual impact is common in seminal works that provide foundational knowledge. Conversely, Keshavarz M., 2021 has a lower global citation count but a high local-to-global citation ratio, indicating a more localized impact. This pattern is typical for studies addressing region-specific issues, which are crucial for informing local policy and practice. The table underscores key works that significantly contribute to climate resilience and agriculture research. Influential publications often shape the research agenda and drive future studies. For example, highly cited papers in climate change research often address critical issues or present novel solutions. Comparing results with similar studies reveals common trends: influential publications often have high citation counts and introduce new concepts or frameworks. The analysis highlights publications with substantial contributions, whether through broad recognition or localized impact. The study demonstrates the importance of both local and global citation metrics in identifying key works. This dual focus is essential for understanding research influence and guiding future studies in climate resilience and agriculture.
The co-authorship network visualization reveals three distinct clusters of researchers, each representing different collaborative groups. This clustering is common in co-authorship networks, reflecting researchers’ tendency to collaborate within specific groups or institutions. For example, in climate change research, similar clustering patterns are observed. The blue cluster, featuring key authors like David D. Woods and Andrew Dougill, indicates frequent collaboration. Certain researchers act as central nodes, facilitating collaboration and knowledge exchange within their networks. For instance, in climate-smart agriculture (CSA) research, key authors frequently collaborate with multiple researchers, enhancing network connectivity. The green cluster, including Andrea Nowak, Peter Steward, Todd S. Rosenstock, and Erika Berglund, suggests a strong collaborative network. Such networks are crucial for advancing research by enabling the sharing of resources, expertise, and data. In climate resilience studies, strong collaborative networks drive innovation and facilitate comprehensive adaptation strategies. The red cluster, with David Zilberman, Nancy McCarthy, and Sara Savastano, highlights another significant group of collaborators. This pattern is often seen in co-authorship networks where certain groups work closely on specific projects or themes. For example, in environmental economics, similar clusters frequently collaborate on sustainability and resource management topics. The interconnected nature of the co-authorship network underscores the collaborative efforts required to advance knowledge and innovation in climate resilience and agriculture. Interdisciplinary and cross-institutional collaborations are essential for addressing complex climate challenges. For instance, research on climate adaptation highlights the importance of collaborative networks in integrating diverse perspectives and developing holistic solutions. Comparing the co-authorship network visualization with existing literature reveals common trends: the formation of collaborative clusters, the role of key authors, and the importance of strong collaborative networks. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the critical role of collaboration in driving innovation and addressing complex climate challenges.
The bibliographic coupling network visualization highlights central authors like Brenda B. Lin (2011) and Julia Bailey-Serres (2019), indicating their significant influence and extensive collaboration. This pattern is common in studies where central authors shape the research landscape by contributing seminal papers. The connecting lines indicate shared references, showing the strength and frequency of collaborations. This interconnectedness is typical in bibliographic coupling networks, reflecting the collaborative nature of scientific research. For example, in climate-smart agriculture (CSA), researchers frequently cite each other’s work, creating a dense network of shared knowledge. The color-coded clusters represent different research communities, with authors like Isabelle M. Côté (2010) and Robert B. Zougmore (2016) forming distinct groups. This clustering is common in bibliographic coupling networks, where researchers working on related topics or within the same institutions form cohesive groups. The visualization underscores the interconnected nature of research in climate resilience, reflecting both historical foundations and emerging collaborations. This dual focus is essential for understanding the field’s evolution. Historical foundations provide a basis for new research while emerging collaborations introduce fresh perspectives and innovative approaches. Comparing the visualization with existing literature reveals common trends: the centrality of influential authors, the strength of shared references, and the formation of collaborative clusters. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the critical role of collaboration and shared knowledge in addressing complex climate challenges.
5.4 Keyword analysis
The historical citation network highlights central nodes like “Lin BB, 2011” and “Arbuckle JG, 2013,” indicating their significant impact and frequent co-citation. This pattern is common in studies where highly cited papers serve as foundational references, shaping subsequent research. The different colors in a network represent distinct co-citation clusters, highlighting groups of research often referenced together. This clustering is typical in co-citation networks, where related studies form cohesive groups based on shared references. For example, in climate-smart agriculture (CSA), clusters often focus on themes like adaptation strategies, policy implications, or technological innovations.
The network shows how foundational studies like “Lin BB, 2011” have influenced subsequent research, creating a web of interconnected studies. This cumulative nature of scientific research is well-documented, with foundational studies driving innovation and expanding the knowledge base. The visualization underscores the collaborative and cumulative nature of scientific research, where key papers serve as pivotal points in the field’s development. Collaborative networks and cumulative citations are critical for fostering innovation and ensuring robust findings. For instance, climate resilience research often relies on a collaborative approach, integrating insights from multiple disciplines. Comparing the historical citation network with existing literature reveals common trends: the centrality of influential papers, the formation of co-citation clusters, and the cumulative nature of scientific research. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the critical role of key papers in shaping research and driving innovation.
The word cloud visualization highlights “climate change” as the most frequent keyword, indicating its central role in climate resilience in agriculture. This is consistent with broader literature, where climate change is a focal point in discussions on environmental impacts and adaptation strategies. The prominence of terms like “resilience,” “adaptation,” and “sustainable agriculture” suggests their critical importance. This aligns with studies emphasizing the need for resilient agricultural systems and adaptive strategies to cope with climate impacts. For example, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) research highlights the importance of resilience and adaptation for food security and sustainable practices. Smaller terms such as “adaptive capacity,” “vulnerability,” and “food security” are also important, reflecting relevant but less frequently discussed concepts. These terms help understand the broader context of climate resilience, addressing socio-economic dimensions and the ability of communities to adjust to climate change. The interconnectedness of various aspects of climate change and agriculture in a word cloud is a common theme in the literature. Integrated approaches that consider social, economic, and environmental dimensions are frequently advocated. Visualization captures this complexity, highlighting the need for comprehensive strategies. Comparing the word cloud with existing literature reveals common trends: the centrality of climate change, the importance of resilience and adaptation, and the relevance of emerging topics like adaptive capacity, vulnerability, and food security. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, emphasizing the critical role of these concepts in advancing research and policy development in climate resilience.
The hierarchical clustering analysis shows that terms like “climate change,” “resilience,” and “adaptation” are closely linked, indicating their frequent association in the literature. This is consistent with other studies where these core concepts are often discussed together, highlighting the importance of resilience and adaptation strategies in addressing climate change impacts. As we move up the dendrogram, broader themes like “sustainable agriculture” and “food security” merge with these core concepts. This pattern is observed in other studies, emphasizing the interconnectedness of various aspects of climate resilience. For example, climate-smart agriculture (CSA) research often integrates sustainability and food security themes. The distinct clusters in the dendrogram provide a clear overview of the main themes and their relationships. Similar studies use clustering techniques to identify key areas of focus in climate resilience research, highlighting diverse aspects like policy, technology, and community-based adaptation. Comparing the results with similar studies reveals common trends: clustering of core concepts and integration of broader themes. For example, hierarchical clustering in climate adaptation literature often finds terms related to policy, governance, and socio-economic factors clustering together, reflecting the multifaceted nature of adaptation strategies. The hierarchical clustering analysis effectively highlights the main themes and their relationships in climate resilience research. The clustering of core concepts like “climate change,” “resilience,” and “adaptation,” along with broader themes like “sustainable agriculture” and “food security,” underscores the comprehensive nature of the field. Visualization aligns with global patterns, emphasizing the importance of integrated approaches in addressing climate resilience.
5.5. Analysis of the Evolution of Research Hotspots
The thematic map shows shifts in keyword associations over time, reflecting evolving research priorities in climate resilience in agriculture. Initially, terms like “food” and “sustainable agriculture” were prominent, indicating a focus on food security and sustainable practices. This trend is consistent with early literature emphasizing sustainable agriculture to ensure food security in the face of climate change. Over time, keywords like “climate-smart agriculture” and “resilience” gained prominence, reflecting a shift towards adaptive strategies and resilience-building in agricultural systems. This shift aligns with global trends, where research on climate-smart agriculture (CSA) has grown significantly, emphasizing adaptive practices to enhance resilience. The association of specific authors with keywords highlights regional research trends. For example, authors like Singh A. and Srivastava J.P. are linked with terms like “climate change” and “agricultural systems,” indicating a strong focus on these topics in their regions. This pattern is consistent with findings from other studies documenting regional variations in climate resilience research. The evolving nature of research priorities, as illustrated by a thematic map, underscores the dynamic and adaptive nature of climate resilience research. This evolution mirrors broader literature, where research priorities have shifted in response to emerging challenges and new scientific insights. Comparing the thematic map with existing literature reveals common trends in the shifting focus of climate resilience research, the emergence of adaptive strategies, and regional variations in research priorities. Visualization aligns well with global patterns, highlighting the dynamic and multifaceted nature of research in this critical field.