Our meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association among long term use of Allopurinol medication and risk of dementia among gout or hyperuricemia patients through pooled analysis. Through nine prospective cohort studies, and 1462 to 1710000 patients, this study conducted pooled analysis of association among long term use of allopurinol medications and dementia risk among gout or hyperuricemia patients. The follow up of included studies ranged from 6 to 44 years which assisted in evaluation of long term effects of allopurinol medications. The average dose of allopurinol was among 200-300mg/d, given to gout or hyperuricemia patients to reduce serum uric acid levels. As this drug has antioxidant effects for control of serum uric acid so, it alternatively acts as protection against neurodegenerative diseases. The outcomes of study were odd ratio or hazard ratio of association among allopurinol exposure and dementia risk among gout patients. The findings of study reported that that exposure of allopurinol is slightly significant as it triggers the risk of dementia among cases as compared to control [RR: 2.28 (95% Cl 2.00, 2.60)] and heterogeneity reported (df = 8, p = 1.00, I2 = 0). The quality assessment of included cohort studies was evaluated by Newcastle scale (NOS). Among 9 included studies, four studies were of low risks [26–29], four studies were of moderate risks [30–33] and one study was high risk [34]. However, the publication bias was zero due to involvement of studies with large effect sizes. The reason behind zero heterogeneity is inclusion of studies with large study population and long term follow ups. The existence of high-risk trials raises the likelihood of hidden biases that may not be readily apparent in heterogeneity statistics, even though our analysis revealed low heterogeneity (I2 = 0%).
The findings of this study somehow establish the evidence related to long term allopurinol exposure and its association with dementia risk. Although, our evidence redirects towards the more future investigations to evaluate both negative and positive effects [35, 36], but it is not enough strong to effect the clinical implications of allopurinol medications for gout patients [37, 38]. When administering allopurinol, medical professionals need to take the needs of the patient into account. The choice to use allopurinol for patients with gout or hyperuricemia who are susceptible to cognitive loss should balance the medication's known advantages against its unclear effects on cognitive function.
Previous research evidences reported that allopurinol use among patients of dementia have positive effects in improving the symptoms of aggressive behavior. Lara et al., [39] conducted case control study to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of pharmacological treatments such allopurinol among dementia patients with aggressive behavior. As mentioned, allopurinol is an inhibitor of the enzyme xanthine oxidase and anti-aggressive agent. In this study, six patients of dementia were treated with allopurinol 300 mg a day orally for 6 weeks to reduce aggressiveness symptoms. The findings reported that allopurinol was helpful in management of mild to moderate symptoms of aggressive behavior, but failed in case of severe symptoms among dementia patients. Allopurinol may have a therapeutic effect because it inhibits the enzyme xanthine oxidase, which may reduce the generation of oxygen-free radicals or encourage the buildup of purines. Further research is necessary to validate these first findings. Another study, Lai et al., [40] reported the association among risk of dementia and exposure of allopurinol for case and control groups with gout or hyperuricemia. Through 4 case-control studies discussing the exposure of allopurinol and possible risk of dementia among gout patients during follow up 9–14 years. The pooled analysis of allopurinol exposure and risk of dementia were higher among cases as compared to controls. Overall, the findings of this study reported the association among exposure of allopurinol and risk of dementia. However, this study was not enough strong to support the association among allopurinol exposure and risk of dementia or other cognitive dysfunctions. Additionally, drugs used to treat gout and hyperuricemia have neuroprotective benefits against neurodegenerative disorders; allopurinol, for example, reduces the risk of Alzhiemer's disease by 24% [41]. Research has demonstrated that allopurinol reduces AD mitochondrial dysfunction by blocking the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase that binds to amyloid [42]. In conclusion, there is inconsistent evidence about the association among uric acid and the risk of neurodegenerative disorders, and further research into the potential side effects of antihyperuricemia drugs is justified.
The strengths of our study include the evaluation of association among allopurinol use and dementia risk which assessed by nine included cohort studies, as compared to previous research in this domain [40]. The study provided the pooled analysis of hazard ratio of association among allopurinol exposure and dementia risk among gout patients. This study will provide the evidence for clinical implications and decision making related to the allopurinol medications for management of gout patients with dementia.
However, there are few limitations in this study with enormous advantages. Firstly, the number of included studies was small to fulfill research aims. Larger number of studies is required to evaluate long term allopurinol exposure and risk of dementia. Secondly, the publication bias was high due to small effect size in this study. Due to long term follow ups of included studies, the authenticity of result might disturb as patient may face other medical conditions. Thirdly, the outcomes of our study were limited. Broad range of outcomes should be studied for evaluation of association among allopurinol exposure and dementia risk among gout patients. Though by methodological aspect, our study lacked sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis that weaken study’s authenticity. The variability in outcome measures and these long term follow ups also affects study’s results.
Although this meta-analysis offers insightful information about the possible relationship between long-term allopurinol use and dementia risk, additional research is necessary in a few important areas to fill in existing gaps in the evidence and improve the body of knowledge. Future research should look into the underlying molecular mechanisms that could account for allopurinol's either neuroprotective or neurotoxic effects in addition of explaining the connection.