4.1 Quantitative Analysis
The comprehensive literature review included 20 studies, concentrating on the impact of inclusive fitness programs on both physical and mental health results. The findings are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Summary of Quantitative Outcomes from Systematic Review
| Outcome Measure | Mean Change (95% CI) | Effect Size (Hedges' g) | p-value |
| Physical Health | | | |
| Body Mass Index (BMI) | -1.5 kg/m² (-2.0 to -1.0) | 0.62 (moderate) | < 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular Health (VO2 max) | + 2.5 mL/kg/min (1.5 to 3.5) | 0.75 (large) | < 0.001 |
| Muscular Strength (Grip Strength) | + 4.0 kg (2.5 to 5.5) | 0.56 (moderate) | < 0.001 |
| Mental Health | | | |
| Anxiety Levels (GAD scale) | -3.2 points (-4.5 to -2.0) | 0.80 (large) | < 0.001 |
| Depression Levels (Beck Inventory) | -4.5 points (-6.0 to -3.0) | 0.85 (large) | < 0.001 |
| Stress Levels (Perceived Stress Scale) | -2.8 points (-4.0 to -1.5) | 0.65 (moderate) | < 0.001 |
The quantitative analysis underscores substantial advancements in both physical and mental health outcomes that are associated with inclusive fitness programs. The mean reduction in Body Mass Index (BMI) of -1.5 kg/m² indicates a significant influence on weight management, accompanied by a moderate effect size of (0.62). Enhancements in cardiovascular fitness, as evidenced by a mean increase of 2.5 mL/kg/min in VO2 max, signify a considerable improvement in aerobic capacity, corroborated by a large effect size of (0.75).
Mental health outcomes exhibited even more pronounced effects, with anxiety levels diminishing by an average of 3.2 points and depression levels by 4.5 points, both demonstrating large effect sizes of (0.80 and 0.85, respectively). The decrease in perceived stress levels by 2.8 points further emphasizes the potential of inclusive fitness programs to enhance overall mental well-being. The lack of significant publication bias, as indicated by Egger’s test (p = 0.67), fortifies the credibility of these findings.
4.2. Qualitative Analysis
The qualitative analysis focused on the GoBhangra Workout case study, derived from 15 semi-structured interviews. Participant demographics included 60% female and 40% male, with a mean age of 45 years spanning ages 30 to 65.
Thematic analysis revealed several critical insights:
Physical and Mental Health Benefits: 87% of participants reported improvements in physical health, citing increased energy levels and reduced pain. Additionally, 73% noted enhancements in mental well-being, with reduced anxiety and improved mood.
Social Interactions: 80% of participants emphasized the importance of community support and social connections formed during the program.
Barriers to Participation: 47% of participants identified accessibility challenges, particularly regarding physical space and equipment, while 53% reported a lack of motivation at the outset.
Participant satisfaction was notably high, with an average score of 8.5/10 regarding their experiences in the program. Furthermore, 70% expressed a willingness to recommend the GoBhangra Workout to others with disabilities, demonstrating the program's perceived value as an inclusive fitness model.
4.3. Physical and Mental Health Benefits of Inclusive Fitness Programs
The systematic review found strong evidence that inclusive exercise programs improved both physical and mental health outcomes. Out of the 20 studies analysed, a majority (approximately 85%) indicated favourable changes in several health measures.
Physical Health Improvements:
Body Mass Index (BMI): The average reduction in BMI across studies was − 1.5 kg/m≤, indicating effective weight management strategies implemented in these programs. The studies indicated that participants participated in structured physical activities, which resulted in sustainable improvements in body composition and weight loss.
Cardiovascular Fitness: Participants exhibited an average increase of 2.5 mL/kg/min in VO2 max, demonstrating enhanced aerobic capacity. This increase is especially notable given that improved cardiovascular fitness is linked to reduced risks of chronic diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease.
Muscular Strength: The systematic review showed an average improvement in grip strength of + 4.0 kg, reflecting enhanced muscular endurance and strength. This is essential for the overall functionality and independence of individuals, particularly those with disabilities[3].
Mental Health Improvements:
Anxiety Levels: The average reduction in anxiety, as measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) scale, was − 3.2 points, which indicates a substantial decrease in anxiety symptoms among participants. The large effect size (0.80) suggests that inclusive fitness programs can be effective therapeutic interventions.
Depression Levels: The studies reported an average decrease of -4.5 points in depression levels, using the Beck Depression Inventory. This substantial decrease suggests that by taking part in these sessions, individuals received both mental and physical assistance.
Stress Reduction: Results on the Perceived Stress Scale indicated a decrease of -2.8 points, emphasising the benefit of exercise regimens in reducing day-to-day stress and improving coping skills.
These findings substantiate the idea that inclusive fitness programs are advantageous for both physical and mental health, indicating that the social and community components of these programs play a substantial role in the enhancement of overall health.
4.4. Case Study: GoBhangra Workout
The qualitative case study on the GoBhangra Workout gave a more nuanced view of the participants' experiences and program outcomes. The data obtained from 15 semi-structured interviews highlighted many major themes about the program's influence.
Participant Demographics: The participant group was varied, with 60% women and 40% men and an average age of 45 years. This demographic variety reflects the program's broad popularity and flexibility.
Physical Health Benefits:
Participants reported improved cardiovascular health, coordination, and flexibility. For example, 80% of respondents reported feeling more energetic after participating, allowing them to engage in everyday tasks more easily.
Specific feedback emphasised better mobility and balance, which were especially useful to people with physical limitations. One participant commented, "I never thought I could move this way; my body feels alive again."
Mental Health Benefits:
A substantial 73% of participants reported improved mental health, notably reduced anxiety and stress levels. The uplifting tone of the music, as well as the social atmosphere, all contributed to good mood elevation.
The emotional support received during class was identified as a crucial element. Many participants stated that the companionship gave them a sense of belonging, which was beneficial to their mental health.
Social Interactions:
80% of participants emphasised the relevance of the social ties made during the program. The GoBhangra Workout's accessible behaviour encouraged participants to form friendships, creating a supportive group that lasted beyond the sessions.
One participant stated that "I look forward to class not just for the workout but to see my friends; we cheer each other on."
Barriers to Participation:
Despite the great experiences, challenges remained. 47% of participants reported accessibility challenges, notably with transportation and appropriate training locations.
Furthermore, 53% reported initial hesitation or lack of desire, citing past unfavourable experiences with fitness programs or a lack of trust in their physical ability.
Participant Satisfaction:
The overall satisfaction with the GoBhangra Workout was great, with participants evaluating their experiences as 8.5/10. Many people indicated their desire for more classes and outreach to other community members with disabilities.
These findings show that the GoBhangra Workout is not simply a physical exercise, but also a transforming experience that promotes emotional, social, and cultural bonds among participants.