This study was undertaken to compare the complications associated with two surgical techniques used in the treatment of hypospadias: The preputial buttonhole flap and the Byars flap. The primary complication examined in this study was the occurrence of a urethral fistula. This is a common complication arising from the conventional surgical repair of hypospadias. Theoretically, the buttonhole flap method is associated with a lower likelihood of experiencing this complication.
An alternative method for covering the suture area in TIP is the buttonhole flap technique, which involves creating a hole in the prepuce and then moving it to the ventral aspect of the prepuce and suturing it. A study conducted in South Korea from 1996 to 2004 investigated the outcomes of TIP using the buttonhole flap technique for hypospadias repair. The findings revealed that the overall success rate of the buttonhole flap technique was 75%. The success rates for different types of hypospadias were as follows: 87% for glandular, 77% for coronal, 66% for midshaft, and 50% for penoscrotal types. Following the buttonhole flap operation, the extent of penile rotation was significantly less compared to the traditional method. The most frequent complication associated with the buttonhole flap technique was urethrocutaneous fistula. This technique showed a high rate of success, fewer complications, and better cosmetic outcomes across all hypospadias types. Importantly, it also significantly decreased the incidence of penile rotation (9).
Another study, conducted in Serbia from 1998 to 2005, which aimed to explore the use of the dorsal dartos flap in preventing fistula formation following TIP for hypospadias, reported successful results, with no fistula formation in any of the patients. The findings suggested that the dorsal dartos flap, which is moved towards the ventral aspect of the penis using the buttonhole technique, is an effective choice for preventing fistulas. Meatal stenosis was the most common complication. However, all cases of meatal stenosis were effectively managed through dilatation (10). Additionally, a study conducted in Germany during 2011–2014 examined the complications associated with the preputial buttonhole flap technique for anterior urethra reconstruction. The results showed that out of 41 patients with hypospadias who underwent the buttonhole flap procedure, urethrocutaneous fistula occurred in four cases (11). Moreover, in 2016, a study was carried out in Iraq to evaluate the effectiveness of the dorsal dartos flap technique in preventing fistula formation following the Snodgrass repair of distal hypospadias. Based on their findings, 34 individuals (97.14%) showed no signs of fistula formation. Only one patient (2.8%) developed a fistula. Meatal stenosis occurred in three patients, which is 8.5% of the total (12).
A systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Wu et al. in China in 2020, evaluating the complications of non-proximal hypospadias following conventional surgery, found that a urethral fistula was the most common complication (13); this finding aligns with the results of the present study.
In our study, out of 20 patients treated with the buttonhole flap technique, seven patients (35%) developed meatal stenosis and two patients (10%) developed a urethral fistula. It is noteworthy that both patients who developed a urethral fistula had proximal hypospadias. Interestingly, none of the patients with distal hypospadias developed this complication following the buttonhole flap surgery.
Several studies, including those by Viseshsindh in Thailand in 2014 (14) and Snodgrass and Bush in 2016 (15), have demonstrated a higher incidence of urethral fistula following surgical repair in proximal hypospadias, compared to distal hypospadias. In our study, we found a higher ratio of fistula occurrence to non-occurrence postoperatively in proximal hypospadias (n = 2), compared to distal hypospadias (0.15); this relationship was statistically significant and aligned with the findings of the aforementioned studies.
In our study, we observed a higher incidence of urethral fistula following the Byars flap surgery compared to the buttonhole flap surgery; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Therefore, further studies with larger sample sizes are needed to confirm these results.
On the other hand, when considering only distal hypospadias, five out of 20 cases developed a urethral fistula to the skin following the binary flap surgery. In contrast, none of the 17 cases treated with the buttonhole flap surgery developed this complication. This difference was found to be statistically significant. The study concluded that the buttonhole flap method is more effective than the Byars flap method in preventing fistula in distal hypospadias. However, due to the absence of proximal hypospadias cases treated with the Byars flap method, which is a limitation of the current research, it is not possible to compare the incidence of fistula following proximal hypospadias between the buttonhole and Byars flap methods.
In the present study, we observed a higher incidence of meatal stenosis following the buttonhole flap surgery (n = 7) as compared to the binary flap surgery (n = 4); however, this difference was not statistically significant. This finding suggests that a potential drawback of the buttonhole flap technique could be a higher rate of meatal stenosis compared to the binary flap technique. To confirm this observation, further studies with larger sample sizes are required.
Our results indicated that the mean age of patients who experienced urinary tract fistulas postoperatively was significantly higher than that of patients who did not develop these complications. Similarly, the mean age of patients who developed meatal stenosis following surgery was higher in comparison to those who did not exhibit meatal stenosis postoperatively. It can be concluded that a delay in a child’s surgery and an increase in the child’s age at the time of the initial surgery may lead to a higher frequency of urethral fistula and possibly meatal stenosis. To mitigate the impact of age on the study results, both the binary flap and buttonhole flap groups were randomly selected among children aged 12–36 months. The mean age of the Byars flap group was 24 months, while the mean age of the buttonhole flap group was 18 months.
Another study conducted by Snyder et al. in 2005 aimed to examine the complications of hypospadias in 10–15% of restorations and to identify the factors influencing the outcomes of restorations. Their findings indicated that the success of restoration is not dependent on the patient’s age or the time interval between the initial restoration and the subsequent operation (16). Additionally, the patient’s age at the time of the initial surgery did not correlate with the complication rate. Nevertheless, the results of these studies are not consistent with the findings of our research.
Low study sample size and short follow up time might be limitations to make any outstanding result.