Focused group discussion and in-depth interview results:
Guidelines in Sudan:
Concerning the local guidelines many doctors complained of absence of local Sudanese guidelines that cover most of the common medical circumstances. Furthermore, the available local Sudanese guidelines are lacking good publication and regular updating of the recommendations. Doctors recommended good publication of the Sudanese guidelines through the social media and by posters in the PHC centers.
“The international guidelines must be modified to suit the local settings of the Sudanese or developing local treatment protocols that based on studies done in Sudan. Some of the international guidelines are difficult to be implemented in Sudan due to many factors which include cost and or unavailability of the drugs and unavailability of the investigations in the distant and rural areas”.
“The local Sudanese guidelines recommendations are sometimes differed from the international guidelines… and these differences affect the trust of the practicing doctors and the patients as well. This because of absence of evidence-based studies and good publication. But the condition doesn’t apply to other international guidelines, for example malaria treatment protocol which is always funded and published by the WHO is always updated and well trusted”.
“Generally, there is no obvious regular updating of the local guidelines, and we just heard about the local Sudanese hypertension guidelines, but we have ever seen it. The only guideline that is regularly updated is the malaria protocol because it funded by the WHO”.
Training programs to the practicing family medicine doctors:
Most of the surveyed doctors reported the presence of training programs and workshops that are regulated and funded by the ministry of health (MOH) especially for family medicine doctors. Recently, the training programs have decreased or even stopped due to the political situation in Sudan. Also the COVID19 pandemic played an important role in impending training programs. Despite the presence of funded training programs for the practicing family medicine doctors, frequency of the training programs is not sufficient to cover all the important topics. Additionally, the chance to attend the training programs is sometimes limited and not equally distributed between Khartoum and Gezira states.
“The workshops occur, and doctors require more training programs to remind them regularly. The training programs tend to cover only chronic diseases and not occur regularly.
Barriers to guidelines implementation:
Most of the interviewed family medicine doctors (95%) in Khartoum and Gezira states identified limited health insurance coverage and patients’ low economic status as main barriers to guidelines implementation. Additionally, high load of the patients, absence of regular training programs, lack of filing and referral system are identified as barriers to guideline implementation, as displayed in Figure (1). Clinical audit is also required to evaluate and improve clinical practice.
“There are many factors that impede guideline implementation, which include health insurance limited services and patients’ low economic status and other patient factors…. Also the economic and the political situations in Sudan play an important role…, we hope if all these factors can be corrected”.
“The barriers consist of three levels, system, patients and doctors’ barriers. Regarding the system barriers cost and availability of the drug and the health insurance coverage… and the importance of presence of instructions to be followed. Regarding the doctors’ barriers, the importance of training, increasing knowledge and encouraging doctors’ communication. Regarding the patients’ barriers, presence of language communication barrier….”.
Health insurance in Sudan:
The governmental health insurance in Sudan covers only the routine investigations and some of the cheap drugs. This limited coverage impedes guidelines implementation, and consequently many doctors tend to waive some investigations and to prescribe second or even third line treatment only because it’s the treatment that covered by the health insurance.
“The coverage of the health insurance is very difficult and therefore obstructs guideline implementation, and due to the economic situations, we can’t write certain treatment or recommended investigation. Therefore, doctors tend to follow certain ways due to the above-mentioned factors. And to emphasize, sometimes we tend to prescribe the second line treatment”.
In Gezira state, family medicine registrars reported that the policy of the governmental health insurance is to consider the family medicine registrars as medical officers and consequently they are allowed only to prescribe certain medications. Family medicine registrars are permitted to use the (black form) which is the form that designed to be used by the medical officer. This situation only in Gezira state, while in Khartoum state the family medicine registrars are allowed to use the (red form) which is the form that used by the specialists and permit them to order all the investigations and to prescribe all the drugs at the PHC level.
Deterioration of family medicine practice in Gezira state:
Most of the practicing family medicine registrars in Gezira state reported deterioration in the family medicine practice. The family medicine program was supported and funded by many organizations. They used to give any practicing family medicine doctor in Gezira state personal computer and internet connection. They used to implement the electronic filing system and telemedicine. The family medicine doctors were in contact with specialists and consultants of all specialties, and they do online consultations when they need. The online consultation allows the consultant to see the patient and the family medicine doctor through the camera. Furthermore, home care program was activated for geriatrics and disabled patients. Additionally, a special server (icloud) was used to collect the data. Doctors consider the government, and the concerned directors, are responsible of this deterioration. In addition, family medicine doctors in Gezira state think there is a political issue behind this deterioration.
The primary health care centers are not well constructed and don’t contain all required departments and enough staff compared to Khartoum state. Additionally, some of the basic and routine investigations are not available in all PHC centers, doctors tend to refer the patients to do their investigations. The doctors in Gezira state requested improvement of the situation and building in the PHC centers especially in the rural and distant areas, in which they are lacking in the essential departments.
“The coverage of the health insurance is very difficult and therefore obstructs guideline implementation…, and due to the economic situations, we can’t write certain treatment or recommended investigation. Therefore, doctors tend to follow certain ways due to the above-mentioned factors. And to emphasize, sometimes we tend to prescribe the second line treatment”.
“Family medicine registrars are not allowed to use the red form and considered as a medical… and this is not occurring in Khartoum. This makes us to refer our patients to the specialist just to prescribe medication like ‘Amoclan’, and this reflects badly the patients as well … and we hope if the situation can be changed to the better”.