1 Hunter J, Annadurai S, Rothwell M: Diagnosis, management and prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the UK. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2007;24:971-977.
2 Vincent JL: Ventilator-associated pneumonia. J Hosp Infect 2004;57:272-280.
3 Namath A, Patterson AJ: Genetic polymorphisms in sepsis. Crit Care Clin 2009;25:835-856, x.
4 Siew ED, Ikizler TA, Gebretsadik T, Shintani A, Wickersham N, Bossert F, Peterson JF, Parikh CR, May AK, Ware LB: Elevated urinary IL-18 levels at the time of ICU admission predict adverse clinical outcomes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010;5:1497-1505.
5 Bazan JF, Timans JC, Kastelein RA: A newly defined interleukin-1? Nature 1996;379:591.
6 Thompson SR, Humphries SE: Interleukin-18 genetics and inflammatory disease susceptibility. Genes Immun 2007;8:91-99.
7 Arimitsu J, Hirano T, Higa S, Kawai M, Naka T, Ogata A, Shima Y, Fujimoto M, Yamadori T, Hagiwara K, Ohgawara T, Kuwabara Y, Kawase I, Tanaka T: IL-18 gene polymorphisms affect IL-18 production capability by monocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;342:1413-1416.
8 Hoshino K, Tsutsui H, Kawai T, Takeda K, Nakanishi K, Takeda Y, Akira S: Cutting edge: generation of IL-18 receptor-deficient mice: evidence for IL-1 receptor-related protein as an essential IL-18 binding receptor. J Immunol 1999;162:5041-5044.
9 Torigoe K, Ushio S, Okura T, Kobayashi S, Taniai M, Kunikata T, Murakami T, Sanou O, Kojima H, Fujii M, Ohta T, Ikeda M, Ikegami H, Kurimoto M: Purification and characterization of the human interleukin-18 receptor. J Biol Chem 1997;272:25737-25742.
10 Zaki Mel S, Elgendy MY, El-Mashad NB, Farahat ME: IL-18 level correlates with development of sepsis in surgical patients. Immunol Invest 2007;36:403-411.
11 Wynn JL, Wilson CS, Hawiger J, Scumpia PO, Marshall AF, Liu JH, Zharkikh I, Wong HR, Lahni P, Benjamin JT, Plosa EJ, Weitkamp JH, Sherwood ER, Moldawer LL, Ungaro R, Baker HV, Lopez MC, McElroy SJ, Colliou N, Mohamadzadeh M, Moore DJ: Targeting IL-17A attenuates neonatal sepsis mortality induced by IL-18. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:E2627-2635.
12 Zhu M, Rong X, Li M, Wang S: IL-18 and IL-35 in the serum of patients with sepsis thrombocytopenia and the clinical significance. Exp Ther Med 2020;19:1251-1258.
13 Wu Q, Xiao Z, Pu Y, Zhou J, Wang D, Huang Z, Hou D: TnI and IL-18 levels are associated with prognosis of sepsis. Postgrad Med J 2019;95:240-244.
14 Stassen NA, Breit CM, Norfleet LA, Polk HC, Jr.: IL-18 promoter polymorphisms correlate with the development of post-injury sepsis. Surgery 2003;134:351-356.
15 Zhu G, Whyte MK, Vestbo J, Carlsen K, Carlsen KH, Lenney W, Silverman M, Helms P, Pillai SG: Interleukin 18 receptor 1 gene polymorphisms are associated with asthma. Eur J Hum Genet 2008;16:1083-1090.
16 Wang X, Zhu YF, Li DM, Qin Q, Wang Q, Muhali FS, Jiang WJ, Zhang JA: Polymorphisms of ST2-IL18R1-IL18RAP gene cluster: a new risk for autoimmune thyroid diseases. Int J Immunogenet 2016;43:18-24.
17 Zhang J, Zheng L, Zhu D, An H, Yang Y, Liang Y, Zhao W, Ding W, Wu X: Polymorphisms in the interleukin 18 receptor 1 gene and tuberculosis susceptibility among Chinese. PLoS One 2014;9:e110734.
18 Nakanishi K, Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Okamura H: Interleukin-18 regulates both Th1 and Th2 responses. Annu Rev Immunol 2001;19:423-474.
19 Nakanishi K, Yoshimoto T, Tsutsui H, Okamura H: Interleukin-18 is a unique cytokine that stimulates both Th1 and Th2 responses depending on its cytokine milieu. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2001;12:53-72.
20 Sims JE, Smith DE: The IL-1 family: regulators of immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2010;10:89-102.
21 Dinarello CA, Fantuzzi G: Interleukin-18 and host defense against infection. J Infect Dis 2003;187 Suppl 2:S370-384.
22 Wu D, Murakami K, Liu N, Konishi M, Muneta Y, Inumaru S, Kokuho T, Sentsui H: Expression of equine interleukin-18 by baculovirus expression system and its biologic activity. Microbiol Immunol 2004;48:471-476.
23 Reznikov LL, Kim SH, Westcott JY, Frishman J, Fantuzzi G, Novick D, Rubinstein M, Dinarello CA: IL-18 binding protein increases spontaneous and IL-1-induced prostaglandin production via inhibition of IFN-gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000;97:2174-2179.
24 Eidt MV, Nunes FB, Pedrazza L, Caeran G, Pellegrin G, Melo DA, Possuelo L, Jost RT, Dias HB, Donadio MV, Oliveira JR: Biochemical and inflammatory aspects in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock: The predictive role of IL-18 in mortality. Clin Chim Acta 2016;453:100-106.
25 Okuhara Y, Yokoe S, Iwasaku T, Eguchi A, Nishimura K, Li W, Oboshi M, Naito Y, Mano T, Asahi M, Okamura H, Masuyama T, Hirotani S: Interleukin-18 gene deletion protects against sepsis-induced cardiac dysfunction by inhibiting PP2A activity. Int J Cardiol 2017;243:396-403.
26 Cui YL, Wang B, Gao HM, Xing YH, Li J, Li HJ, Lin Z, Wang YQ: Interleukin-18 and miR-130a in severe sepsis patients with thrombocytopenia. Patient Prefer Adherence 2016;10:313-319.
27 Rau B, Baumgart K, Paszkowski AS, Mayer JM, Beger HG: Clinical relevance of caspase-1 activated cytokines in acute pancreatitis: high correlation of serum interleukin-18 with pancreatic necrosis and systemic complications. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1556-1562.
28 Parrello T, Monteleone G, Cucchiara S, Monteleone I, Sebkova L, Doldo P, Luzza F, Pallone F: Up-regulation of the IL-12 receptor beta 2 chain in Crohn's disease. J Immunol 2000;165:7234-7239.
29 Giedraitis V, He B, Huang WX, Hillert J: Cloning and mutation analysis of the human IL-18 promoter: a possible role of polymorphisms in expression regulation. J Neuroimmunol 2001;112:146-152.
30 Zhou Y, Yamaguchi E, Hizawa N, Nishimura M: Roles of functional polymorphisms in the interleukin-18 gene promoter in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 2005;22:105-113.
31 Hutchins AS, Mullen AC, Lee HW, Sykes KJ, High FA, Hendrich BD, Bird AP, Reiner SL: Gene silencing quantitatively controls the function of a developmental trans-activator. Mol Cell 2002;10:81-91.
32 Yano S, Ghosh P, Kusaba H, Buchholz M, Longo DL: Effect of promoter methylation on the regulation of IFN-gamma gene during in vitro differentiation of human peripheral blood T cells into a Th2 population. J Immunol 2003;171:2510-2516.
33 Reik W, Dean W, Walter J: Epigenetic reprogramming in mammalian development. Science 2001;293:1089-1093.
34 Yu Q, Chang HC, Ahyi AN, Kaplan MH: Transcription factor-dependent chromatin remodeling of Il18r1 during Th1 and Th2 differentiation. J Immunol 2008;181:3346-3352.
35 Wei L, Vahedi G, Sun HW, Watford WT, Takatori H, Ramos HL, Takahashi H, Liang J, Gutierrez-Cruz G, Zang C, Peng W, O'Shea JJ, Kanno Y: Discrete roles of STAT4 and STAT6 transcription factors in tuning epigenetic modifications and transcription during T helper cell differentiation. Immunity 2010;32:840-851.