Influence of growth temperature on development and yields in a medium late and late Scandinavian cultivar of potato

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5260333/v1

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Influence of growth temperature on development and yields in a medium late and late Scandinavian cultivar of potato

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5260333/v1

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With more available meteorological field-sensors for agriculture, there is an increasing need for local-adapted growth models. Especially for cultivation of crop cultivars in areas with marginal temperatures and varying light conditions. The temperature response was therefore studied in climate-controlled growth chambers under constant temperatures from 9 to 21°C under a natural 24 h photoperiod in greenhouse in Tromsø (69.7°N, 18.9°E), Norway, for the potato cultivars Gullauge (medium late) and Mandel (late). There was a strong response in both cultivars to temperature, with reduced developmental time from emergence and leaf formation to visible flower buds at increasing temperature intervals. Developmental rates were higher for Gullauge than for Mandel. Shoot dry matter weight per plant was highest at 12°C and 15°C for both cultivars, though with higher shoot biomass at harvest in Mandel than Gullauge. Tuber yields and tuber dry-matter percentages for both cultivars was higher for Gullauge than for Mandel. Fresh weight yields and dry matter percentage for both cultivars were highest at 15°C. Optimum temperature for above-ground vegetative development-rate was estimated to be 24.0°C and 22.6°C, for Gullauge and Mandel respectively. In contrast, the respective temperature optimums for developing tuber dry matter content were 16.6°C and 15.6°C. Lower temperature optimums for below-ground development makes potato a suitable crop for temperate and boreal climates with cooler autumn temperatures. Different temperature optimums for above- than below-ground development needs to be considered when developing temperature-based growth models for potato cultivars from emergence to tuber yields.

temperature

temperature-optimum

development-rate

growth

tuber yields

Field plants are normally exposed to wide diurnal and seasonal variations in ambient temperature. In the growing season this strongly affects their rates of development and growth. At any set of conditions, with sufficient light and CO₂, and available water and nutrients, each plant species has a minimum or base temperature below which there is no growth, and an optimum temperature with maximum growth or developmental rate. Base and optimum temperatures for plant growth may again vary according to development status, specific plant part and cultivar (Salisbury and Ross 1992; Struik 2007). Net growth of biomass and yields can therefore be modeled as functions of temperature, with base temperature and optimum temperature as key defining properties. Knowing these parameters of the temperature responses of crop plants may therefore help in determining if locations have suitable photothermal conditions for agricultural production (Heide 1985). Especially for short-season locations at high altitudes or high latitudes with limited summer temperatures and season lengths and relatively low summer temperatures. Furthermore, in a perspective of a changing climate leading to a longer growth season and reduced risks of frost damage, this may be is of increasing importance for expanding possible areas for food production in the future (Pulatov et al. 2015).

Potato is among the world's most important food staple crops providing nutritional value containing carbohydrates, fiber, protein, and several phytonutrients, minerals and vitamins (Mishra et al. 2020). Growing potato crops has proliferated worldwide after selecting south American cultivars with less stringent short daylength requirements for tuber induction (van der Plank 1946). Today, cultivars of potato can be grown in a wide range of climatic zones from tropical regions up to higher latitudes in temperate and boreal zones. In the absence of permafrost in northern Fennoscandia, commercial potato production is possible above the Arctic Circle up to 70 degrees northern latitude (Johansen et al. 2008). At these Arctic latitudes, late snowmelt and thawing in May/June together with early autumn frosts in September entails a critically short season for potato production. However, the very long photosynthetic light periods under Midnight Sun may compensate partially for the relatively low growth temperatures and the short season above the Arctic Circle in low temperature-adapted root and tuber crops (Mølmann et al. 2021).

The temperature response is well studied in potato, with notable differences between plant parts above and below ground, between developmental stages, and between cultivars. Above ground leaf and stem growth rates generally have optimum temperatures around 20–25°C, which is higher than for tuber induction and bulking below ground with optimums of around 15°C (Struik 2007). Internal plant processes may also vary in their temperature response. Rates of photosynthetic assimilation of CO₂ and development in different plant parts, all contribute through a complex interplay of different temperature dependences to an overall optimum for net growth. Leaf photosynthesis in potato has an optimum of around 24°C, while total end of season biomass has an optimum at 20°C (Struik 2007). For light conditions above the Arctic Circle, longer daily photosynthetic light periods may however reduce the optimum temperature for tuber yields, compared to day-lengths with shorter photosynthetic light period (Wheeler et al. 1986). At high latitude locations limited by short-season, earliness of emergence and plant establishment are therefore key factors determining potato yield size and quality, with different accumulated thermal time strongly dependent on cultivar, pre-sprouting treatment and planting depth (Van Delden et al. 2000). Successful production at high latitudes therefore relies on pre-sprouting potatoes in light at medium temperatures (between 9–15°C) to promote earlier emergence and plant establishment (Johansen and Mølmann 2018).

With an increased availability of agrometeorological sensor suites, which can track environmental growth conditions in real-time, there is an increasing need for local-adapted growth models to be applied for common crop cultivars. This is especially important at temperate and boreal locations and at high altitudes where crops are grown close to their lower temperature limits for growth and yields. And also, at high latitudes where light conditions in summer may differ considerably with very long daily photosynthetic light periods compared to lower latitudes (Heide 1985). The linking of appropriate growth models with local agrometeorological data, may thus provide farmers with a valuable tool for making agronomic decisions at the right time for potato crops. Specifically, regarding fertilization, irrigation, use of climate-enhancing plant cover, and pest control measures to optimize local yields (Divya et al. 2021). It is therefore important to obtain detailed knowledge on the temperature response for commonly used cultivars under relevant light conditions where the crop is grown.

The aim of the current study was to characterize the temperature responses of potato growth and development in two old Scandinavian cultivars with contrasting earliness, Mandel and Gullauge. Both cultivars are tasty and popular in Norway but have an unknown origin.

Plant material and experimental conditions

Prebasic seed tubers (P2) of Gullauge (medium late) and Mandel (late) purchased from Overhalla klonavlssenter (Overhalla, Norway) were pre-sprouted under natural light at 20–40 µmol/m²/s at 12°C for four weeks in the University phytotron Biologisk klimalaboratorium in Tromsø (at 69.7°N 18.9°E), Norway, before planting on May 18, 2020. Nine tubers were planted individually at 10 cm depth in 12 l pots, in premixed 80:20 (v/v) mixture of limed and fertilized peat and perlite (Tjerbo, Norway). The substrate layer (top 5 cm) was then added 8 g YaraMila FULLGJØDSEL 12-4-18 mikro® (YARA, Oslo, Norway) at a NPK ratio of 12-4-18. The individual pots/plants were randomly distributed to five greenhouse growth chambers under natural light, at constant temperatures (± 0.5℃): 9°C, 12°C, 15°C, 18°C and 21°C. The relative humidity in the chambers was adjusted to give a water vapor deficit of 0.5 kPa. Conditions were maintained under constant steady upward airflow through perforated floor plates of the chambers, with an exchange of 5% per hour with outside air. The photoperiod during the experimental period was 24 h natural light, with an average number of daily photosynthesis hours of about 18 hours with global radiation above 50W/m². The plants were watered daily on demand until harvest.

Observations of plant development, growth rates and yields

BBCH-development stage, as described in (Hack et al., 1993), was observed daily. The number of days until visible green germination (BBCH 09) were registered for each individual seed tuber/pot. The number of days until first visible leaf unfolded (BBCH10), first true leaf (BBCH11) was then registered when leaf length including petiole was above 4 cm, and similarly for fifth leaf (BBCH 15) and ninth leaf (BBCH19), and until the first visible flower bud above 5mm length (BBCH 55). Plant height and weekly growth rate was measured 39 days after planting (DAP). Tubers along with above ground biomass of shoots and leaves were harvested 86 DAP on August 12. Total number of tubers above 10mm per plant were counted and fresh mass of tuber yield were weighed. Then tuber yields above 30mm for Gullauge, and above 20 g for Mandel (due to almond shape) were counted and weighed (Fig. 1). The above ground biomass (stems and leaves) per plant, were dried for 48 hours in a ventilated oven at 60°C, for measurement of shoot dry matter content (DM).

Statistical analyses and regression curves

GLM analyses of variance of growth and yield data was performed using Minitab® version 21.4, with cultivar and growth temperature as fixed factors. In addition, Tukey pair-wise comparisons between all treatments were performed with α = 0.05. Optimum temperatures were estimated from the maximum response at the inflection point of quadratic regression curves (y) for development rates (1/BBCH development time), tuber yield and tuber DM content versus temperature (x):

$$\:y=\:a{x}^{2}+bx+c$$

Optimum temperatures for the responses then were calculated as:

$$\:\frac{-b}{(-2a)}$$

Effect of temperature on plant development

There was a significant positive effect of temperature (P < 0.001) giving earlier plant-emergence (BBCH 09), earlier development of leaves (BBCH 10–19) and earlier development of flower buds (BBCH 55) in both cv. Gullauge and cv. Mandel (Table 1). Emergence was consistently later at decreasing temperatures in both cultivars (Fig. 2), ranging on average (across both cultivars) with emergence from 10.7 days at 21°C, to the latest emergence after 19.1 days at 9°C. Development of the first nine leaves and flower buds were also negatively affected by temperature. The period of vegetative development to visible flower buds ranged from on average 49.5 days at 9°C to 23.2–24.6 days at the two highest temperatures 18°C and 21°C. The total developmental period across both cultivars decreased significantly from 68.6 days at 9°C, with each step up in temperature to 12°C, 15°C, 18°C and 21°C being significantly lower duration than the previous step. The highest temperature 21°C, thus had the shortest developmental period on average of 33.9 days.

Table 1

Effect of temperature and cultivar on BBCH development time (days) in potato cv. Gullauge and cv. Mandel. Nine plants per cultivar and temperature were grown in 12 l pots in phytotron greenhouse in Tromsø (n = 9). Different lower-case letters within columns indicate pair-wise significance difference (Tukey 95%).
Temperature/ cultivar	BBCH09 (days)	BBCH10 (days)	BBCH11 (days)	BBCH15 (days)	BBCH19 (days)	BBCH55 (days)
9°C Gullauge	17.4 ^b	19.9 ^b	23.3 ^b	30.3 ^b	43.1 ^b	69.2 ^a
Mandel	20.8 ^a	23.2 ^a	30.0 ^a	32.6 ^a	47.7 ^a	68.0 ^a
12°C Gullauge	13.2 ^cd	16.7 ^d	19.2 ^de	25.4 ^c	34.1 ^cd	43.3 ^c
Mandel	17.3 ^b	19.2 ^bc	21.4 ^c	26.7 ^c	35.4 ^c	47.8 ^b
15°C Gullauge	11.4 ^de	13.8 ^ef	17.9 ^e	22.6 ^d	32.0 ^de	39.9 ^d
Mandel	14.6 ^c	17.2 ^cd	19.9 ^cd	25.2 ^c	33.6 ^cd	44.0 ^c
18°C Gullauge	9.9 ^ef	12.7 ^f	14.9 ^f	19.9 ^ef	25.4 ^g	34.8 ^f
Mandel	14.0 ^c	16.0 ^de	19.1 ^de	22.0 ^d	29.9 ^ef	38.2 ^de
21°C Gullauge	8.9 ^f	12.3 ^f	15.6 ^f	19.1 ^f	25.3 ^g	31.4 ^g
Mandel	12.6 ^cd	15.4 ^de	18.0 ^e	21.6 ^de	28.7 ^f	36.4 ^ef
	p	p	P	p	p	p
Temperature	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cultivar	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
C x T	0.785	0.906	< 0.001	0.469	0.052	< 0.001

Development time in different potato cultivars

Shoots of cv. Gullauge emerged on average (across all temperatures) 3.7 days earlier from soil (P < 0.001) than Mandel. Later, there was no difference between cultivars in developmental time for new leaves in the vegetative growth period (between BBCH10-19) and the subsequent period of development to visible flower buds (between BBCH10-55). However, the total development time to flower buds (BBCH55) including emergence from soil was on average 3.2 days shorter for cv. Gullauge than cv. Mandel. This was due to significantly higher developmental rate for Gullauge than Mandel at all temperatures above 9°C (Fig. 2). The optimum temperature for BBCH55 development was estimated to be above 21°C for both cultivars, with Gullauge having slightly higher optimum at 24.0°C than Mandel at 22.6°C

Influence of temperature on growth and yields

The plant height was strongly affected by temperature with significantly longer shoot lengths at the warmer temperatures (Table 2). The plant height was slightly higher across all temperatures in Gullauge than Mandel, with the largest difference in height apparent at the lower temperatures. However, Mandel produced more shoot biomass than Gullauge at harvest 86 DAP, while the tuber number per plant and fresh mass tuber yield was higher in Gullauge than Mandel. There was no significant influence of temperature on number of emerging shoots per plant, nor any difference between cultivars in shoot number. The average number of stems per tuber across all treatments was 6.0 (± 0.179 SEM, n = 90). The number of tubers per plant was not affected by growth temperature, while yield and tuber DM percent was strongly affected by temperature. Parabolic regression curve of the DM percent per temperature, produced an estimated optimum at 16.6°C and 15.6°C for Gullauge and Mandel, respectively (Fig. 3). Similar optimums, at 14.9°C and 14.6°C, were also observed for tuber yields, although with more variable yields across temperature for Mandel at R² = 0.481 than Gullauge R² = 0.968 (data not shown). The color of the tuber skin in Gullauge was also dependent on temperature. At increasing temperatures above 9°C, there was a gradual increase in red color sections of the skin surrounding the strong red colored eyes (Fig. 4).

Table 2

Influence of temperature on growth and yields (86 DAP) in potato cultivars Gullauge (above 30mm) and Mandel (above 20g), grown in phytotron greenhouse in Tromsø from May 18 to August 12, 2020. Nine plants per cultivar and temperature were grown from seed tubers in individual 12 l pots (n = 9 for all data), except for tuber DM percentage (n = 3). GLM ANOVA, different lower-case letters indicate significant pairwise difference (Tukey 95%) within columns.
Temperature /cultivar	Plant height^* (cm)	Number of shoots (n)	Shoot DM (g)	Number of tubers (n)	Tuber FM Yield (g)	Tuber DM (%)
9°C Gullauge	35.1 ^g	6.2	27.0 ^d	10.2 ^a	323 ^bcd	22.9 ^c
Mandel	26.6 ^g	6.7	32.0 ^e	7.4 ^bc	193 ^f	22.1 ^c
12°C Gullauge	78.1 ^e	5.9	36.4 ^c	9.2 ^abc	418 ^a	26.2 ^ab
Mandel	64.2 ^f	5.6	45.6 ^ab	8.6 ^abc	277 ^cde	25.9 ^ab
15°C Gullauge	107.8 ^c	6.2	35.3 ^cd	9.8 ^ab	420 ^a	28.0 ^a
Mandel	94.3 ^d	7.0	47.8 ^a	7.4 ^bc	214 ^ef	27.0 ^ab
18°C Gullauge	135.1 ^ab	6.0	33.1 ^cd	10.3 ^a	399 ^ab	27.8 ^ab
Mandel	106.1 ^cd	5.3	42.0 ^b	7.7 ^abc	243 ^def	26.3 ^ab
21°C Gullauge	144.8 ^a	5.6	34.0 ^cd	9.2 ^abc	327 ^bc	26.5 ^ab
Mandel	123.1 ^b	5.6	37.2 ^c	6.8 ^c	188 ^f	25.6 ^b
	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value	p-value
Temp. (T)	< 0.001	0.216	< 0.001	0.464	< 0.001	< 0.001
Cultivar (C)	< 0.001	0.902	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001	0.009
C x T	0.002	0.720	< 0.001	0.381	0.225	0.778

^*Measured on June 26 (39 DAP).

The results of the current study demonstrate a strong response to temperature with increasing vegetative development time at progressively lower temperatures in both cultivars, as well as a strong influence on shoot and tuber biomass per plant in both cultivars. As previously observed in pot-experiments (Johansen and Mølmann 2017, 2018), Gullauge emerged from soil earlier than Mandel, and this difference was maintained throughout the vegetative development of leaves (BBCH10-19) and visible flower buds (BBCH55). Van Delden et al. (2020) have also reported that only a small cultivar difference in emergence thermal time, with subsequent significant difference in leaf area index between the cultivars Bintje and Eersteling. There was also a clear difference between cultivars with higher plant height and higher tuber yields in Gullauge than in Mandel. Our previous studies on these cultivars have also shown higher plant height and tuber yield for Gullauge, when grown under field conditions in Tromsø and in pot-experiments in greenhouse (Johansen and Mølmann 2017, 2018). This maybe in part be due to the earlier emergence in Gullauge compared to Mandel, and the lower development rates seen for Mandel in the current experiment. Furthermore, Gullauge produced more tubers per plant, also adding at least partly to the higher yields in Gullauge compared to Mandel.

The observed gradual increase in plant height with corresponding increases in temperature in both cultivars, was probably due to increased stem biomass as the measured total shoot DM content (including stems and leaves) seemed to plateau at the intermediate temperatures 12 and 15°C in both cultivars. This agrees with phytotron experiments with the cultivars Russet Burbank and Norland, producing a model with an apparent steady linear increase in stem weight across tested temperatures ranging from 16 to 24°C (Yandell et al. 1988). More recent studies involving microtubers and true seedlings have also demonstrated a positive response in stem elongation to elevated temperature (Kacheyo et al. 2024; Lavrynenko et al. 2016). However, in contrast to the current study, our previous field trials had no discernable difference in shoot biomass between Gullauge and Mandel at harvest in autumn, and lower tuber DM percent in Gullauge than Mandel (Johansen and Mølmann 2017, 2018). In the current study we observed higher shoot biomass and lower tuber DM percent for Mandel for Gullauge. This may be due to differences in growing conditions inside a greenhouse with solar radiation through glass and constant temperatures, as opposed to higher solar irradiance outside and fluctuating diurnal and seasonal temperatures. Light intensity and diurnal temperature difference both have a positive effect on tuber numbers and yield per plant in potato tuber seedlings (Stockem et al. 2023). In addition, in temperature regulated climate chamber there is little to no difference between soil and air temperature, as compared to field studies with often differences in soil and air temperature depending on soil humidity and the balance between solar irradiance and heat radiation from the ground or canopy. Slightly lower soil to air temperature is positive for development of dry matter content in potato tubers (Epstein 1966).

The current results agree with previous studies showing higher optimum temperatures for emergence and above-ground growth and development, than for below-ground tuber development and yields. The development rate for emergence, leaf formation and flowering indicated optimum temperatures for both Gullauge and Mandel above 21°C, the highest temperature used in the experiment. The respective estimated optimums at 24.0°C and 22.6°C are within range of reported optimums for vegetative development in controlled climate studies. The temperature optimum for sprout growth on seed tubers was between 20–22°C for early and semi-late cultivars (Klemke and Moll 1990). The optimum temperature for subsequent leaf appearance rate, similar to our observed data for BBCH11 to BBCH19, have been modeled to be 27.2°C for Kennebec cultivar (Fleisher et al. 2006). Tuber DM percentage may be used as an indicator of tuber development/maturity, and the estimated optimum for tuber DM percent at 16.6°C for Gullauge and 15.6°C for Mandel are close in range of results from previous phytotron studies. The cultivars Russet Burbank and Norland have been modeled with optimums of 17.5 and 18.7 respectively (Yandell et al. 1988). However, since vegetative development was about a week earlier for our two warmest temperature treatments, it possible that tuberization started earlier for these and that temperature optimums for tuber development per se are lower than our estimates. The estimated optimums for yields are indeed lower than for DM percent, at 14.9°C and 14.6°C respectively for Gullauge and Mandel. The intensity of red pigment in parts of the skin and eyes of the cultivar Gullauge has been suggested to be a response of maturity. However, our results with increasing red areas in the skin at increasing temperatures up to 21°C and an optimum for tuber development at 16.6°C, could indicate that this is rather a response to temperature. Cultivars of red and violet skin colour do seem to develop more anthocyanins at intermediate and warm temperatures (Bethke & Jansky, 2021; Chen et al. 2024), with slightly decreasing concentrations as the tubers swell towards maturity (Reyes et al. 2004; Šulc et al. 2017).

From a practical perspective, temperature optimums may be considered the temperature at which photosynthesis contributes 100% to the net growth of the plant or plant part in question. The current study was performed in 24 h light under Midnight Sun above the Arctic Circle, in very long daily photosynthesis periods. Interestingly, growing potato under very long daily photosynthetic light periods appears to reduce the optimum temperature for both tuber and shoot DM yield, compared to growth in short photoperiod. For example, a phytotron experiment with the cultivar Norland had highest yields at temperatures 4 degrees lower in 24 h photoperiod, than in 12 h photoperiod (Wheeler et al. 1986). Similarly, another study with cv. Spunta and Désirée also displayed highest shoot yields in treatments four degrees lower at 18 h compared to a short 12 h photoperiod (VanDam et al. 1996). Both these studies also appeared to have higher optimums for leaf and stem yield, compared to lower optimums for tuber yields (Fleisher et al. 2006; Yandell et al. 1988). Since the mean daily photosynthetic light period in the current experiment period was measured to be around 18 h, this suggests that optimum temperatures for Gullauge and Mandel may be higher if grown in shorter photoperiod at lower latitudes or in late autumn outside the main growing season when days are shortening. Developing local-adapted growth models therefore also needs to consider the light conditions during the growth season where the model will be used.

In conclusion, we observed a strong response to temperature in both cultivars, with higher temperature optimum for above-ground shoot development than below-ground tuber development. The experimental setup with constant temperatures under steady airflow in climate-controlled growth chambers ensures the same temperature in soil and at leaf-level in shoots, enabling the separation of temperature optimums for both above- and below-ground development. Different temperature optimums for shoot and tuber development may be utilized in a combined growth model, considering both emergence and shoot growth, and below- ground tuber growth and development. This of course needs to be further explored under variable climatic conditions outside in production fields to adjust for the relative importance or timing of model parameters.

The authors have no interests to declare.

Acknowledgements

This work was funded by the Norwegian Research Council (Grant no. 296397), Grofondet (Grant no. 190028), Sparebanken Nord-Norge (“Samfunnsløftet”) and the county Troms and Finnmark Fylkeskommune, Norway.

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Influence of growth temperature on development and yields in a medium late and late Scandinavian cultivar of potato

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Materials and methods

Plant material and experimental conditions

Observations of plant development, growth rates and yields

Statistical analyses and regression curves

Results

Effect of temperature on plant development

Development time in different potato cultivars

Influence of temperature on growth and yields

Discussion

Declarations

Acknowledgements

References

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