Saguna Rice Technology Adoption in Maharashtra: Benefits, Challenges, and Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5298422/v1

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Saguna Rice Technology Adoption in Maharashtra: Benefits, Challenges, and Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5298422/v1

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This study investigates the adoption of Saguna Rice Technology (SRT) by 27 farmers across Maharashtra, India. This research highlights the challenges and potential benefits of SRT, with a focus on the technical, economic, and institutional factors influencing adoption. Utilizing purposive and snowball sampling, data were collected through five-minute telephone interviews and face-to-face discussions. Thematic analysis using NVivo software revealed that while SRT offers economic benefits such as a 30–40% reduction in production costs and improved soil fertility, challenges such as weed management and the need for specialized equipment hinder widespread adoption. Farmers suggest solutions, including the timely use of herbicides, enhanced availability of SRT-specific tools, and targeted training for effective implementation. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable agricultural practices in Maharashtra.

Agronomy

Saguna Rice Technology

Climate Smart Agriculture

Barriers

Enablers

Technology Adoption Model

Rice, a vital staple food, faces significant challenges in India owing to climate change. Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall patterns, and extreme weather events threaten crop yield and food security. Climate smart agriculture (CSA) has emerged as a critical response.

CSA promotes both productive and environmentally sustainable agricultural practices (Mwongera et al. 2017). It aims to increase resilience to climate change by reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and adapting farming methods(Zheng, Ma, and He 2024). By adopting CSA techniques, India can ensure long-term food security and protect its agricultural resources.

Saguna Rice Technology (SRT) is an innovative approach to rice cultivation that aligns with the principles of CSA (Kumar et al. 2023). Developed in Maharashtra, India, the SRT promises economic and environmental benefits. SRTs have been observed to reduce production costs, improve soil fertility, conserve resources, and increase yields (Carnevale Zampaolo et al. 2023). However, the widespread introduction of new technologies often faces challenges. This study examined the enablers and barriers that influence the adoption of SRT among farmers in Maharashtra.

The primary research question guiding this study is: What are the key enablers and barriers to the adoption of Saguna Rice Technology (SRT) among farmers in Maharashtra? Based on this, the study hypothesizes that:

The perceived economic benefits of SRT will positively influence its adoption.

Challenges such as weed management and the need for specialized equipment will negatively impact its adoption.

SRT represents a significant innovation in rice cultivation, offering potential improvements in yield and resource efficiency. Despite the limited sample size, this study provides valuable insights into the adoption dynamics of SRT and contributes to the broader understanding of agricultural technology dissemination. The study employs a qualitative analytical approach, using thematic analysis to explore the factors influencing SRT adoption as identified by the farmers. By understanding these factors, policymakers and agricultural actors can develop targeted interventions and support mechanisms to promote the use of SRT. Ultimately, this can contribute to more sustainable and resilient rice-farming practices in Maharashtra and beyond.

Theory:

Saguna Rice Technology (SRT) is a groundbreaking innovation in rice cultivation developed in Saguna Baug in Maharashtra, India. This zero-tail method of Conservation Agriculture (CA) eliminates the need for plowing, pudding and transplanting and offers a labor-efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. SRT's permanent raised beds ensure optimal oxygen and moisture levels in the root zone, contributing to economic benefits such as reducing production costs.

Beyond cost savings, SRT promote environmental sustainability by improving soil fertility, preventing soil cracking, and reducing carbon emissions(Carnevale Zampaolo et al. 2023). Additionally, the adaptability of this method allows for diverse crop rotations and earlier harvests, providing farmers with flexibility and higher yields. With a focus on simplicity and adherence to natural principles, SRT has proven to be a transformative approach to climate-resilient rice farming.

Adoption of Technology:

The adoption of a technology and practice depends not only on the technology itself, but also on many aspects, such as the socio-economic and behavioral aspects of the user(Tey and Brindal 2012). In addition, it also depends on the strategy applied at the organizational level and the consideration of all assumptions, steps, and risks for successful implementation(Montes de Oca Munguia, Pannell, and Llewellyn 2021; Ruzzante, Labarta, and Bilton 2021). It is clear from many studies that an integrated approach that takes into account these many aspects of planning through to the results phase and beyond is critical for replication.

The Technology Adoption Model (TAM) is a popular method for measuring barriers or enablers to the adoption of technology or packages of pratices in agriculture(Sultan et al. 2023; Taheri et al. 2022). Many other theories have described the adoption of technology. Here, we use the Technology Adoption Model (TAM), which considers the following components in Fig. 1.

Although there are many benefits of SRT, the barriers to the adoption of this method need to be examined and the assessment of the same will be useful for development practitioners, researchers, bureaucracy, as well as NGOs carrying out local economic development work.

This study followed an inductive qualitative approach. The study targeted a specific group of farmers who have been practicing SRT for at least one year. To ensure inclusion of farmers from different regions (eastern and western Maharashtra), purposive sampling method was used followed by snowball sampling to reach additional participants. Although the sample size is small, it provides a targeted insight into the experiences of SRT users, which is appropriate for the inductive, qualitative approach used in this study. All participants gave informed verbal consent to participate in the study. Farmers were uncomfortable giving written consent and the recording of responses is available. Because no personal data were collected, ethical approval was not required for the study. Data was collected from 27 farmers using Saguna rice technology in the state of Maharashtra. Data was collected from 27 farmers using Saguna rice technology in the state of Maharashtra. Since SRT is new for farmers in Maharashtra as this method involves sowing paddy in dry soil; the number of farmers using SRT method for more than one year was less (almost around 100 farmers). While the sample size may seem limited, it was selected to provide in-depth insights into the adoption process. The small sample size allows for a detailed examination of individual experiences and challenges faced by farmers, which can inform broader strategies for technology dissemination.

An interview schedule containing eight questions was prepared and asked to each participant in the regional Marathi language. The recorded interviews were transcribed into transcript files in Marathi and English. The transcribed files were then coded and classified according to thematic analysis strategies. We used NVivo as a CAQDAS to encode and organize text data. We have already identified some preconceived general themes and, taking these and the research objectives into account, the text in the transcripts has been coded and classified accordingly.

Of the 27 farmers surveyed, 18 had fully implemented SRT, while the remaining nine were in various stages of testing or partial implementation. These adoption rates were primarily influenced by perceived economic benefits and challenges faced, such as: Weed control and Equipment availability. Discussion of perceived usefulness, ease of use, and barriers provides context for these levels of adoption.

Theme 1: Perceived Usefulness

The farmers we interviewed provided several examples of how useful the SRT method was for them. There are several reasons for its usefulness. One of the most important advantages of SRT farming is its cost-effectiveness. There are several reasons for this economic aspect of technology. According to the farmers we interviewed, SRT improves soil fertility, requires fewer seeds than traditional farming methods, and makes plants less susceptible to disease. These advantages indirectly save a significant amount of money. Even the developer of the SRT method has stated that this method could reduce production costs by 30–40% by eliminating certain labor-intensive procedures, such as plowing, transplanting, pudding, and hoeing (Lal et al. 2016).

Another significant advantage that surfaced during the interviews was increased soil fertility and soil biodiversity. The increase in soil fertility was attributed to several factors associated with this method. For instance, after the harvest of the first crop, the crop residue is allowed to decay in the soil itself, which increases the amount of organic carbon, microorganisms, and other soil fauna, such as earthworms in the soil (Zahorec et al. 2022). The method requires less seed than traditional methods, and the crops are less prone to diseases, according to farmers. This study is in line with Jadhav and others (Jadhav et al. 2021) due to the lower cost expenditure, which could be due to several reasons such as less requirement of seeds, low expenditure on pesticides/insecticides, and benefits such as higher yield and increased fertility, which contribute to the increased revenue and make SRT an affordable method to adopt by farmers. Some studies have reported that SRT promotes higher yields and bumper harvests (FAO TECA 2021).

Other advantages of SRT that contribute to higher income for the farmers we surveyed include that this method requires less effort and fewer workers. SRT saves approximately 50% of labor, especially in rice cultivation, by bypassing the transplanting process that involves going knee-deep in mud (Bhadsavle 2019; FAO TECA 2021). The transplanting operation, which takes usually 8–10 days is reduced to 2 days owing to SRT. As a smaller number of laborers are typically required with minimal effort, farmers spend less on wages and thus add to revenue. However, not all farmers experienced benefits; a few farmers reported below-average crop yields.

Theme 2: Perceived Ease of Use

The farmers we interviewed found that the SRT method is not only useful, but also easy to use. All respondents expressed the same views on usability. This ease of use can be attributed to several factors. The Saguna rice technique does not require hoeing, plowing, pudding, or transplanting, which saves approximately 50 percent of labor (Bhadsavle 2019). In other words, it is not a labor-intensive method. This method prepares the crop approximately 10 days ahead of time and is also appropriate for organic farming (Bhadsavle 2019). Moreover, it also requires that all roots and tiny sections of stems be left on the field after harvest to slowly decompose so that farmers do not have to put the effort in removing them, and consequently, the debris of plants and trees provides nutrients for the following crop(Bhadsavle 2019).

Theme 3: Barriers

One of the biggest problems with SRT, according to the farmers we interviewed (about half of them), is that this technique produces a fair amount of waste compared to traditional farming methods. The likely cause of this waste generation could be the increase in weeds in seedbeds, as reported by about a third of the farmers we surveyed. To combat the increased growth of weeds, SRT requires herbicides and/or herbicides to eliminate these weeds, according to farmers we interacted with. The need for herbicides for weed control has also been mentioned in the reports of the Department of Agriculture, Government of Maharashtra, based on feedback from the Satara District of Maharashtra State (RKVY).

To worsen the situation in tribal areas such as Gadchiroli, the lack of availability of weed control products among farmers is also a problem. With the SRT method, some farmers have experienced difficulties in seedbed formation, and specialized equipment is required for the seedbed formation steps in SRT cultivation. However, owing to financial and other problems, farmers do not have the equipment to use this new method. This method not only requires the use of special equipment but also requires some skills and knowledge to properly follow the steps included in the SRT cultivation technique. Some of the farmers interviewed also reported stunted rice growth and lower yields. However, on the positive side, about a fifth of the farmers we surveyed had no major difficulties or problems with the SRT method.

Theme 4: Solutions

While we interviewed farmers who practiced the SRT farming method, they also suggested some points based on their experiences with the method gained over time. These suggestions could be hit and trial tactics that they use over a long period while encountering problems during cultivation (which may be widespread or general in nature in that particular area). The analysis produced overarching recommendations. However, weeds are one of the main problems associated with the SRT method. Approximately half of the participants (farmers) supported the use of an effective weed killer. In this sense, a third of the farmers also recommended the timely use of weedkillers to prevent weed growth.

Another important suggestion from farmers was the availability of SRT equipment. Because the SRT method uses special equipment and tools, the availability of these tools in the market should be possible without any problems. In addition, because SRT requires special equipment, it also requires the use of specialists who can competently use this equipment. Although the majority of the farmers we interviewed suggested a range of solutions, some of them found little difficulty and therefore did not make any recommendations. Farmers have recommended the use of (organic) fertilizers. Seedbed formation without proper formation is an important step in SRTs. Farmers would not be able to utilize the full potential of this method; hence, proper seedbed formation, as well as the knowledge, skills, and abilities required for this method should be in place. Very few insisted on proper drainage, tiller use, and water use during sowing.

Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture

These are some important routes to sustainable agriculture in the context of this study on the adoption of Saguna Rice Technology (SRT):

Promotion of Climate-Smart Practices

SRT reduces greenhouse gas emissions, enhances soil health, and adjusts to low water availability, all of which are fundamental components of climate-smart agriculture (CSA). SRT and related CSA methods can be widely used to greatly advance the objectives of sustainable agriculture. the physical-chemical characteristics of the soil affect the composition of the carbon fraction, nitrogen fraction, and soil carbon stock. (Pambayun, Purwanto, and Utami 2023). There is a continuing lack of awareness among farmers despite new trends connecting climate-smart agricultural practices to carbon credits (markets)(Lee et al. 2016). A professional connection to the carbon market and agricultural extension could address this issue. (Gemtou et al. 2024; Osumba, Recha, and Oroma 2021).

Economic Viability for Farmers

Long-term adoption of SRT depends critically on its economic advantages, which include lower production costs and possibly higher yields. Cost- and resource-efficient CSA methods that enhance farmer livelihoods ought to be given top priority in research and development projects (Angom and Viswanathan 2023).

Technological Innovation

The seedbed is prepared by SRT using specialized equipment. Its current limitations can be addressed and broader adoption encouraged by further technological advancements in addition to guaranteeing its affordability and accessibility. A response to climate change involves the management of tillage and the adoption of high-yielding, drought-resistant, short-lived cultivars (Viandari et al. 2022).

Weed Management Strategies

One of the main issues with SRT is weed growth. For SRT to be implemented successfully, efficient weed control strategies must be developed. These strategies should investigate organic herbicides and encourage prompt weed removal techniques. A comprehensive strategy is essential for controlling weeds. When combined with integrated pest management (IPM), the application of pre- and post-emergence herbicides can lessen the competition caused by weed growth (Rao et al. 2017).

Knowledge Sharing and Capacity Building

Farmers must be equipped with the right knowledge and abilities for SRT to succeed. To encourage best practices and speed up the adoption of SRT, extension programs, training sessions, and farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing can be extremely helpful (Nettle et al. 2022; Zossou et al. 2020). One approach to achieve sustainable agriculture is through community involvement in the building of climate resilience (Rozaki et al. 2023).

Policy and Market Support

A favourable environment for the broad use of SRT and related sustainable agricultural technologies can be created by government regulations that reward CSA practices and market mechanisms that compensate farmers for sustainable production. Effective governance and operationalization are required to transfer the benefits of CSA. Merely social inclusion and preservation of traditions and livelihood characteristics will not favor the large-scale adoption of CSA(Karlsson et al. 2018). Lastly, the government's financial assistance, subsidies, and a reduction in red tape are all essential for encouraging the adoption of CSA (Gemtou et al. 2024).

This study highlights the dual role of SRT in advancing both economic viability and environmental sustainability in rice farming. However, for broader adoption, addressing barriers such as weed management and equipment availability is crucial. The findings suggest that targeted interventions by policymakers and agricultural stakeholders can significantly enhance the adoption of SRT, contributing to more sustainable agricultural practices in Maharashtra and beyond.

These results highlight the economic benefits of SRT and emphasize reduced production costs, improved soil fertility, and reduced resource consumption. The potential of this method to save labor and increase yields is widely recognized and is in line with the discourse on sustainable and cost-effective agricultural practices. However, the study highlights challenges such as waste generation, weed growth, and the need for specialized equipment that stand in the way of widespread adoption of SRT. The enablers and barriers identified provide valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders.

Recommendations from farmers, including the need for an effective weed control agent, timely interventions, and improved access to SRT equipment, provide practical solutions to improve the feasibility of this method. Essentially, this research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on climate-smart agriculture and provides a nuanced understanding of the factors influencing the adoption of innovative practices, such as SRT. The findings of this study can serve as a basis for targeted interventions, policies, and support mechanisms to promote sustainable and resilient rice-farming practices in Maharashtra and beyond.

Acknowlegdement :

We acknowledge Mr. Swapnil Dable ([email protected]) for support in data collection in tribal areas of Maharashtra. We are thankful of all farmer respondents who participated in this study and given their consent for data collection and publication. Lastly, we thank reviewer of this manuscript who are making this manuscript a better one.

Funding Acknowlegdement :

No funding was received for this study. Expenses for field visits for the survey are incurred by the authors.

Declaration :

All authors don’t have any competing interest about this submission.

Author Contribution :

Dr. Rahul Wadghane contributed in conception and design, data collection, writing, revision, literature,etc

Data Availability Statement :

Dataset with this manuscript contains the data that was gathered from farmers who cultivated rice using the SRT method and is available at https://figshare.com/s/ce1e71880114c5dde514

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Saguna Rice Technology Adoption in Maharashtra: Benefits, Challenges, and Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture

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Abstract

Figures

Introduction

Theory:

Method

Result and Discussions

Theme 1: Perceived Usefulness

Theme 2: Perceived Ease of Use

Theme 3: Barriers

Theme 4: Solutions

Pathways to Sustainable Agriculture

Conclusion

Declarations

Acknowlegdement :

Declaration :

Author Contribution :

Data Availability Statement :

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

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