Table 1. Baseline characteristics of 37080 patients with cardiovascular disease in UK Biobank
Characteristics
|
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L
|
<25.0 nmol/L (n=5772)
|
25.0–49.9 nmol/L (n=15559)
|
50.0–74.9 nmol/L (n=11451)
|
≥75.0 nmol/L (n=4298)
|
Age, mean (SD), years
|
59.8 (7.0)
|
61.2 (6.4)
|
62.1 (6.0)
|
62.2 (6.0)
|
Male, n (%)
|
3604 (62.4)
|
10102 (64.9)
|
7754 (67.7)
|
2952 (68.7)
|
Socioeconomic status, median (IQR)
|
0.2 (–2.6 to 3.3)
|
–1.4 (–3.3 to 1.8)
|
–2.2 (–3.7 to 0.4)
|
–2.4 (–3.7 to –0.1)
|
Education, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
College or university
|
1244 (21.6)
|
3569 (22.9)
|
2513 (21.9)
|
934 (21.7)
|
Vocational qualification
|
750 (13.0)
|
2233 (14.4)
|
1717 (15.0)
|
628 (14.6)
|
Upper secondary
|
527 (9.1)
|
1316 (8.5)
|
982 (8.6)
|
350 (8.1)
|
Lower secondary
|
1238 (21.4)
|
3445 (22.1)
|
2585 (22.6)
|
1039 (24.2)
|
Others
|
1880 (32.6)
|
4718 (30.3)
|
3463 (30.2)
|
1272 (29.6)
|
Unknown
|
133 (2.3)
|
278 (1.8)
|
191 (1.7)
|
75 (1.7)
|
Ethnicity, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
White
|
4945 (85.7)
|
14677 (94.3)
|
11179 (97.6)
|
4247 (98.8)
|
Mixed
|
47 (0.8)
|
78 (0.5)
|
24 (0.2)
|
7 (0.2)
|
Asian
|
464 (8.0)
|
323 (2.1)
|
79 (0.7)
|
16 (0.4)
|
Black
|
154 (2.7)
|
240 (1.5)
|
66 (0.6)
|
12 (0.3)
|
Chinese
|
19 (0.3)
|
26 (0.2)
|
10 (0.1)
|
0 (0.0)
|
Others
|
97 (1.7)
|
131 (0.8)
|
45 (0.4)
|
5 (0.1)
|
Unknown
|
46 (0.8)
|
84 (0.5)
|
48 (0.4)
|
11 (0.3)
|
Household income, £
|
|
|
|
|
<18,000
|
2295 (39.8)
|
5052 (32.5)
|
3446 (30.1)
|
1232 (28.7)
|
18,000–30,999
|
1089 (18.9)
|
3533 (22.7)
|
2767 (24.2)
|
1061 (24.7)
|
31,000–51,999
|
725 (12.6)
|
2366 (15.2)
|
1960 (17.1)
|
744 (17.3)
|
52,000–100,000
|
434 (7.5)
|
1417 (9.1)
|
1054 (9.2)
|
419 (9.7)
|
>100,000
|
89 (1.5)
|
357 (2.3)
|
273 (2.4)
|
131 (3.0)
|
Unknown
|
1140 (19.8)
|
2834 (18.2)
|
1951 (17.0)
|
711 (16.5)
|
Smoking status, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Never smoker
|
2119 (36.7)
|
6342 (40.8)
|
4843 (42.3)
|
1796 (41.8)
|
Former smoker
|
2356 (40.8)
|
7168 (46.1)
|
5564 (48.6)
|
2154 (50.1)
|
Current smoker
|
1237 (21.4)
|
1949 (12.5)
|
935 (8.2)
|
312 (7.3)
|
Unknown
|
60 (1.0)
|
100 (0.6)
|
109 (1.0)
|
36 (0.8)
|
Alcohol consumption, n (%)
|
3297 (57.1)
|
10643 (68.4)
|
8497 (74.2)
|
3340 (77.7)
|
Alcohol consumption among drinkers, g/day
|
8.0 (0 to 23.1)
|
10.2 (2.2 to 22.4)
|
11.9 (3.6 to 23.0)
|
13.0 (5.1 to 25.5)
|
Adherance to a healthy diet*, n (%)
|
759 (13.1)
|
2450 (15.7)
|
2099 (18.3)
|
862 (20.1)
|
Physical activity, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Inactive group
|
1619 (28.0)
|
3360 (21.6)
|
1850 (16.2)
|
640 (14.9)
|
Insufficient group
|
1617 (28.0)
|
4136 (26.6)
|
2876 (25.1)
|
960 (22.3)
|
Active group
|
1902 (33.0)
|
6739 (43.3)
|
5935 (51.8)
|
2457 (57.2)
|
Unknown
|
634 (11.0)
|
1324 (8.5)
|
790 (6.9)
|
241 (5.6)
|
Dietary supplement use, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
Vitamin D supplements
|
104 (1.8)
|
434 (2.8)
|
517 (4.5)
|
261 (6.1)
|
Multivitamin supplements
|
489 (8.5)
|
2262 (14.5)
|
2508 (21.9)
|
1049 (24.4)
|
Mineral supplements
|
472 (8.2)
|
1407 (9.0)
|
1477 (12.9)
|
711 (16.5)
|
Fish oil
|
926 (16.0)
|
4302 (27.6)
|
4701 (41.1)
|
1935 (45.0)
|
Glucosamine
|
470 (8.1)
|
2065 (13.3)
|
2250 (19.6)
|
889 (20.7)
|
BMI, mean (SD), kg/m2
|
30.4 (6.2)
|
29.6 (5.2)
|
28.5 (4.5)
|
27.4 (4.0)
|
Antihypertensive medication, n (%)
|
3638 (63.0)
|
9522 (61.2)
|
6767 (59.1)
|
2517 (58.6)
|
Cholesterol lowering medication, n (%)
|
4173 (72.3)
|
11084 (71.2)
|
8162 (71.3)
|
3217 (74.8)
|
Diabetes medication use, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
None
|
4746 (82.2)
|
13592 (87.4)
|
10480 (91.5)
|
4001 (93.1)
|
Only oral medication
|
668 (11.6)
|
1298 (8.3)
|
687 (6.0)
|
191 (4.4)
|
Only insulin
|
154 (2.7)
|
285 (1.8)
|
124 (1.1)
|
59 (1.4)
|
Insulin and oral medication
|
204 (3.5)
|
384 (2.5)
|
160 (1.4)
|
47 (1.1)
|
Hypertension, n (%)
|
4823 (83.6)
|
12737 (81.9)
|
9093 (79.4)
|
3397 (79.0)
|
Diabetes, n (%)
|
1507 (26.1)
|
2981 (19.2)
|
1561 (13.6)
|
471 (11.0)
|
Cancer, n (%)
|
733 (12.7)
|
2024 (13.0)
|
1579 (13.8)
|
633 (14.7)
|
Duration of CVD, years, n (%)
|
|
|
|
|
<1
|
613 (10.6)
|
1879 (12.1)
|
1459 (12.7)
|
528 (12.3)
|
1–4.9
|
1699 (29.4)
|
4735 (30.4)
|
3593 (31.4)
|
1377 (32.0)
|
5–9.9
|
1583 (27.4)
|
4245 (27.3)
|
3075 (26.9)
|
1156 (26.9)
|
≥10
|
1877 (32.5)
|
4700 (30.2)
|
3324 (29.0)
|
1237 (28.8)
|
Data were expressed as the mean (SD), median (IQR) or n (%).
*Adherance to a healthy diet was defined as participants who had at least 5 score of healthy diet components.
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation); CVD, cardiovascular disease; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation.
Table 2. Adjusted means of cardiometabolic markers according to serum 25(OH)D concentrations
Characteristics
|
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L
|
Ptrend
|
<25.0 nmol/L (n=5772)
|
25.0–49.9 nmol/L (n=15559)
|
50.0–74.9 nmol/L (n=11451)
|
≥75.0 nmol/L (n=4298)
|
Triglycerides, mg/dL
|
185.6 (183.2, 187.9)
|
171.4 (170.0, 172.8)
|
159.2 (157.6, 160.9)
|
138.7 (136.1, 141.4)
|
<.001
|
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
|
181.0 (180.2, 181.9)
|
176.4 (175.9, 176.9)
|
173.5 (172.9, 174.1)
|
166.5 (165.5, 167.5)
|
<.001
|
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL
|
47.1 (46.8, 47.4)
|
46.5 (46.4, 46.7)
|
46.8 (46.6, 47.0)
|
46.9 (46.5, 47.2)
|
.75
|
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, mg/dL
|
109.9 (109.2, 110.5)
|
107.3 (106.9, 107.7)
|
105.3 (104.9, 105.8)
|
100.2 (99.5, 101.0)
|
<.001
|
Lipoprotein(a), nmol/L
|
47.9 (46.3, 49.5)
|
48.9 (47.9, 49.8)
|
47.3 (46.2, 48.3)
|
46.4 (44.6, 48.2)
|
.046
|
Apolipoprotein-A, g/L
|
1.45 (1.44, 1.46)
|
1.44 (1.43, 1.44)
|
1.44 (1.44, 1.44)
|
1.43 (1.42, 1.43)
|
<.001
|
Apolipoprotein-B, g/L
|
0.92 (0.91, 0.92)
|
0.90 (0.89, 0.90)
|
0.88 (0.88, 0.89)
|
0.84 (0.84, 0.85)
|
<.001
|
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
139.6 (139.1, 140.0)
|
138.9 (138.7, 139.2)
|
138.6 (138.3, 138.9)
|
137.7 (137.2, 138.2)
|
<.001
|
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
|
80.9 (80.7, 81.2)
|
80.3 (80.1, 80.5)
|
80.3 (80.1, 80.4)
|
79.7 (79.4, 80.0)
|
<.001
|
HbA1c, mmol/mol
|
40.0 (39.8, 40.2)
|
39.5 (39.4, 39.6)
|
39.2 (39.1, 39.4)
|
39.0 (38.8, 39.2)
|
<.001
|
C-reactive protein, mg/L
|
3.5 (3.4, 3.7)
|
3.2 (3.1, 3.2)
|
3.1 (3.0, 3.2)
|
3.2 (3.0, 3.3)
|
<.001
|
eGFRcr-cys, ml min-1 per 1.73 m2
|
81.9 (81.6, 82.3)
|
82.0 (81.8, 82.2)
|
82.0 (81.7, 82.2)
|
81.2 (80.8, 81.6)
|
.030
|
Data were expressed as the adjusted mean (95% CI) and adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown), education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18000, 18000–30999, 31000–51999, 52000–100000, >100000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years).
Abbreviations: eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation); HbA1C, glycated hemoglobinA1c.
Table 3. Associations of serum 25(OH)D concentrations with all-cause and cause-specific mortality
|
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L
|
Per 10 nmol/L increment in 25(OH)D
|
|
<25.0 nmol/L (n=5772)
|
25.0–49.9 nmol/L (n=15559)
|
50.0–74.9 nmol/L (n=11451)
|
≥75.0 nmol/L (n=4298)
|
Patients with 25(OH)D <50.0 nmol/L (n=21331)
|
Patients with 25(OH)D ≥50.0 nmol/L (n=15749)
|
All-cause mortality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year (cases)
|
17.81 (871)
|
12.5 (1681)
|
9.99 (996)
|
9.96 (372)
|
13.92 (2552)
|
9.98 (1368)
|
Model 1
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.62 (0.57, 0.67)
|
0.46 (0.42, 0.50)
|
0.45 (0.40, 0.51)
|
0.78 (0.75, 0.81)
|
0.98 (0.95, 1.02)
|
Model 2
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.76 (0.70, 0.83)
|
0.64 (0.58, 0.70)
|
0.64 (0.57, 0.73)
|
0.87 (0.83, 0.90)
|
0.99 (0.96, 1.03)
|
Model 3
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.80 (0.74, 0.87)
|
0.69 (0.63, 0.76)
|
0.69 (0.61, 0.78)
|
0.89 (0.85, 0.92)
|
0.99 (0.95, 1.02)
|
Cardiovascular disease mortality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year (cases)
|
6.67 (326)
|
4.51 (606)
|
3.56 (355)
|
3.32 (124)
|
5.08 (932)
|
3.49 (479)
|
Model 1
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.60 (0.52, 0.69)
|
0.44 (0.37, 0.51)
|
0.40 (0.33, 0.50)
|
0.78 (0.74, 0.84)
|
0.95 (0.89, 1.01)
|
Model 2
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.74 (0.64, 0.85)
|
0.61 (0.52, 0.72)
|
0.59 (0.47, 0.73)
|
0.87 (0.82, 0.93)
|
0.96 (0.91, 1.03)
|
Model 3
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.79 (0.68, 0.90)
|
0.69 (0.59, 0.81)
|
0.65 (0.53, 0.81)
|
0.90 (0.85, 0.96)
|
0.96 (0.90, 1.02)
|
Cancer mortality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year (cases)
|
5.79 (283)
|
4.81 (647)
|
4.07 (406)
|
4.31 (161)
|
5.07 (930)
|
4.14 (567)
|
Model 1
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.71 (0.62, 0.82)
|
0.55 (0.47, 0.65)
|
0.58 (0.48, 0.70)
|
0.82 (0.77, 0.88)
|
1.01 (0.96, 1.07)
|
Model 2
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.86 (0.75, 0.996)
|
0.74 (0.63, 0.87)
|
0.78 (0.64, 0.95)
|
0.90 (0.84, 0.96)
|
1.02 (0.96, 1.07)
|
Model 3
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.89 (0.77, 1.03)
|
0.77 (0.66, 0.90)
|
0.80 (0.65, 0.98)
|
0.91 (0.85, 0.97)
|
1.01 (0.96, 1.07)
|
Respiratory
disease mortality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year (cases)
|
2.15 (105)
|
1.19 (160)
|
0.71 (71)
|
0.86 (32)
|
1.45 (265)
|
0.75 (103)
|
Model 1
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.49 (0.38, 0.63)
|
0.27 (0.20, 0.37)
|
0.32 (0.22, 0.48)
|
0.69 (0.61, 0.78)
|
1.05 (0.93, 1.19)
|
Model 2
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.69 (0.53, 0.88)
|
0.44 (0.32, 0.60)
|
0.52 (0.34, 0.78)
|
0.82 (0.73, 0.93)
|
1.05 (0.93, 1.18)
|
Model 3
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.73 (0.56, 0.94)
|
0.49 (0.36, 0.67)
|
0.58 (0.38, 0.88)
|
0.85 (0.75, 0.96)
|
1.05 (0.93, 1.18)
|
Other mortality
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year (cases)
|
3.21 (157)
|
1.99 (268)
|
1.64 (164)
|
1.47 (55)
|
2.32 (425)
|
1.6 (219)
|
Model 1
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.56 (0.46, 0.69)
|
0.44 (0.35, 0.55)
|
0.39 (0.29, 0.53)
|
0.74 (0.67, 0.81)
|
0.94 (0.86, 1.04)
|
Model 2
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.69 (0.57, 0.85)
|
0.61 (0.48, 0.77)
|
0.57 (0.42, 0.79)
|
0.82 (0.75, 0.90)
|
0.95 (0.86, 1.04)
|
Model 3
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.73 (0.60, 0.90)
|
0.69 (0.54, 0.87)
|
0.64 (0.46, 0.88)
|
0.85 (0.77, 0.93)
|
0.94 (0.86, 1.03)
|
Model 1: adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), and ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown)
Model 2: adjusted for model 1 plus education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18000, 18000–30999, 31000–51999, 52000–100000, >100000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), and BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2).
Model 3: adjusted for model 2 plus eGFRcr-cys (<30.0, 30.0–60.0, 60.0–90.0, ≥90.0 ml min-1 per 1.73 m2), C-reactive protein (in quintiles), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation).
Table 4. Hazard ratios for all-cause and cause-specific mortality by serum 25(OH)D among patients with CVD subtypes
|
|
Serum 25(OH)D concentrations, nmol/L
|
|
Incident rate per 1000 person-year
|
<25.0 nmol/L
|
25.0–49.9 nmol/L
|
50.0–74.9 nmol/L
|
≥75.0 nmol/L
|
Coronary heart disease (n=26359)
|
|
|
|
|
|
All-cause mortality
|
12.61
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.81 (0.73, 0.89)
|
0.69 (0.62, 0.77)
|
0.72 (0.62, 0.84)
|
CVD mortality
|
4.80
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.76 (0.65, 0.89)
|
0.67 (0.56, 0.81)
|
0.65 (0.51, 0.83)
|
Cancer mortality
|
4.62
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.94 (0.79, 1.11)
|
0.77 (0.64, 0.94)
|
0.88 (0.69, 1.12)
|
Respiratory disease mortality
|
1.19
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.72 (0.54, 0.97)
|
0.52 (0.36, 0.75)
|
0.62 (0.38, 1.01)
|
Other-cause mortality
|
2.00
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.74 (0.58, 0.95)
|
0.70 (0.53, 0.92)
|
0.68 (0.46, 0.995)
|
Atrial fibrillation (n=6914)
|
|
|
|
|
|
All-cause mortality
|
14.70
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.85 (0.70, 1.03)
|
0.75 (0.60, 0.93)
|
0.79 (0.60, 1.04)
|
CVD mortality
|
6.13
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.86 (0.64, 1.17)
|
0.82 (0.59, 1.14)
|
0.88 (0.58, 1.34)
|
Cancer mortality
|
4.84
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.81 (0.57, 1.15)
|
0.75 (0.51, 1.10)
|
0.85 (0.53, 1.34)
|
Respiratory disease mortality
|
1.22
|
1 (ref.)
|
1.02 (0.54, 1.93)
|
0.48 (0.21, 1.07)
|
0.71 (0.27, 1.85)
|
Other-cause mortality
|
2.51
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.85 (0.54, 1.33)
|
0.75 (0.46, 1.25)
|
0.53 (0.25, 1.11)
|
Heart failure (n=2133)
|
|
|
|
|
|
All-cause mortality
|
32.17
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.81 (0.65, 1.01)
|
0.72 (0.55, 0.94)
|
0.66 (0.47, 0.94)
|
CVD mortality
|
17.82
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.74 (0.55, 0.99)
|
0.76 (0.53, 1.08)
|
0.70 (0.44, 1.13)
|
Cancer mortality
|
6.59
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.81 (0.49, 1.33)
|
0.57 (0.31, 1.05)
|
0.56 (0.27, 1.17)
|
Respiratory disease mortality
|
3.29
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.67 (0.34, 1.31)
|
0.63 (0.26, 1.55)
|
0.71 (0.24, 2.11)
|
Other-cause mortality
|
4.47
|
1 (ref.)
|
1.50 (0.82, 2.73)
|
0.98 (0.45, 2.14)
|
0.74 (0.25, 2.14)
|
Stroke (n=8059)
|
|
|
|
|
|
All-cause mortality
|
13.64
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.77 (0.65, 0.90)
|
0.65 (0.54, 0.79)
|
0.55 (0.41, 0.72)
|
CVD mortality
|
4.37
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.80 (0.60, 1.07)
|
0.64 (0.45, 0.91)
|
0.36 (0.21, 0.64)
|
Cancer mortality
|
5.38
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.89 (0.68, 1.17)
|
0.79 (0.58, 1.09)
|
0.66 (0.43, 1.02)
|
Respiratory disease mortality
|
1.38
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.58 (0.35, 0.95)
|
0.47 (0.26, 0.88)
|
0.58 (0.27, 1.22)
|
Other-cause mortality
|
2.51
|
1 (ref.)
|
0.64 (0.44, 0.94)
|
0.57 (0.36, 0.89)
|
0.65 (0.36, 1.16)
|
Data are presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) and adjusted for age (continuous), sex (male, female), ethnicity (White, mixed, Asian, Black, Chinese, others, or unknown), education (college or university, vocational qualification, upper secondary, lower secondary, others, or unknown), Townsend deprivation index (in quintiles), household income (<18000, 18000–30999, 31000–51999, 52000–100000, >100000 £, or unknown), smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, current smoker, or unknown), alcohol consumption (0, 0.1–4.9, 5.0–14.9, 15.0–19.9, 20.0–29.9, ≥30.0 g/day, or unknown), physical activity (inactive group, insufficient group, active group, or unknown), healthy diet score (in quintiles), BMI (<18.5, 18.5–22.9, 23.0–24.9, 25.0–29.9, 30.0–34.9, or ≥35.0 kg/m2), eGFRcr-cys (<30.0, 30.0–60.0, 60.0–90.0, ≥90.0 ml min-1 per 1.73 m2), C-reactive protein (in quintiles), antihypertensive medication use (yes, no), cholesterol lowering medication use (yes, no), diabetes medication use (none, only oral medication, only insulin, or insulin and oral medication), history of cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and duration of CVD (<1.0, 1.0–4.9, 5.0–9.9, or ≥10.0 years).
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; eGFRcr-cys, estimated glomerular filtration rate (creatinine–cystatin C equation).