Effects of resistance training and high-intensity interval training on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in men with NAFLD

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5324029/v1

Download PDF

Research Article

Effects of resistance training and high-intensity interval training on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in men with NAFLD

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5324029/v1

This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License

You are reading this latest preprint version

Introduction

: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 12 weeks of combined training on biomarkers of liver damage in men with NAFLD.

Methods

Twenty men (38.50 ± 5.52 years, 93.70 ± 11.32 kg) with NAFLD were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group included combined resistance training (RT) with an intensity of 60–75% of the 1RM, high-intensity interval training (HIIT) with an intensity of 84% of the maximum heart rate, and the control group did not receive any intervention. The exercise program included 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week (2 sessions of resistance training, 1 session of HIIT training) and 40–60 minutes in each session. Blood biochemical factors, including omentin-1 and fetuin-B, and liver enzymes, including ALT, AST, ALP, lipid profile (triglyceride, cholesterol, LDL, and HDL), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), waist‒hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage (BFR), were measured before and after the protocol. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used, with pretest values used as covariate variables.

Results

Serum levels of omentin-1 increased significantly, and significant increases in liver enzyme levels, lipid profiles, weight, BMI, WHR, BFR, and Vo2max were observed.

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that 12 weeks of combined training led to improvements in the lipid profile and liver enzyme levels, which can have a positive effect on NAFLD.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

Combined Exercise

Omentin-1

Fetuin-B

Liver Enzymes

Lipid Profile

Although some reports indicate an inverse relationship between a healthy lifestyle and mortality (1, 2), many people worldwide do not regularly perform sports programs. In addition, in recent decades, the prevalence of obesity has rapidly increased worldwide, which has made this issue a real problem worldwide (2, 3).

Obesity is defined as an excessive accumulation of fat in the body and is associated with human health and health problems such as cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders such as diabetes, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver disease, and especially nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (2). NAFLD is the most common liver disorder in industrialized societies (4), so its prevalence in European and Middle Eastern people ranges from 15–35% (5). This disease is one of the most important causes of death caused by liver diseases (6) and increases the risk of diseases such as chronic liver diseases, liver cancers, and cardiovascular diseases (4), which parallels the increase in the prevalence of obesity, and the incidence of NAFLD has also increased (5). Therefore, exercise and weight loss are key factors in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD (7, 8). Exercise programs not only lead to an increase in energy consumption and weight loss (9, 10) but also cause an increase in fat metabolism and a decrease in blood fat content, followed by a decrease in liver fat content (6, 11) and an increase in muscle volume and strength, resulting in an increase in metabolism (12, 13) and more muscles, as well as a reduction in depression and psychological problems (8, 14, 15). Therefore, exercise is the basis of NAFLD control and management (7). However, there are two types of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and resistance exercise programs, and many studies have investigated the effects of both of these exercise programs on improving the health status of people with NAFLD (7, 16, 17). However, each of these sports programs has unique features. HIIT programs are low-cost, inexpensive, and non-pharmacological interventions; these sports are easily accessible to most people and ordinary communities, and one of their special features is increased energy consumption during a sporting session (7, 18). These exercises also reduce body weight and other parameters related to NAFLD, such as blood fat, resting blood pressure, and blood cholesterol levels (19). On the other hand, HIIT programs make people tired and uncomfortable, which reduces the possibility of doing and continuing these exercise programs in the long term (7, 18, 20), and performing these exercise programs also requires high cardiovascular fitness. Therefore, it is less possible to do this for a person whose NAFLD has also led to cardiovascular diseases (21). Resistance training (RT) programs include any physical activity in which muscles contract and resist against an external resistance (weight, rubber band, spring, etc.); such exercise programs increase muscle strength and volume, improve bone density (22), increase energy consumption and decrease resting blood pressure and body fat (7). Additionally, one of the characteristics of these exercise programs is the improvement of metabolic parameters with less energy consumption (23). Therefore, these exercise programs can be more suitable for a group of people with NAFLD who have problems or low cardiorespiratory fitness or who are unable to participate in or tolerate exercise programs due to excess weight (24). However, RT programs may be less available to people because of the need for specialized and special equipment and devices as well as specific methods of implementation (13).

Thus, in this research, an attempt was made to evaluate the combined and simultaneous effects of these two types of exercise programs (HIIT and RT) considering the characteristics and special effects of each of these two types of exercise programs on some parameters of NAFLD. The results of this research may serve as a guide for the medical community, sports trainers, patients with NAFLD, and all the people who are somehow involved with this liver disorder.

Participants

Twenty men aged 30–50 years with NAFLD were selected through invitations on social networks and announcements in hospitals and clinics in Borujerd city. NAFLD in participants in the protocol was determined through ultrasound (grade 2 and later). The inclusion criteria were as follows: men with NAFLD grades two or three, between 30 and 50 years old, and non-athletes. The exclusion criteria were as follows: suffering from another disease (diabetes, blood pressure, cardiovascular problems, and musculoskeletal problems), activity in sports, or the consumption of alcoholic beverages. After the research was explained and informed consent was obtained, the participants were randomly divided into control (n = 10) and experimental (n = 10) groups.

Exercise Programs

The training protocol consisted of a combination of RT and HIIT exercise programs, three sessions per week for 12 weeks, two RT sessions and one HIIT session, which lasted 45–60 minutes.

HIIT Training

HIIT exercises were performed at an intensity of 77% of the heart rate reserve or 84% of the heart rate maximum. In the first 6 weeks, the sessions of this exercise were 5 minutes of warming up with a treadmill, and then 4 sets of 3 minutes with 3 minutes of rest between sets were performed. In the second 6 weeks, 5 sets of 3 minutes with 3 minutes of rest between sets were performed. At the end of each training session, 5–10 minutes of walking and stretching exercises and central body muscle exercises were performed.

RT Training

RT training sessions consisted of two sessions per week, and each movement was performed in 3 sets with 8 to 12 repetitions and 1 to 2 minutes of rest between sets. The exercise intensity was 60 to 75% of the 1RM. The exercises of each session included 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up (ergometry or running) and then RT training, which included 7 movements in the first 6 weeks (barbell chest press, seated cable row, dumbbell shoulder press, dumbbell bicep curl, leg extension, leg curl) and in the second 6 weeks (leg press, leg extension, leg curl, chest press, seated cable row, overhead cable lat pull-down, dumbbell shoulder press, dumbbell bicep curl), and at the end of the exercises, 3 sets of trunk limb muscle exercises were performed. The participants received an electronic file (PDF) in which the movements were shown graphically, the exercises were performed under the supervision of the researcher, and the exercise movements that were not in the protocol were not allowed to be performed (26).

Laboratory Assessments

To assess Fetuin-B, Omentin-1, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (Cho), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), blood samples were taken from the median vein in two stages: at baseline (pretest) and after 12 weeks (posttest), after 12 hours of fasting, and two days after the last exercise session. In the blood sampling stage, the subjects were asked not to perform any intense physical activity for 48 hours before the test. After blood sampling, the serum was separated and kept at -70 degrees Celsius. To evaluate the biochemical factors, an autoanalyzer machine (OLYMPUS AU RAYTO DIRUI 400) made in Japan was used in the laboratory.

Statistical Analysis

The mean and standard deviation were used for the descriptive statistics, and the Shapiro‒Wilk test and the Leven test were used to determine the normal distribution and the homogeneity of the variances of the data. Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used with pretest values as covariate variables. Graphs were drawn with GraphPad Prism software version 8.0.2 (263). Data analysis was performed via SPSS software version 26, with a significance level of p < 0.05.

The means and standard deviations of the variables in the pretest and posttest are shown in Table 1. The results of the MANCOVA test indicate that the effects of the pretest and the group on the WHR and VO2max (Table 2) and the Fetuin-B, Omentin-1, ALT, AST, ALP, TG, Cho, LDL, and HDL variables are significant (Table 3). Bland‒Altman and cubic graphs also confirmed the relationship between Omentin-1 and Fetuin-B (Fig. 1).

Table 1

General characteristics of the research participants and research variables in the pretest and posttest
Variable	Control		Experimental		Total
Variable	Pre test	Post test	Pre test	Post test	Pre test	Post test
Age	38.90 ± 6.10	-	38.10 ± 5.17	-	38.50 ± 5.52	-
Heigh	173.90 ± 4.93	-	175.00 ± 4.64	-	174.45 ± 4.70	-
Weight	92.94 ± 11.53	93.73 ± 7.78	94.45 ± 11.68	93.70 ± 8.49	93.70 ± 11.32	93.72 ± 7.93
BMI	30.62 ± 1.96	30.94 ± .94	30.72 ± 2.42	30.53 ± 1.27	30.67 ± 2.15	30.73 ± 1.11
WHR	.99 ± .04	.98 ± .02	.98 ± .02	.97 ± .02	.99 ± .03	.98 ± .02
BFP	31.59 ± 3.36	32.47 ± 7.64	34.10 ± 2.49	29.32 ± 2.82	32.85 ± 3.16	30.89 ± 5.83
FBS	104.10 ± 5.07	102.10 ± 8.06	103.90 ± 6.57	99.40 ± 14.69	104.00 ± 5.71	100.75 ± 11.62
VO2max	28.03 ± 3.00	27.64 ± 5.12	28.96 ± 2.98	31.31 ± 5.00	28.49 ± 2.95	29.47 ± 5.27
Fetuin-B	3.33 ± .94	3.83 ± .78	3.00 ± 1.33	2.82 ± 1.49	3.17 ± 1.14	3.33 ± 1.27
Omentin-1	2.22 ± 1.65	2.83 ± 1.44	2.16 ± .85	3.34 ± 1.07	2.19 ± 1.28	3.08 ± 1.27
ALT	64.20 ± 8.19	59.90 ± 7.89	58.30 ± 11.41	44.90 ± 16.85	61.25 ± 10.13	52.40 ± 14.94
AST	33.20 ± 4.89	33.90 ± 2.81	33.60 ± 6.45	30.60 ± 4.06	33.40 ± 5.58	32.25 ± 3.80
ALP	214.20 ± 28.60	210.70 ± 26.03	210.00 ± 26.44	199.50 ± 25.90	212.10 ± 26.89	205.10 ± 25.92
TG	331.10 ± 104.94	326.00 ± 70.22	295.90 ± 165.62	233.10 ± 172.06	313.50 ± 136.15	279.55 ± 136.49
TC	159.70 ± 29.47	162.10 ± 24.64	166.30 ± 22.27	149.30 ± 34.57	163.00 ± 25.65	155.70 ± 29.95
LDL	87.40 ± 18.15	86.20 ± 28.06	91.10 ± 21.82	80.00 ± 23.20	89.25 ± 19.63	83.10 ± 25.26
HDL	34.30 ± 5.31	33.30 ± 6.60	35.80 ± 3.77	39.00 ± 4.74	35.05 ± 4.55	36.15 ± 6.31
Data are presented as the mean ± standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; WHR: waist‒hip ratio; BFP: body fat percentage; FBS: fasting blood sugar; VO2max: maximum oxygen consumption; ALT: alanine transaminase; AST: aspartate transaminase; ALP: alkaline phosphatase; TG: triglyceride; TC: total cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein.

Table 2

Changes in body composition variables via the MANCOVA test
Source	Variable	Weight	BMI	WHR	BFP	FBS	VO2max
Corrected Model	SS	942.06^a	7.17^b	.01^c	116.87^d	488.46^e	464.82^f
	df	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
	MS	471.03	3.58	.00	58.44	244.23	232.41
	F	31.79	3.75	23.12	1.88	2.00	62.85
	P	.00	.04	.00	.18	.17	.00
	η	.79	.31	.73	.18	.19	.88
Intercept	SS	339.34	46.76	.00	397.87	8.14	46.11
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	339.34	46.76	.00	397.87	8.14	46.11
	F	22.90	48.95	42.77	12.79	.07	12.47
	P	.00	.00	.00	.00	.80	.00
	η	.57	.74	.72	.43	.00	.42
Pre Test	SS	942.06	6.33	.00	67.39	452.01	397.74
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	942.06	6.33	.00	67.39	452.01	397.74
	F	63.57	6.63	36.21	2.17	3.70	107.57
	P	.00	.02	.00	.16	.07	.00
	η	.79	.28	.68	.11	.18	.86
Group	SS	4.77	.96	.00	9.46	31.97	23.68
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	4.77	.96	.00	9.46	31.97	23.68
	F	.32	1.00	4.57	.30	.26	6.41
	P	.58	.33	.05	.59	.62	.02
	η	.02	.06	.21	.02	.02	.27
SS: Type III Sum of Squares, df: Degree of Free, MS: Mean Square, η: Partial Eta Squared; a: R Squared = .789 (Adjusted R Squared = .764), b: R Squared = .306 (Adjusted R Squared = .225), c: R Squared = .731 (Adjusted R Squared = .700), d: R Squared = .181 (Adjusted R Squared = .085), e: R Squared = .191 (Adjusted R Squared = .095), f: R Squared = .881 (Adjusted R Squared = .867); BMI: body mass index, WHR: waist-to-hip ratio, BFP: body fat percentage, FBS: fasting blood sugar, VO2max: maximum oxygen consumption.

Table 3

Changes in lipid profiles and liver enzymes according to the MANCOVA test SS: Type III Sum of Squares, df: Degree of Free, MS: Mean Square, η: Partial Eta Squared; a: R Squared = .912 (Adjusted R Squared = .901), b: R Squared = .741 (Adjusted R Squared = .710), c: R Squared = .898 (Adjusted R Squared = .886), d: R Squared = .365 (Adjusted R Squared = .290), e: R Squared = .937 (Adjusted R Squared = .930), f: R Squared = .851 (Adjusted R Squared = .833), g: R Squared = .617 (Adjusted R Squared = .572), h: R Squared = .822 (Adjusted R Squared = .801), i: R Squared = .755 (Adjusted R Squared = .727); ALT: alanine transaminase, AST: aspartate transaminase, ALP: alkaline phosphatase, TG: triglyceride, TC: total cholesterol, LDL: low-density lipoprotein, HDL: high-density lipoprotein.
Source	Variable	Fetuin	Omentin	ALT	AST	ALP	TG	TC	LDL	HDL
Corrected Model	SS	27.81^a	22.95^b	3809.95^c	99.81^d	11960.58^e	301152.59^f	10521.28^g	9967.40^h	571.42ⁱ
	df	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00	2.00
	MS	13.90	11.48	1904.98	49.91	5980.29	150576.29	5260.64	4983.70	285.71
	F	87.78	24.29	75.17	4.88	126.26	48.48	13.72	39.33	26.24
	P	.00	.00	.00	.02	.00	.00	.00	.00	.00
	η	.91	.74	.90	.36	.94	.85	.62	.82	.76
Intercept	SS	.13	1.89	242.82	272.30	41.95	233.32	52.74	366.79	.01
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	.13	1.89	242.82	272.30	41.95	233.32	52.74	366.79	.01
	F	.85	4.00	9.58	26.61	.89	.08	.14	2.89	.00
	P	.37	.06	.01	.00	.36	.79	.72	.11	.98
	η	.05	.19	.36	.61	.05	.00	.01	.15	.00
Pre Test	SS	22.70	22.75	2684.95	45.36	11333.38	258000.54	9702.08	9775.20	408.97
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	22.70	22.75	2684.95	45.36	11333.38	258000.54	9702.08	9775.20	408.97
	F	143.30	48.14	105.94	4.43	239.27	83.06	25.30	77.13	37.55
	P	.00	.00	.00	.05	.00	.00	.00	.00	.00
	η	.89	.74	.86	.21	.93	.83	.60	.82	.69
Group	SS	2.35	2.37	273.15	58.09	270.07	19189.65	1711.90	545.67	83.54
	df	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	MS	2.35	2.37	273.15	58.09	270.07	19189.65	1711.90	545.67	83.54
	F	14.84	5.01	10.78	5.68	5.70	6.18	4.46	4.31	7.67
	P	.00	.04	.00	.03	.03	.02	.05	.05	.01
	η	.47	.23	.39	.25	.25	.27	.21	.20	.31

The findings of this research revealed that 12 weeks of combined HIIT and RT exercise programs, with the exception of blood Fetuin-B levels, significantly improved other factors, which was in line with the results of some researchers (5, 31, 32), whereas the results of other researchers were inconsistent (6, 33, 34). One of the possible reasons for the inconsistency of the findings of this research with those of other studies can be attributed to the intensity of the exercise programs, as in a retrospective study that investigated the effects of moderate exercise regimens and high-intensity exercise regimens on 169 people with fatty liver, metabolic indexes and liver fat reduction were significantly improved only in participants in high-intensity exercise (5, 31). Additionally, another reason for the inconsistency of these findings with other findings can be the weight loss of the subjects and the percentage of body fat of the subjects, as, according to the guidelines of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases (AASLD), it seems that at least a 3–5% reduction in weight is necessary to improve fatty liver steatosis, whereas more weight loss (more than 10%) may be needed to reduce necroinflammation (35). Additionally, RT training leads to an increase in muscle mass, and an increase in the percentage of body fat-free mass may not cause a change in body weight; therefore, the body mass profile of people (2) and, on the basis of this, the lack of change in body weight in other studies (32) can be caused by the type and method of training, which, for example, can be the only interventions of RT programs. In this research, a combination of both training methods was used, which can show the benefits of each intervention, including two exercise programs. Additionally, studies based on the international standards of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 2013 revealed that the high ratio of waist-to-hip circumference and body mass index is a key factor in evaluating people's health and represents risks related to many health problems, such as blood pressure, blood lipids, and cardiovascular diseases (36). Additionally, obesity and high weight lead to the aggravation of many secondary medical conditions, such as depression and isolation, social isolation, injury and fatigue, frequent falls, and chronic joint pains (2, 14). Therefore, reducing the body mass index and the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference in people with NAFLD is very important.

One of the reasons for the inconsistency between the results of this research and the findings of other researchers is the age of the participants because the highest prevalence of NAFLD is between 50 and 65 years, so most of the people who have NAFLD are in this age range. On the other hand, in most people in this age range, the prevalence of bad behaviors and lifestyles, such as sedentary behaviors and high-fat diets, is more prevalent (5); therefore, the difference in the age range of the studied participants may be a key factor in the inconsistency of the findings of this research. Additionally, another reason for the inconsistency of the findings of this research can be attributed to the sex of the participants, as it has been reported that the prevalence of NAFLD in the same age groups is significantly higher in men than in women (5, 37); on the other hand, women in this age range (50–65 years) are in the postmenopausal period, and therefore, the prevalence of NAFLD is partly due to the greater decrease in blood levels of estrogen hormones than men are in the same age range (5). The participants of some researchers were women (33, 34) or a combination of women and men (6); accordingly, the gender of the subjects is another key factor in the difference between the results obtained from this study and those of other studies.

It should also be noted that, on the basis of recent findings in sedentary, obese, or overweight adults, aerobic exercise more effectively improves visceral fat, abdominal fat, liver fat, and liver enzymes than RT does; in other words, when aerobic training is combined with RT, there is no additional positive effect on this index. These results show that in obese and overweight patients, aerobic exercise alone tends to reduce body weight, visceral fat, and liver fat and improve liver enzymes; however, aerobic exercise alone is more effective (38).

Additionally, in this study, instead of liver biopsy and sampling, which is the gold standard for fatty liver measurement according to the AASLD (39), liver ultrasonography was used, as it is an obvious ultrasound technique whose sensitivity in detecting fatty liver is 93% when there is more than 33% steatosis in the liver; however, when the level of hepatic steatosis is less than 30%, its diagnostic sensitivity is very low (40, 41). This is a type of weakness, as ultrasound cannot detect fibrosis or liver inflammation (5); however, liver biopsy and sampling are expensive and invasive methods, and in terms of some of its possible side effects, many people do not want to do so and avoid doing so. There are other methods, such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), but these methods are also expensive and require exposure to radiation (42). Therefore, owing to ethical considerations, performing such methods in this research was not possible.

However, one of the strengths of this research was the measurement of the body fat percentage of the subjects; of course, although the gold standard for measuring the body composition percentage was weighing the subjects in water, considering that there are some limitations and that such method are expensive and require equipment and a special laboratory. The subcutaneous fat measurement method was used, and many studies have analyzed the validity of this method with the underwater weighing method, which also has a high correlation (2, 25); therefore, this method is suitable and reliable. It is used to measure the body fat percentage, so it can be concluded that the changes in the scores of this method are more likely to represent the body fat percentage; in other words, it can be stated with more certainty that such combined sports exercises cause significant changes in the body composition and percentage body fat of the participants in this study. Additionally, in this study, the ratio of waist circumference to hip circumference was measured, and as various studies have shown, this ratio is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and has a strong and close relationship with the risk of cardiovascular diseases. This ratio at the end of the exercise protocol compared with that of the control group is promising because such exercise programs can most likely play a role in reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases, which can be one of the parallel diseases with fatty liver disorders, and such findings support the usefulness of the findings of the current research.

Additionally, one of the other strengths of this research is the measurement of maximum oxygen consumption (VO2max), which is one of the key factors of physical fitness (9); the results revealed that the maximum amount of oxygen consumed by the research participants after the end of the exercise protocol increased and improved significantly. In other words, 6 weeks is enough time for the physiological effects on the bodies of the participants of this study, and owing to the existence of a control group that did not exercise, it is possible to strengthen the possibility that the results and findings obtained in changing the factors of this study are more likely to be caused by exercise programs. In other words, the cause of these changes is exercise programs; however, owing to some limitations, it was not possible to measure the maximum strength of the participants, and as a result, such a conclusion cannot be drawn about the effectiveness of strength training. Therefore, the conclusion that the changes in the variables of this research were caused by these RT exercise programs is also limited. However, in a study that investigated the effects of RT exercise programs with a similar period, the findings and results obtained from the maximum strength of the participants revealed the effect and significant change in the strength of participants in such a time range (12). Despite this, it is suggested that future studies consider this point in examining their variables and testing the strength of their participants.

Limitations

Lack of control over the participants' diet; measurement of some variables affecting the rate of metabolism of fats and the size of the research sample.

In the end, and according to the points and materials that were expressed, combined RT and HIIT exercises can probably have positive effects on improving NAFLD; however, more research and investigations are needed to prove this effectiveness.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank all the participants in this research.

Ethics approval

This research was approved by the Ethics Committee of Bu-Ali Sina University (Approval ID: IRC.BASU.REC.1402.074) and the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT: IRCT20240430061614N1) and conformed to the Declaration of Tokyo-Helsinki. All the participants provided written informed consent.

Funding

This research was carried out with the financial support of Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan (Iran).

Conflict of interest

There is no conflict of interest.

Neghad AH, Seiavoshy H, Samavatisharif MA. The effect of an exhaustive exercise and glutamine supplementation on LDH, CPK and CPR indexes in non-athlete women students. Bull Env Pharmacol Life Sci. 2015;4(6):1–6.
Siavoshy H. Effects of two type exercise training programs on body composition of adolescence with Down syndrome. J Except Educ. 2015;3(131):65–72. [Persian].
Habibi Neghad A, Samavatisharif M, Seiavoshy H. The effect of an exhaustive exercise and sodium bicarbonate supplementation on LDH, CPK and CPR indexes in nonathlete women students. Marathon. 2015;7(3):58–68.
Shojaee-Moradie F, Cuthbertson DJ, Barrett M, Jackson NC, Herring R, Thomas EL, et al. Exercise training reduces liver fat and increases rates of VLDL clearance, but not VLDL production in NAFLD. J Clin Endocr Metab. 2016;101(11):4219–28. PMID: 27583475 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2016- 2353.
Dong F, Zhang Y, Huang Y, Wang Y, Zhang G, Hu X et al. Long-term lifestyle interventions in middle-aged and elderly men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep. 2016;6:36783. PMID: 27830836 10.1038/srep36783
Pugh CJ, Sprung V, Jones H, Richardson P, Shojaee-Moradie F, Umpleby AM, et al. Exercise-induced improvements in liver fat and endothelial function are not sustained 12 months following cessation of exercise supervision in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Int J Obes. 2016;40(12):1927–30. org/10.1038/ijo.2016.123.
Hashida R, Kawaguchi T, Bekki M, Omoto M, Matsuse H, Nago T, et al. Aerobic versus resistance exercise in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. J Hepatol. 2016;66(1):142–52. org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.08.023.
Pedersen BK, Saltin B. Exercise as medicine-evidence for prescribing exercise as therapy in 26 different chronic diseases. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25(3):1–72. 10.1111/sms.12581. PMID: 26606383.
Afshar A, Samavati Sharif MA, Siavoshy H. Comparison of speed and strength training to maintain hematological factors and Vo2max of male athletes 13 to 15 years. J Sport Pec. 2015;12(23):53–64.
Samavatisharif MA, HabibiNeghad A, Seiavoshy H. Comparison between two methods of supplementation with glutamine and sodium bicarbonate on CPK, LDH and CRP in non-athlete women students. Int J Sport Sci. 2015;2(3):53–9.
Croci I, Byrne NM, Chachay VS, Hills AP, Clouston AD, O’Moore-Sullivan TM et al. Independent effects of diet and exercise training on fat oxidation in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2016;8(27):1137-48. PMID: 27721919 10.4254/wjh.v8.i27.1137
Siyavoshi H. Progressive tolerance exercises for young adults suffering from down syndrome: a clinical experiment. J Except Educ. 2013;5(118):68–71. [Persian].
Siavoshy H. Effects of resistance training on salivary hormone profile and immunoglobulin A in adults with Down syndrome. J Except Educ. 2016;9(137):60–4. [Persian].
Siavoshy H, Bolurian F. The effects of 12 weeks of playing boccia on the social development of children with cerebral palsy and intellectual disability. J Except Child. 2016;15(4):45–51. [Persian].
Siavoshy H, Seddighi A. The effects of a balance exercise program for enhancement of gait function on temporal and spatial gait parameters in young people with intellectual disabilities. J Except Educ. 2016;1(138):68–73. [Persian].
Berzigotti A, Saran U, Dufour JF. Physical activity and liver diseases. Hepatology. 2016;63(3):1026–40. 10.1002/hep.28132. PMID: 26313307.
Keating SE, Hackett DA, George J, Johnson NA. Exercise and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2012;57(1):157–66. 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.02.023. PMID: 22414768.
Samavati Sharif MA, Siavashi H. The effects of a combined aerobic and resistance exercise training on GFR and serum factors of renal function in men with type 2 diabetes. Sport Physiol. 2014;6(23):109–24.
Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Efficacy of aerobic exercise on coronary heart disease risk factors. Prev Cardiol. 2008;11(2):71–5. PMID: 18401233.
Samavati Sharif MA, Seiavoshi HA. The effect of 10 weeks of aerobic exercises on glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and urea, creatine and uric acid levels in elderly men with type 2 diabetes. J Sport Biosci. 2016;7(4):579–91. [Persian].
Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Hollingsworth KG, Thoma C, Moore S, Taylor R, et al. Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut. 2011;60(9):1278–83. 10.1136/gut.2011.242073. PMID: 21708823.
Seiavoshy H, Samavatisharif MA, Keshvari M, Ahmadvand A. The effect of resistance training programs on GFR and some biochemical factors of renal function in elderly males with type 2 diabetes. Sadra Med Sci J. 2014;3(1):31–42.
Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros I, Petridou A, Jamurtas A, Avloniti A, Douroudos I, et al. Adipose tissue lipolysis is upregulated in lean and obese men during acute resistance exercise. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(7):1397–9. 10.2337/dc08-0072. PMID: 18375413.
Whitsett M, VanWagner LB. Physical activity as a treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(16):2041-52. PMID: 26261693 10.4254/wjh.v7.i16.2041
Mackenzie B. 101 Performance evaluation tests. London: Electric Word plc; 2005. pp. 95–108.
Brzycki M. Strength-predicting a one-rep max from reps-tofatigue. J Phys Educ Rec Dance. 1993;64(1):88–90. org/10.1080/07303084.1993.10606684.
Gellish RL, Goslin BR, Olson RE, McDonald A, Russi GD, Moudgil VK. Longitudinal modeling of the relationship between ageand maximal heart rate. Med Sci Sport Exer. 2007;39(5):822-9. PMID: 17468581 10.1097/mss. 0b013e31803349c6
Hallsworth K, Fattakhova G, Hollingsworth KG, Thoma C, Moore S, Taylor R, et al. Resistance exercise reduces liver fat and its mediators in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease independent of weight loss. Gut. 2012;60(9):1278–83. 10.1136/gut.2011.242073. PMID: 21708823.
Zargar M. Comprehensive guide SPSS 13. Tehran: Behineh; 2005. [Persian].
Brace N, Kemp R, Snelgar R, Aliabadi K, Samadi SA. Tehran: Douran; 2014. 357–78. [Persian].
Oh S, Shida T, Yamagishi K, Tanaka K, So R, Tsujimoto T et al. Moderate to vigorous physical activity volume is an important factor for managing nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a retrospective study. Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1205- 15. PMID: 25271091 10.1002/hep.27544
Hoseini Kakhk SA, Khaleghzadeh H, Nematy M, Hamedinia M. The effect of combined aerobic-resistance training on lipid profile and liver enzymes in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver under nutrition diet. Sport Physiol. 2015;7(27):65–84. [Persian].
Hasani A, Ansari R, Mazani A. Effect of 8 weeks of aerobic training and using chicory extractive supplementation on serum levels of ALT and AST enzymes in women with fatty liver. Iran J Obstet Gynecol Infertil. 2016;19(10):1–8. [Persian].
Zar A, Hosseini SA, Homaion A. Effect of eight-week aquagymnastic training on liver enzymes and lipid profile of middle-aged women. Qom Univ Med Sci J. 2016;10(7):29–37. [Persian].
Chalasani N, Younossi Z, Lavine JE, Diehl AM, Brunt EM, Cusi K et al. The diagnosis and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: practice guideline by the American Association for the study of liver diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Hepatology. 2012;55(6):2005-23. PMID: 22488764 10.1002/hep.25762
Centers for disease control and prevention [homepage on the internet]. 2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: Methods and Development. Available at: URL: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/series/sr_11/sr11_246.pdf; Jun 19, 2013.
Hu X, Huang Y, Bao Z, Wang Y, Shi D, Liu F et al. Prevalence and factors associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Shanghai work-units. BMC Gastroenterol. 2012;12:123. PMID: 22978800 10.1186/1471-230X- 12–123.
Nikroo H, Attarzade Hosseini SR, Sima H, Nematy M. The effect of diet and aerobic training on serum aminotransferases levels in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Daneshvar Med. 2011;18(93):51–60. [Persian].
Singh S, Allen AM, Wang Z, Prokop LJ, Murad MH, Loomba R. Fibrosis progression in nonalcoholic fatty liver vs nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a systematic review and metaanalysis of paired-biopsy studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13(4):643–54. 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.014. PMID: 24768810.
Saadeh S, Younossi ZM, Remer EM, Gramlich T, Ong JP, Hurley M, et al. The utility of radiological imaging in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology. 2002;123(3):745–50. PMID: 12198701.
Dasarathy S, Dasarathy J, Khiyami A, Joseph R, Lopez R, McCullough AJ. Validity of real time ultrasound in the diagnosis of hepatic steatosis: a prospective study. J Hepatol. 2009;51(6):1061-7. PMID: 19846234 10.1016/j. jhep.2009.09.001
Reeder SB, Cruite I, Hamilton G, Sirlin CB. Quantitative assessment of liver fat with magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2011;34(4):1–38. 10.1002/jmri.22580. PMID: 21928307.
Marventano S, Salomone F, Godos J, Pluchinotta F, Del Rio D, Mistretta A et al. Coffee and tea consumption in relation with nonalcoholic fatty liver and metabolic syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Clin Nutr. 2016;35(6):1269-81. PMID: 27060021 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.03.012
Zelber-Sagi S, Salomone F, Webb M, Lotan R, Yeshua H, Halpern Z, et al. Coffee consumption and nonalcoholic fatty liver onset: a prospective study in the general population. Transl Res. 2015;165(3):428–36. 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.10.008. PMID: 25468486.
Zelber-Sagi S, Godos J, Salomone F. Lifestyle changes for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a review of observational studies and intervention trials. Th Adv Gastroenterol. 2016;9(3):392–407. 10.1177/1756283X16638830. PMID: 27134667.
Di Minno MN, Russolillo A, Lupoli R, Ambrosino P, Di Minno A, Tarantino G. Omega-3 fatty acids for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2012;18(41):5839–47. 10.3748/wjg. v18.i41.5839. PMID: 23139599.
Eslamparast T, Eghtesad S, Poustchi H, Hekmatdoost A. Recent advances in dietary supplementation, in treating nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(2):204– 12. PMID: 25729475 10.4254/wjh.v7.i2.204

No competing interests reported.

Download PDF

Editorial decision: Revision requested
26 Oct, 2024
Editor assigned by journal
24 Oct, 2024
Submission checks completed at journal
24 Oct, 2024
First submitted to journal
24 Oct, 2024

You are reading this latest preprint version

Effects of resistance training and high-intensity interval training on lipid profiles and liver biomarkers in men with NAFLD

Status:

Version 1

Abstract

Introduction

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Figures

Introduction

Methods

Participants

Exercise Programs

HIIT Training

RT Training

Laboratory Assessments

Statistical Analysis

Results

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

Status:

Version 1