The prevalence of malaria among febrile children under 15 years of age in the present study was 44.4%, with prevalences of mild, moderate, and severe malaria of 46.8%, 28.0%, and 25.2%, respectively. The overall prevalence of malaria revealed in this study differs from the findings of the Uganda Malaria indicator health survey, which reported that the prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years of age was 9% and 5% in the Bugisu region (11). Several other studies conducted within Ugandan reported 19.04% (12), 19.7% (13), 23.3% (5) and 76% (2) prevalence of malaria among children under 5 years of age. The possible explanations for this observation could be differences in age specifics. The Uganda Malaria Indicator Health Survey focused on children under 5 years, while our study examined children under 15 years. Other reasons of the differences in findings could be the access to and use of insecticide-treated mosquito nets, differences in the malaria peak for different regions in Uganda, differences in vector density due to rainfall patterns and temperatures, changes in biting patterns, which are now both indoors and outdoors, parasite variations (Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale), drug resistance, the type of housing and vegetation density and all these factors influence mosquito breeding, infective mosquito bites, and malaria infection recurrence or recrudescence.
This study's findings were also incompatible with previous findings, which reported prevalences of 12.2% (14) and 14% (15), respectively, in Rwanda. Several studies reported rates of 24.6% (16), 22.1% (17), 14.7% in Ethiopia (18), and 33% in Malawi (19). The variation in prevalence could be due to diagnostic criteria, sample size differences, geographical disease distribution, study design, health-seeking habits, and the socioeconomic status of these children's parents. Our findings, however, were closely comparable to the reported prevalence rates of malaria of 36.6% in Uganda (20), 44% in Guinea (21), and 37% in Malawi (22).
Plasmodium falciparum infection was the most common malaria infection among the children in the current study. Other species reported in the present study also include Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections. This finding is in line with reports from the Uganda Malaria Indicator Health survey, which also reported Plasmodium falciparum infection to be the most common malaria infection, followed by Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium ovale infections, among children (3). The emergence of plasmodium malariae and ovale in Uganda poses a challenge for the region, as the detection of these species, in addition to Plasmodium falciparum, requires specialized training for laboratory microscopists.
Our study revealed that older age was associated with malaria infection and that children who were older were more likely to suffer from malaria. Although we recruited participants with fever, the above finding is comparable with two studies conducted in Uganda, which reported a similar finding that older age is a predictor of malaria among children under 15 years of age (5, 12), and in Kenya (23). This observation has been attributed to the age related immunity that develops in these children because of continuous exposure to infective mosquito bites, and this immunity develops first against complicated malaria, then to uncomplicated malaria and to malaria parasitemia, explaining the high prevalence of malaria parasitemia among older children but without them developing clinical disease (24). The malaria consortium 2023 highlighted that one of the new challenges posed by global malaria trends is the shifting epidemiological patterns in at-risk populations, which include children aged 5 to 15 who are more likely to have malaria without symptoms and who are also less likely to use mosquito nets and receive treatment (4).
This study also reported that parents’/guardians’ secondary level of education was associated with high malaria parasitemia. This finding is not in agreement with a finding of a study in Uganda that revealed an association between the primary and tertiary education levels of the child’s parents or guardians and a lower risk of malaria infection (12). Other studies were also not in agreement with our findings about parents’/guardians’ education (22, 25). However, parent/guardian education attainment is associated with higher socioeconomic status, a wealthier household, and a better life, which leads to a reduced risk of developing malaria infection (12). Parents and guardians who had not received health education in the past 6 months were more likely to have children suffering from malaria due to the knowledge gap in disease control and prevention (16), which still elaborates on the significance of parent/guardian education in influencing their children’s health.
Children who were not sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets were 2.93-fold more likely to develop malaria parasitemia than were those who were sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets. This finding was in line with a study that reported a 15-fold increase in the risk of developing malaria among children who were not sleeping under insecticide-treated mosquito nets (14). This study was also in agreement with studies that linked malaria infection with irregular utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets, and the probable explanation was continuous exposure to infective mosquito bites that can lead to malaria infection (16, 25).
In Africa, mosquito-treated bed nets have shown to be a crucial intervention in the fight against malaria, especially for susceptible groups like expectant mothers and children. Misuse (Figs. 2, 3, 4 and 5), however, has the potential to cause loss of efficacy and environmental deterioration. Community leaders, health groups, and governments must prioritize correct utilization and establish alternative resources for activities like fishing or crop protection to guarantee bed nets remain dedicated to their primary role in malaria prevention (26).