Antibacterial Susceptibility Profiles of Isolated Bacterial Uropathogens from Pregnant Women, Yemen

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332452/v1

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Antibacterial Susceptibility Profiles of Isolated Bacterial Uropathogens from Pregnant Women, Yemen

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5332452/v1

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Urinary tract infection is regarded as the most prevalent health issue among pregnant women, especially in underdeveloped nations. This study sought to ascertain the incidence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen. Two hundred and eighty-five (285) midstream urine specimens were obtained from pregnant women visiting several hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen, between April and August 2024. Bacteriuria was isolated and identified using standard microbiological techniques. The Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was employed to assess antimicrobial susceptibility. The current findings indicated that merely 22.81% of urine specimens had positive growth for bacteriuria, whereas 77.19% were negative. The largest prevalence of bacteriuria, measured at 41.38% and 37.04%, was observed in the age group of 33–38 years, when pregnant women possessed a primary school degree. The prevalence of bacteriuria was notably high at 29.29% in women with main and secondary gravidity. Escherichia coli constituted 41.56% of the prevalent isolates in this investigation, followed by Staphylococcus aureus at 24.68%, Klebsiella spp. at 15.58%, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (10.39%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) at 7.79%. The elevated susceptibility of antibiotics was documented: E. coli to ampicillin and cefepime, S. aureus to cefepime, ampicillin, and nitrofurantoin, Klebsiella sp. to cefepime and nitrofurantoin, and P. aeruginosa to cefepime, ampicillin, and vancomycin. In conclusion, antibiotic susceptibility testing is essential prior to prescribing antibiotics for pregnant women to guarantee effective treatment of bacteriuria.

Infectious Diseases

General Microbiology

Bacteriuria

Pregnant women

Uropathogens

UTI

Yemen

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is regarded as one of the most widespread bacterial illnesses, particularly in poor nations, associated with significant morbidity and economic burden (1). Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a prevalent hospital-acquired infection and is recognised as the second most frequent cause of bacterial infection in hospitalised patients (2).

Urinary tract infections impact individuals of all ages and are more common in females than in males. Reports suggest that 50 to 70% of women, particularly those who are pregnant, may encounter at least one urinary tract infection during their lifetime. Pregnant women experience an elevated incidence of urinary tract infections due to physiological, immunological, and structural alterations in the urinary tract. Additionally, advanced age, diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anaemia, parity, a history of urinary tract infections (UTIs), urinary tract diseases, and immunological insufficiency may elevate the incidence of UTIs in pregnant women (3–4).

The primary risk factors associated with the onset of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompass sexual intercourse, post-coital urination, diaphragm utilization, indwelling urinary catheters, prior surgical interventions, nephrolithiasis, contraceptive devices, inadequate sanitation, malnutrition, and low socio-economic conditions in rural regions (5–6).

Bacteria, especially those inhabiting the gastrointestinal system, vagina, or urethral region, are the primary causal agents of urinary tract infections (UTIs). Approximately 70% of urinary tract infection cases arose from asymptomatic bacteriuria during pregnancy (7). Undiagnosed and untreated urinary tract infections are linked to negative maternal and neonatal outcomes. The prevalence of maternal complications encompasses postpartum hypertensive illness, anemia, acute cystitis (40%), and acute pyelonephritis (30%), which may result in preterm labor and delivery. Additionally, negative fetal outcomes encompass low birth weight, preterm, and heightened perinatal mortality (8–9).

The microorganisms that cause illnesses during pregnancy are comparable to those seen in the general population. The majority of infections are attributed to Enterobacteriaceae, predominantly located in the gastrointestinal tract, with Escherichia coli accounting for 63–85% of instances. The remaining pathogens include Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (up to 15%), Staphylococcus aureus (up to 8%), and group B streptococci (GBS) (2–7%) (10–12).

Yemen is classified among the poorest low-income nations globally and continues to confront various problems, including political instability, humanitarian crises, and armed conflict (13–17). Recent statistics indicate that over 79% of the whole population resides below the poverty line, with around 65% of these individuals categorized as extremely impoverished (18–19). Yemen is an emerging nation that lacks regulations and strategies to control or prevent the proliferation of dangerous microorganisms among its population (20–25). Information regarding the frequency of isolates of bacteria and antimicrobial sensitivity in urinary tract infections during pregnancy in Sana'a is scarce. This study intended to ascertain the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial uropathogens isolated from pregnant women in hospitals in Sana'a, Yemen.

Study area

A cross-sectional study was carried out among pregnant women attending the obstetrics and gynaecology clinics in some hospitals in Sana’a, Yemen, from April to August 2024.

Data collection

A pre-tested questionnaire was designed based on multiple prior research projects (26–27), with modifications implemented to collect the requisite data from each participant individually. Age in years, educational status, resident area, and gravida status were collected by interview via face-to-face and the questionnaire filled out by the research team. The age categories were divided into four groups: 18–22 years, 23–27 years, 28–32 years, and 33–38 years.

Sample size and sample collection

A total of two hundred and eighty-five (285) participants were included in this study. A clean-catch midstream specimen of urine was gathered from every participant in a sterile test container and promptly delivered to the microbiology laboratory for analysis and preparation. A rigorous random sampling technique was employed to choose pregnant women.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

The inclusion criteria encompassed all pregnant women who gave urine specimens, registered, consented, and expressed willingness to participate in the study. Additionally, the exclusion criterion encompassed any pregnant moms who refused to provide urine samples or had utilized antibiotics inside the preceding seven days.

Isolation and Identification of bacteria

A loopful from each specimen of urine was inoculated separately onto cysteine lactose electrolyte deficient agar (CLED) and incubated aerobically at 37°C for 24 h. A bacterial growth of ≥ 10⁵ CFU/mL in the urine specimen was considered serious bacteriuria. The identification of isolated bacteria was conducted primarily using colony morphological characterization, Gram staining, selective media, and biochemical reactions, as outlined in Bergey’s Manual of Determinative Bacteriology (28–29) (Don et al., 2004) and Leboffe and Pierce (2011).

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

Antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bacterial isolates was conducted by the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method on Mueller-Hinton agar in accordance with the CLSI protocol (30). The gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial isolates were evaluated against the following antimicrobials: ampicillin (AMP; 10 µg), cefepime (CPM; 30 µg), erythromycin (E; 15 µg), nitrofurantoin (NIT; 300 µg), and vancomycin (VA; 30 µg) were placed over the surface of the Mueller-Hinton agar plate and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. In accordance with CLSI protocol, the zone of inhibition was quantified in millimetres, with results classified as sensitive (S) or resistant (R) (30).

Ethics clearance

The Ethical Review Board of Hajjah University approved ethical clearance for perform this study. The administration of subjected Hospitals received a written request from the Faculty of Applied Sciences to authorize the collection and analysis of specimens. Prior to data and specimen collection, study volunteers were thoroughly apprised of the study's aims and the rationale for their involvement. The study ensured the anonymity of data was preserved.

Statistal analysis

Descriptive statistics, including numerical data, the frequencies and proportions were employed to provide insight into the findings and presented in tables and figures. Moreover, the result data were analyzed by using a SPSS program (24 version, IBM Co., New York, US). The value of probability P ≤ 0.05 (significant) was used to compare between variables.

A total of 285 urine specimens were collected from pregnant women during the study period. Table 1 lists the majority of urine specimens collected from patients aged 23–27 years (41.05%), patients residing in urban areas (74.74%), subjects with a secondary certificate (35.44%), and participants with gravity between 1–2 (49.12%).

Table 1

Characterization of enrolled pregnant women
Variables		Frequency	Percent (%)
Age groups (in years)	18–22	48	16.84
	23–27	117	41.05
	28–32	91	31.93
	33–38	29	10.18
Resident	Urban	213	74.74
Resident	Rural	72	25.26
Education status	Illiterate	94	32.98
	Primary	27	9.47
	Secondary	101	35.44
	College	63	22.11
Gravidity	1–2	140	49.12
	3–4	105	36.84
	> 4	40	14.04

Out of 285 urine specimens, only 65 (22.18%) showed significant growth for uropathogen bacteria, while 220 (77.19%) of urine specimens were negative (Fig. 1).

In the present finding, the highest frequency of bacteriuria in pregnant women was found among the age group 33–38 years 12 (41.38%), followed by 18–22 years 13 (27.08%), the age group 28–32 years 23 (19.66%), and the age group 28–32 years 17 (18.68%), with no statistical significance between the age group and UTIs (P > 0.05). Moreover, the pregnant women coming from rural areas had the highest rate of bacteriuria compared to pregnant women coming from urban areas (25.0% vs. 22.1%), as figured in Fig. 2.

The current work showed that a higher rate of bacteriuria was recorded among pregnant women with an educational level of primary school (37.04%), followed by those with an illiterate educational level (24.47%), among those with secondary schools (19.8%), and those with a college certificate (19.05%). In addition, it was found that the high prevalence of bacterial UTI was 29.29% among women with 1–2 gravid compared to the low frequency (16.19%) among multigravida of 3–4, with no statistical association between the bacterial UTI and gravidity status (P > 0.05) (Fig. 3).

According to the current results, the most frequently isolated bacteria were E. coli 32 (41.56%), Staphylococcus aureus 19 (24.68%), Klebsiella sp. 12 (15.58%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (10.39%), and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) 6 (7.79%), as showed in Fig. 4.

The present study reported an UTI prevalence rate of UTI among pregnant women. This outcome is slightly similar to that of a study conducted in Sana’a, Yemen, which showed that UTI occurred in 24.3% of pregnant women (31). In contrast, this finding is lower than that reported in various locations in Yemen, including 30.0% in Al-Mukalla (32) and 54.5% in Hodeidah (33). Additionally, this finding is higher than the 18% reported among pregnant women visiting hospitals in Al-Mukalla city (34). The significant differ in frequency rates may result from variations in geographical areas, populations being studied, size of samples, sanitary settings, socioeconomic status, and the diagnostic techniques implemented for the participants (35–42).

In the present finding, the highest frequency of bacteriuria in pregnant women was found among the age group 33–38 years (41.38%), followed by 18–22 years (27.08%), the age group 28–32 years (19.66%), and the age group 28–32 years (18.68%), with no statistical significance between the age group and UTIs (P > 0.05). The study by Al-Haddad (32) demonstrated analogous findings, revealing that young women are more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) than older women, with a notable prevalence of UTIs among pregnant women aged 15–24 years, constituting 53.7%. AL-Kadassy (33) reported a 69% prevalence of UTIs among those aged 20 to 29 years. A study conducted by Rohini et al (43) in India revealed that a high prevalence of bacteriuria was prevalent among individuals aged 25 to 30 years. Ghaima et al. (12) noted that the age group of 21–30 years exhibited the highest infection rate at 55%.

Furthermore, the pregnant women coming from rural areas had the highest rate of bacteriuria compared to pregnant women coming from urban areas (25.0% vs. 22.1%). This is similar to the results of a recent investigation (44–48). Previous studies conducted in Yemen revealed a higher prevalence of diseases among participants living in rural areas compared to those from urban areas. This may be attributed to the fact that most rural areas in Yemen lack access to health care centers, lack clean water, have low levels of education, particularly among females, have low income rates, lack job opportunities, and are experiencing increasing poverty rates. Therefore, the majority of people from rural areas travel to cities to seek diagnosis and receive appropriate treatment in health care centers (49–58).

The current work showed that a higher rate of bacteriuria was recorded among pregnant women with an educational level of primary school (37.04%), followed by those with an illiterate educational level (24.47%), among those with secondary schools (19.8%), and those with a college certificate (19.05%). A comparable study conducted by AL-Kadassy (33) found that the frequency of bacteriuria among pregnant women employed as teachers was 83%. Furthermore, Fatima et al. (59) found that 61.33% of pregnant women with secondary school education exhibited bacteriuria. Patients with UTIs often reside in areas that are poorly developed with inadequate access to clean water, substandard sanitation, insufficient personal hygiene, and low levels of literacy among individuals (59).

Education has been recognized as an important social aspect of health. A significant correlation between educational level and health has been observed. The impact of education is to enhance overall self-awareness regarding personal health and improve availability to health care. People with higher education levels exhibit improved health, reflected by reduced death, morbidity, and disability rates (60).

In addition, it was found that the high prevalence of bacterial UTI was 29.29% among women with 1–2 gravid compared to the low frequency (16.19%) among multigravida of 3–4, with no statistical association between the bacterial UTI and gravidity status (P > 0.05). Mohammad (61) reported similar reports, indicating that the majority of pregnant women with urinary tract infections were primigravidas, and no significant differences were observed between infected and non-infected women. Ranjan et al. (62) observed that primigravidas had the highest incidence at 60%, while multigravidas had the lowest incidence at 19%. Additionally, numerous studies indicate that multigravida women exhibit a heightened chance of having bacteriuria during pregnancy (62–63).

The recent findings indicate that the most commonly isolated bacteria were E. coli (41.56%), S. aureus (24.68%), Klebsiella sp. (15.58%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 8 (10.39%), and Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (7.79%). Other parts of Yemen have reported similar studies identifying E. coli and Staphylococci as the primary pathogens causing UTI. Al-Haddad (32) identified E. coli as the most commonly isolated bacterium at 41.5%, followed by S. aureus at 19.5%. AL-Kadassy et al. (33) identified E. coli as the most commonly isolated organism at 50.0%, followed by S. aureus at 13.3%. According to a study by Bin Hameed et al. (34), Enterobacter species, coNS, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. saprophyticus, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the pathogens that were most often isolated.

Furthermore, experts consider these bacteria to be human opportunistic pathogens and etiologic agents of nosocomial infections. Moreover, the abdomen distension makes anal cleaning more difficult (64). Bacterial contamination, where the urethra is closer to the anus in females, is one of the main causes of infections during pregnancy. E. coli is also thought to be a major uropathogen because it has several virulence factors that make it easy for it to colonize and invade the urinary epithelium, such as P and S fimbrial adhesins (65).

The present study revealed that E. coli exhibited resistance to erythromycin (78.13%), nitrofurantoin (46.88%), and lower resistance to ampicillin (21.9%) and cefepime (18.8%). Moreover, S. aureus exhibited resistance to vancomycin (73.7%), erythromycin (63.16%), and ampicillin (42.1%). In addition, P. aeruginosa was less resistant to nitrofurantoin, cefepime, and ampicillin. Prior reports indicated a significant prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in certain regions of Yemen, attributed to the accessibility of antibiotics as over-the-counter medications, allowing unrestricted purchase without a physician's prescription, alongside issues related to the quality of antibiotics and improper drug usage. Furthermore, the majority of physicians prescribe antibiotics to patients without consulting antimicrobial susceptibility data, nor do they advise them to undergo antimicrobial susceptibility testing (67–76).

In conclusion, the increased prevalence of bacteriuria during pregnancy poses a significant threat to both pregnant mothers and their fetuses. It is essential to manage the infection with either empirical or over-the-counter antibiotics. Furthermore, it is essential to perform antibiotic susceptibility testing to determine the most efficient antibiotic for treating bacteriuria in pregnant women, assuring no detrimental effects on the health of both the mother and the fetus.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Antibacterial Susceptibility Profiles of Isolated Bacterial Uropathogens from Pregnant Women, Yemen

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Abstract

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Introduction

Material and Methods

Study area

Data collection

Sample size and sample collection

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Isolation and Identification of bacteria

Antimicrobial susceptibility test

Ethics clearance

Statistal analysis

Results

Discussion

Conclusion

References

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