3.1. Analysis of secondary data
3.1.1 Crop Production rate (Dinajpur and Feni)
The graphical portrayal information was gathered from the Dinajpur Agriculture office from 1999–2019, addressed by the section diagram. The information of Feni Agricultural office can't be gathered because of COVID-19 circumstance. From the beginning, crop creation information (Aush, Amon, and Boro) was recorded in a dominate sheet and afterward communicated in the section outline. From the graph, it tends not really set in stone that the involved land rate is disintegrating step by step. The creation rate is likewise diminishing with that. As indicated by environment boundaries, the measure of creation in some cases was reasonable, and at times were not. In view of the evolving environment, the pace of temperature, precipitation, and stickiness isn't appropriate. That is the reason the ranchers can't deliver acceptably. The graphical portrayal of Dinajpur shows that the creation pace of yields (Aush, Aman, and Boro) over the period from 1999–2019.Crop creation pace of Aush demonstrates that the pace of possessed land is diminishing yearly and the pace of creation is additionally diminishing. It shows that from1998-1999 the pace of claimed land was greatest and creation rate was likewise in higher sum. From 2001–2002 the pace of possessed land and creation began to tumble down. After that it began diminishing quickly step by step. From the graphical portrayal of Aman it shows that the pace of creation from 1995–2013 was rough. In 2014–2016 it expanded rapidly and 2017–2019 it again falls the possessed land and creation rate. Harvest creation pace of boro from 1995–2019 was in normal. From 1995–2009 it increments quickly. At 2009–2013 it raises its creation rate. After that 2013–2016 it diminishes in a lack. From 2016–2019 it again builds the pace of claimed land and creation rate reasonably.
3.1.2 Concise testimony of climate change
The yearly temperature for the catchment over the period 1999–2019 demonstrates that temperature has persistently expanded. The mean yearly temperature throughout this time-frame was 29.87°C. The most elevated temperatures happened in May and June with mean upsides of 34.8 and 32.1°C, individually. The least were seen to happen in December and January, with mean month to month least temperatures of 20.6 and 25.3°C respectively. Climate change issues are influencing food security of the large numbers of individuals of Bangladesh. Consistently, normal disasters like floods, typhoons, disintegration, and dry seasons cause broad harm to crops, homes, family and local area resources. An expansion in temperature because of environmental change will acquire a change the administration of both surface water and groundwater assets in Bangladesh. Environmental change will reduce precipitation in the dry season and increment winter and pre-storm temperatures essentially, causing more continuous and more extreme dry spells in Bangladesh. The weakest locale is Maulavibazar, Sunamgonj and Hobigonj with a weakness size of 9 and Dhaka, Gazipur, Chittagong, Madaripur and Gopalgonj are the most un-weak areas. The public authority has designated more than $10 billion in speculations for the period 2007 to 2015 to make Bangladesh less helpless against catastrophic events.
3.2. Analysis of primary data
This study analyzed the perception of climate change among rural farmers in Dinajpur and Feni's central agricultural zone. Climate change studies often assume particular adaptations and minimal examination of how, when, why, and conditions under which adaptations usually occur in any economic and social systems. The study was conducted by survey method respondents using a structured interview schedule and questionnaire. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and linear regression model to Know farmers' perception of climate change. The identified causes of climate change were ranging from intensified agriculture, population explosion, increased use of fossil fuel, loss of indigenous know practice to gas flaring. The effects of climate change on crops and live stocks were also identified by the rural farmers.
It was found that many of the farmers adapted to climate change by planting trees, carrying out soil conservation practice, changing planting dates, using different crop varieties, installing fans in livestock pens, fertilize the land and applying irrigation. Almost half of them did not adapt to climate change. The linear regression analysis revealed that education, gender, and farming experience influenced farmers' perception of climate change. The significant barriers to adaptation to climate change included lack of information, lack of money, and scarce land. Land is the main source of livelihood in rural Bangladesh. From the government office, it was found that the proportion of both medium and large farmers have both rapidly gone down since 1988. Households owning up to three bighas of land (up to 0.4 ha) constitute about 70 per cent of all households but control only 20 per cent of the total land. As opposed to this, only four per cent of households (with 15 bigha or 2 ha and above land) controls about one-third of the land the average size of owned land stood at 0.61 ha in 1999 and significantly declined over time to peak at 0.48 ha in 2007 - a decline of 21 per cent over the last two decades and further decreased to 0.39 ha in 2014. It was observed that, as with farm size, the proportion of the marginal farmers (owning up to 0.40 ha) has risen from about 21 per cent in 1999 to 24 per cent in 2008 and further increased to 28 per cent in 2014. At the same time, the amount of land under their command almost tripled. In Dinajpur a group was identified as functionally landless with tiny farm holdings – comprising 33–35 per cent of all farmers – have also been commanding more land over time. By and large, marginal and small farm households now cultivate more than four-fifths of the total land in rural areas. It was observed that the dominance of the share-cropping system in the tenancy market has dwindled over time, and the contributions of other tenancy arrangements have been growing. It was observed that even the very poor farmers (owning land up to 0.2 ha) substantially increased their participation in irrigation facilities over time. In fact, in 1999, small and marginal farmers were far behind their counterparts – large and medium farmers – in terms of irrigation coverage. That difference gradually dwindled over time. In other words, small and marginal farmers were once laggards in adopting this modern technology but, over time, they have caught up, and even overtaken the large farmers in Dinajpur. The share of land under pond/water bodies has increased substantially over time, signifying growing pond aquaculture at household level. On the other hand, land for gardens and orchards has also increased substantially, indicating the growing importance of horticultural crops. In addition to land, livestock is another asset in rural Bangladesh which is not only a major source of livelihood but also an asset in coping with crisis.
During the comparison period, in Dinajpur and Feni the share of households renting-out land more than doubled from about 13 per cent to 29 per cent, and the proportion of rented-out owned land also more than doubled. In 2004, four-fifths of the large farmers reported to have rented out land, partly or fully, which is more than twice the ratio of 1999. That indicates that only one fifth of the large farmers now engage in cultivation of owned land compared to three fourths in 1999. By and large, this trend confirms that large farmers have been leaving land as direct tillers, while keeping intact their ownership of land. They get the parcels cultivated by small and marginal land owners or even by their erstwhile laborer2019, Field level information also reveals that even medium farmers turned their backs on farming. Only one-third of this group now cultivates owned land. Thus, most of the farmers are migrate from farming to another occupation like building construction, ricksha pulling, or working in tea stall. It is not only the large and the medium farmers who have been renting out land. A large proportion of the poor farmers have also reported renting-out of their parcels of land. In 2010, 34 per cent of land in this group went to others compared to only 24 per cent in 2000. Poor farmers found cultivation relatively less profitable, and have become more engaged in non-agricultural activities. Presumably, some small land-owning families now residing in cities which are engaged in such occupations as petty trade, transport operations and construction labor have also been renting out their land rather than making outright sales.
The assessment from the farmers of Dinajpur was taken by questionary survey and their opinion was according to last 20 years the progressions in temperature, 80% are normal, and 20% is high. The progressions in precipitation 85% in extremely high and 15% is high. The regular surge of 75% is lacking, and 25% is low. The state of the trickle is 76% is normal and 24% is small. Kind of soil is fruitful 73% is medium, 9% is typical, 9% is serious and exceptionally low. The creation of land should require water. The nature of water is acceptable, and the wellspring of water system water is additionally acceptable. The pace of yield creation 65% is ordinary, and 35% is medium. Term of stormy season 80% is normal, and 20% is medium. A large portion of the water system
strategy is wrinkle water system. The time period is 55% following 2–3 days, and 45% is 3–4 days. The developed yields in the terrains are 40% paddy,30% corn,12% potato, and 80% vegetables. Changes in wind rate 85% is customary and 15% in the medium. The rete of occasional harvest creation is generally excellent. From the ranchers it accepted that the pace of claimed land and yield creation is likewise in acceptable rate in Feni.