A Survey of Marigold Farmers in Jashore District, Bangladesh: Insights into Farming Practices and Challenges

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5349554/v1

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A Survey of Marigold Farmers in Jashore District, Bangladesh: Insights into Farming Practices and Challenges

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5349554/v1

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A total of 130 marigold farmers from Jashore District in Bangladesh were studied in order to understand the socio-economic scenario in relation to cultivation techniques and management of pests and diseases. Most respondents fell within the 30–40 age range and ran a medium-size farm area ranging from 2 to 5 acres, which accounted for 65% of the respondents. Most of them had a low educational background; only 12% of the respondents had more than ten years of experience in marigold farming. The annual production cost averaged Tk. 35,000 per acre, yielding a net profit of Tk. 1,50,000 per acre. Marigold farming is economically viable in the 9,000-hectare area and sustains about 200,000 people. Major constraints arose because of the expensive rate of pest management, in which 60% had to spend as high as 25% on this activity, while further 70% blamed poor quality planting material for the incidence of fungal diseases and affected over 55%. Surprisingly, 75% of farmers showed interest in adopting sustainable practices through disease-resistant varieties and integrated pest management. For 65% of the farmers, government extension services were an important source of advice. However, the farmers expressed a felt need for better access to improved planting materials and more effective methods of pest control. These findings provide useful inputs for policy and programme design in efforts towards increasing the sustainability and economic output of marigold cultivation in the region.

Agronomy

Socio-economic impact

marigold

Sustainable agriculture

floriculture challenges

Flowers symbolize beauty and purity and are a vital industry in many emerging and low-income countries, which are noted for their substantial growth potential. Reports indicate that flower cultivation yields returns three to five times greater than rice and 1.5 to 2 times higher than vegetable crops [1]. Notably, marigold (Tagetes erecta) stands out as a key ornamental flower grown for commercial purposes in Bangladesh. The phenolic and antioxidant activities are responsible for the medicinal uses found in leaves and flowers of marigold plants [2]. Marigold is one of the most consumed ornamental plants due to its carotenoid lutein, serving as a critical raw material in medicine, food, and feed industries [3].

On the other hand, flower cultivation is relatively more lucrative than rice and vegetable farming in Jashore district, Bangladesh. This sector, covering an area of about 9,000 hectares and involving more than 4,000 farmers, benefits around 200,000 livelihoods directly. Flower production alone in Jashore covers 70% of the demand of the country. The national flower business is approximately Tk. 300 crore, while the foreign transactions involved with this product are much higher, totaling around Tk. 16,000 crore, which is roughly equivalent to 1.46 billion USD. During the 2009–2010 fiscal year, the country earned a total of Tk. 60 crore, approximately 5.46 million USD, from flower exports, showing that commercial flower production is lucrative and has the potential to significantly contribute to job creation [4]. Worldwide, annual sales in the flower industry reach around $36 billion, hence creating an opportunity for Bangladesh to access a portion of the estimated $500 million in sales potential [5].

It has been observed that flower cultivation is now a more profitable business due to its higher return ratio relative to other types of agricultural crops. The demand for the floral industry is escalating day by day and has been spreading globally. Bangladesh being an agro-based country has all favorable climatic conditions to cultivate flowers very easily. The yearly growth rates for marigold cultivation area, production, and yield during 2007–2008 to 2009–2010 were 12.44%, 11.12%, and 1.32%, respectively. Notably, 95% of farmers in certain regions of Jashore and Jhenaidah districts cultivate the T-004 variety, yielding a minimum of 2,650,447 flowers per hectare. The gross margin per hectare is Tk. 1,62,186, while the net return stands at Tk. 1,17,812. These net returns are 80% greater than those from lentil production, 85% more than from mustard, and just below the returns from potato farming [8].

However, flower farmers are confronted by immense economic and technical challenges. The latter include high costs related to parent plants, fertilizers, and pesticides; besides, there is inadequate technical expertise to deal with the attacks of pests and diseases. Additional problems deal with market matters, such as unstructured markets, a lack of good transport and communication means, uncertainties in prices, and inaccessibility to market information, also make their work more complex. Marigold cultivation is vulnerable to various insect pests and fungal diseases, contributing to about 13% of global agricultural crop losses [9].

This study aims to collect data from marigold farmers in the Jashore district of Bangladesh by conducting a comprehensive survey focused on their practices, challenges, and views regarding marigold cultivation.

Experimental Site

The study took place in the Jashore district of Bangladesh, specifically involving fieldwork at 16 sites across four unions in Jhikargacha Upazila. Laboratory analyses and seed health assessments were carried out at the Plant Disease Clinic of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University in Dhaka. The experimental site, positioned at 89°08′E and 23°06′N, is situated within the High Ganges River Floodplain (AEZ NO. 11), and stands at 9 meters above sea level. Data on marigold diseases were recorded by undertaking intensive surveys at these places.

Study Size

This study aimed to investigate the current state of marigold farming in the Jashore District of Bangladesh. To obtain information on farming practices and conditions, a total number of 48 marigold farmers were surveyed. In all, a total of 16 villages from 4 unions in the Jhikargacha Upazila were covered, selecting 3 farmers from each village as respondents for the survey (Table 1).

Table 1

Surveyed experimental sites located within Jhikargacha Upazila, Jashore District
Unions	Villages	Number of field
Godkhali	Godkhali	3
	Patuapara	3
	Sadirali	3
	Belemath	3
	Dhalipara	3
Panisara	Panisara	3
	Sayedpara	3
	Nilkanthanagar	3
	Kuliya	3
	Gaburapur	3
Navaron	Hariya	3
	Nimtola	3
	Chandpur	3
	Mathuapara	3
Nirbaskhola	Nirbashkhola	3
Nirbaskhola	Shiorda	3
Total:4	16	48

Table 2

The socio-demographic characteristics of the participants in this survey
Gender			Age of marigold growers				Education of marigold farmers				Land utilization under marigold			Duration of marigold cultivation
Gender	No. respondents	Response(%)	Age range		No. respondents	Response (%)	Education range	No. respondents		Response (%)	Land Size	No. respondents	Response (%)	Year	No. respondents	Response (%)
Male	44	91.67	< 30	6		12.50	Illiterate	5	10.42		< 2	12	25	< 5	14	29.17
Female	4	8.33	30–40	22		45.83	Class 1–5	10	20.83		2–5	21	43.75	5–10	20	41.67
Total	48	100	40–50	13		27.10	Class 6-SSC	18	37.50		5–8	10	20.83	11–15	10	20.83
			50<	7		14.58	HSC	9	18.75		8<	5	10.42	15<	4	8.33
			Total	48		100	Honors	4	8.33		Total	48	100	Total	48	100
							Masters	2	4.17
							Total	48	100

Table 3

**Summary of Marigold Cultivation and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Jashore**
Farmers' insights on the origins of planting materials utilized for marigold cultivation			Expenses associated with pest management in marigold cultivation				Annual cost of marigold cultivation per bigha in Jashore		Benefit-cost analysis of marigold cultivation per bigha annually
Source of marigold planting materials	No. of respondents	Response%	Cost/Bigha/ Year (TK)			Other pest control cost Tk./Bigha/Yr	Cost involvement	Taka/Bigha	Production (sticks/year)	Price (Tk/stick)	Total cost Tk (Bigha/year)	Total Income Tk (Bigha/year)
1. Directly from importer	14	29.17	Disease	Insects	Weeds	500	1. Land preparation	2000	30000	Peak: 500/100 Off-peak: 50/100	20,400	75,000
1. Directly from importer	14	29.17	1100	1300	800	500	2. Planting materials	12000	30000	Peak: 500/100 Off-peak: 50/100	20,400	75,000
2. Personal Preservation	5	10.42	Total: 3700 Tk./Bigha/Year				3. Weeding	800
							4. Irrigation	1200
4. Local market	3	6.25					5. Pest management	2900
5. Seed Dealer	2	4.17					6. Picking flowers	1000
6. Nursery	20	41.67					7. Other cost	500
7. Others	4	8.33					Total	20,400

Table 4

Farmers’ opinion on occurrence, source, controlling of marigold diseases
Sources of Marigold Disease			Methods of disease control			Receiving Support and Services in Disease Control			Farmers opinion for better management options
Sources	No. Respondents	Response (%)	Name of the methods	No. Respondents	Response (%)	Assistance/ Service	No. Respondents	Response (%)	Suggestions	No. Respondents	Response (%)
Seedlings	9	18.75	Utilizing Pesticides	16	33.33	Visit by the field level officers	18	33.33	Use of healthy planting materials	15	31.25
Imported seed	8	16.67	Employing Resistant Varieties	10	20.83	Experts suggestion	5	10.42	Effective use of pesticides	8	16.67
Soil borne	10	20.83	Treatment of planting materials	12	25.00	Field day	6	12.5	Proper inter-culture operation	7	14.58
Local planting materials	12	25	Cultural practices & control measures	7	14.58	Field demonstration	4	8.33	Regular field visit	11	22.91
Use of imbalanced fertilizer	3	6.25	IPM method	1	2.08	Meeting with the field level officers	13	27.03	More research on disease management	3	6.25
Through irrigation water	2	4.17	Others (if any)	2	4.17	No opinion	2	4.67	Use of resistant variety	4	8.33
Other sources (if any)	4	8.33

Data Collection

Data for this study was gathered through face-to-face interviews using a survey questionnaire. The Ethics Committee of the Department of Plant Pathology at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University granted approval for the questionnaire on January 10, 2019. Collection started from February 2 to March 5, 2019, in which all eligible were approached and invited to take part voluntarily in the survey. Participation was strictly on a voluntary basis, and at any moment they were allowed to decline or withdraw without penalty. All data obtained were anonymized and treated according to the relevant ethics provisions of the approved research protocol. Farmers made their contributions during the interviews by answering the questionnaire, which was the main tool of data collection. It was specially designed and pre-tested in Dhaka and Manikganj districts before its official use. Collected comprehensive data on land use, cultivation area, and time, cost and benefit ratios of marigold cultivation, expenditure on pest management, application of fertilizers, etc., insect flora, diseases, weeds, bio-correlations between insects, diseases, and weeds, management practices against pests, main problems in marigold cultivation, and recommendations for disease control.

Data Analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using data gathered from the survey, and field data was processed with the computer software STATISTIX 10.

Economic and social status of survey participants

The survey study series has brought out the main demographic and agricultural trends of the marigold farmers in the area. The majority of the farmers are males 91.67%, most of them fall in the age range of 30–40 years 45.83%, and their educational background varies, though a greater part of them had education up to Class 6-SSC 37.50%. It was observed that most marigold cultivation is done on plots of land ranging from 2–5 acres; 43.75% thus prefer medium-sized farming operations. Also, 41.67% of farmers in the study area have been into marigold farming for 6–10 years, showing consistency in this type of horticulture. (Table 02). The results again highlight that specific agricultural policies are required, addressing gender inequalities, improving educational enhancement, and land-use intensification, in order to enhance the sustainability and productivity of marigold farming in Jashore District.

Overview of practices in marigold farming

The paper, therefore, focuses on the sources of planting materials, cost of pest management, and the benefit-cost analysis arising out of marigold cultivation in the Jashore District, Bangladesh, which would provide useful information to depict ways of improving agriculture practices and economic returns. It is observed from the result that a higher percentage of farmer’s source planting materials from nurseries 41.67 percent followed by direct importers 29.17 percent. This would point to a reliance on more established and possibly better-quality providers, thus having a better effect on plant health and yields.

During land preparation, farmyard manure is applied at a rate of 2,500 kg per hectare. A basal dose of TSP, gypsum, boron, zinc, urea, and MOP is also incorporated. Extra applications of phosphorus and potassium are mixed with nitrogen, boron, and zinc and applied 20 days following pruning. More noticeable is the focus on pest management, costing 3,700 taka per year for every bigha, wherein major costs include disease control, which goes for 1,100 Tk; insect control goes for 1,300 Tk, and weed control goes for 800 Tk. This also shows that the priorities of IPM strategies are eminently important and urgently called for to minimize costs and further reduce environmental impact.

The total cultivation cost amounts to 20,400 Tk. This includes the cost of land preparation, planting material, weeding, irrigation, pesticide, and harvesting expenses at a per bigha basis of per year. The benefit-cost analysis has come out to be highly profitable, representing the total income of 75,000 Tk. per bigha yearly, hence giving a net profit of 54,600 Tk. per bigha annually. This good return on investment points to the economic viability of marigold cultivation, with the implication that further optimization of agronomic practices and resource management will further increase productivity and sustainability.

The study also points out the potential contribution of marigold farming to rural development and improvement of livelihoods of farmers. It enumerates that there is a need for specific interventions on the availability of high-quality planting materials and training in IPM techniques, among others, which are necessary for mitigation of the rather high initial costs.

Perspectives from farmers: Occurrence, sources, and management strategies for marigold diseases

The present study undertakes a detailed analysis of the origins of diseases in marigold crops, management strategies used by farmers, support services received by them, and their perceptions of better management approaches. As found out in this study, the major sources of disease mentioned by farmers were local planting materials at 25%, followed by soil-borne pathogens at 20.83%, seedlings at 18.75%, and imported seeds at 16.67%. The minor ones were imbalanced fertilizers, irrigation water, and unspecified origins. This certainly calls for urgent need to improve the quality of the planting materials considering the high prevalence of diseases emanating from local planting materials.

As concerns control methods, the survey revealed that 33.33% relies on pesticides, followed by treatment of planting materials at 25% and resistant varieties at 20.83%. Only 14.58% of them followed cultural practices and control measures, IPM strategies, and other methods coming in last. For this reason, the dependence on chemical controls brings about environmental and health effects; hence, there is a need to raise awareness on the adoption of sustainable alternatives.

In terms of support services, the most prevailing means of support were visits by extension officers, standing at 37.50%. This shows the strong need for direct contact on the ground. Meetings with field-level officers also played a very important role, while access to expert suggestions and field days was less frequent. A small percentage of farmers received field demonstrations at 8.33%, which reflects those areas in which outreach can be extended further. The relatively small proportion of expert advice being given to farmers suggests a greater need for accessible expertise and support.

Farmers gave several suggestions for the better management of diseases. Healthy planting material use came out as the highest recommendation at 31.25%, followed by frequent field visits at 22.91%. This therefore postulates a high disposition towards one-time prevention measures and follow-up support. The other dominating recommendations include the effective use of pesticides at 16.67% and proper inter-culture practices at 14.58%. A few responses also highlighted further research on disease management at 6.25%, to mean that perhaps the current levels of knowledge and practice may not be adequate. The recommendation of disease-resistant varieties stands at 8.33%, which goes in agreement with the farmers' practices.

Overall, these results of this survey indicate that the marigold farmers of Jashore District are concerned about the improvement in quality of planting materials and control of diseases. Their dependency is there on chemical pesticides; but at the same time, strong interest also exists in sustainable measures like disease-resistant varieties and improvement of planting material quality. While this is essential support from the extension officers, there is definitely a dire need for more expertly deeper guidance and research that would help in bringing out proper disease management solutions. Meeting these needs would ultimately bring more productive and sustainable farming of marigold in the region.

Perspectives from farmers: Ensuring safety, applying nutrients, and utilizing growth enhancers for marigold cultivation

These high response rates for specific inputs indicate their perceived effectiveness and importance within growers' practices, representing both traditional and modern agricultural techniques. Neem oil is highly recognized for its broad-spectrum effectiveness against a wide range of pests; it is organic and therefore less hazardous to the environment and beneficial insects than synthetic chemicals. Its popularity is an indication that growers recognize its advantages within integrated pest management systems.

On the other hand, Malathion and Imidacloprid also show high response rates at 87.5% and 70.83%, respectively, since they have a wide spectrum of action against many types of pests. Contrasting with this, the response rates for Endosulfan and Carbofuran can be as low as 45.83% and 25%, respectively, due to the fact that their toxicity and persistence in the environment raised restrictions from regulatory bodies and health concerns. The high response rate for Tricyclazole, 91.67%, underlines its importance in the management of fungal diseases, especially in humid countries like Bangladesh, where the attack of fungi is very common. Mancozeb and Carbendazim are also fairly frequently used due to their broad-spectrum activity and preventive properties. On the other hand, the low response rate of Chlorothalonil, which accounted for 31.25%, may mean lower efficacy or acceptance due to potential environmental hazards and health risks.

Atrazine (72.92%) is also highly used due to its wide spectrum of activity, which has a huge implication on the health and yield of marigold crops. However, the main constraint to its wider acceptance may be its persisting nature in the environment and its contamination of water sources, whereas Oxyfluorfen was used only by 52.08%, probably because farmers like it more for specific weed problems and its lower environmental effect.

The unanimous use of cow dung, urea, and TSP (response rate: 100%) shows that the farmers consider these as important for soil fertility and providing essential nutrients to plants. Cow dung is considered vital because it contains organic matter that enhances the structure of the soil and increases microbial activities within the soil. Urea acts as an available source of nitrogen, whereas TSP is a phosphorus source crucial for root and floral development in plants. The high consumption of boron (83.33%) and zinc (91.67%) indicates that growers are quite aware of the deficiencies of micronutrients, which can severely weaken the health and productivity of plants. Boron is required for cell wall development and reproductive growth, whereas zinc is needed for the biological activity of enzymes and hormone regulation.

Although the response rate is 66.67%, it is known that GA3 promotes stem elongation, flower development, and overall growth enhancement. Ornamental plants like marigolds require this for reaching optimal marketable quality. The favor shown to some products by the interviewed can be scientifically justified on the basis of its efficacy and safety as well as ecological impact. The high use of neem oil is in tune with the concept of sustainable agriculture, thereby decreasing the demand on synthetic chemicals for pest control and keeps the ecosystem in balance.

This trend reflects the need for efficient management of diseases and weeds in Bangladesh's humid climate, which exacerbates both. The use of essential fertilizers and micronutrients is indispensable to maintain soil fertility and ensure balanced nutrient availability, a prerequisite for high-yield, high-quality marigold production. Application of GA3 is an example of comprehension in plant physiology and the role growth regulators will play in optimizing crops.

In the country of Bangladesh, research in the district of Jashore sought to assess the status of marigold growers in terms of their economic and social conditions. Accordingly, structured interviews were implemented on 48 farmers from 16 villages in the four unions of the Jhikargacha upazila. The questionnaire consisted of the socio-economic background information, cultivation methods, and perceptions about diseases of marigold. The socio-economic category consisted of data on gender, age, education, and land use patterns. Cultivation practices contained information such as including pest control, planting materials, fertilizer application, and benefit-cost ratio. Perception from the farmers side regarding disease management and recommendations to enhance disease management for marigold crop were noted also [1].

Regions in Bangladesh which have good potentials for marigold growing are Benapole, Chuadanga, Gazipur, Jashore, Manikganj, Savar, Singair, and Tangail. The estimated cost of cultivation per hectare was Tk. 1,47,234 out of variable costs amounting to Tk. 1,02,858. It is observed that the share of labourers accounted for the highest cost input, which was 67%, followed by land use comprising 18%, and fertilizers comprising 15%. Gross margin per hectare worked out to be Tk. 1,62,186, thereby giving a net return of Tk. 1,17,812/ ha. Analysis of the output process indicated that human labor, seedlings, and irrigation had a positive impact on marigold farming [7].

Ahammed's research into marigold socio-economics showed that the net marketing margins of stakeholders were significantly different. Retailers had the highest margin at Tk. 146.39, followed by wholesalers at Tk. 22.02, traders at Tk. 17.35, and petty traders at Tk. 8.61. At harvest time, the prices for producers were Tk. 0.52 per unit; this price increased to Tk. 2.49 during the post-harvest time, while the consumer prices increased from Tk. 0.74 to Tk. 2.63 9. The number of flower growers cited the minimum family member as 1–4, highest percentage amounting to 28%. The others belonged to 5–6 and more than six members, amounting to 41.67% and 30%, respectively. The gender characterization showed that 91.67% were men and 8.33% were women. Regarding educational attainment, the data shows that 10.42% of individuals have no formal education, 20.83% have completed primary education, 37.50% hold secondary education, 18.75% have higher secondary education, and 12.5% have education beyond the higher secondary level. BCR was determined to be 2.57 per dollar of variable cost and 1.80 per dollar of full cost, which proved the cultivation of flowers to be economically viable [1].

Most of the flowers grown in Bangladesh are winter crops, which coincides with the wedding seasons from December to March. This marks the peak demand for various festivals. The prices and demand for flowers fluctuate throughout the year [10]. A study by Islam and Rahman showed flower cultivation as more profitable compared to other crops, and is positively associated with GDP growth along with the generation of employment opportunities [11].

Mou's study on flower cultivation and marketing in Bangladesh revealed that flowers attain a gross margin of Tk. 1,359,824.20 per hectare, which is relatively higher compared with Tk. 46,362.14 obtained from vegetables. In Dhaka City, the marketing margins for flowers differ among intermediaries, with BRAC having a margin of Tk. 187.56, wholesalers and retailers at Tk. 638.39, and retailers at Tk. 689.72. Farmers encountered several challenges, including the high expenses of mother stock, fertilizers, and pesticides, insufficient scientific knowledge, susceptibility to pests, and inadequate transportation and communication infrastructure. It was easy to adopt flower farming on account of its low technology requirement for the farmers in the age group of 30–40 years, as 21.87% did not have any formal education. The educational level ranged from 15.63% having primary education to 3.13% having secondary to 6.25% beyond higher secondary level. Flower farming was mostly an adjunct to crop cultivation or business activities [12].

The labor expense was high for Bera and Majumder regarding marigold cultivation. Moreover, having an ample supply of family labor makes marigold cultivation profitable. It contributes significantly to income and job creation in rural communities [13]. Previous reports about flowering plants like marigold, tuberose, gladiolus, and rose generated export prospects and growth prospects and further generated interest with favorable climate conditions that Bangladesh can face for a seasonal market opportunity [14].

A comprehensive study was conducted in Jhikargacha Upazila of Jashore district to examine the current state of flower cultivation, the challenges faced, and the attitudes of farmers. Information on types of flowers, time of cultivation, sources of seedlings, method of propagation, fertilizer applications, management of diseases and pests, and intercultural operations was also gathered. The most paramount problems that these farmers faced were insufficient access to loans, insufficient preservation facilities, lower price of flowers in the market, and higher price of fertilizer and pesticides [15]. Some of the other key findings from the surveys were traditional farming practices, high dependence on chemical inputs, lack of access to improved input, market price unpredictability, and inefficient pest management. Farmers showed interest in getting training in sustainable techniques related to organic farming and integrated methods of pest management. Farmers show much concern about the impacts of climate change on yields and pest outbreaks. This present study provides the urgent need of the application of sustainable practices, ensuring proper access to resources, and climate-resilient strategy for marigold farming of the Jashore district.

This comprehensive analysis highlights several key socio-economic factors driving marigold farming in the Jashore district of Bangladesh. The thorough examination conducted in this research delves into diverse cultivation methods, economic metrics, and social influences, shedding light on the complexities and difficulties encountered by marigold farmers in this region. It emphasizes the intricate connections between economic limitations, social frameworks, and agricultural practices, while identifying key areas that require intervention and enhancement. These results indicate significant potential for transformative improvements within the marigold farming community, including addressing educational and training barriers, enhancing market and resource access, and advancing agricultural practices. This calls for all stakeholders-farmers, policymakers, and agriculture professionals-to team up in developing workable, sustainable solutions to spur growth in economic prosperity while entrenching social equity and environmental stewardship in the sector. This journey necessitates prioritizing inclusiveness, resilience, and innovation in sowing together the wisdom and expertise of every stakeholder to build a better future of marigold farming. Sustainability needs to be an important pillar in economic growth and community development in Bangladesh. Eventually, this study will provide the premise of informed decisions and shared efforts toward a successful marigold farming industry, ultimately contributing to the welfare of all farmers and the community.

Author contribution statement

AS = Conceptualization, Data curation, Software, Methodology, Resources, Validation, Visualization, ANFA = Supervision, Conceptualization, Methodology, Data curation, Validation, RZ = Investigation, Writing - original draft, Funding acquisition, Formal analysis, Study implementation, Data analysis, Writing - review & editing. MRI = Methodology, Resources, Validation, MA = Writing - review & editing, TAR = Writing - review & editing. All the authors have reviewed the manuscript and provided their feedback.

Acknowledgments

The author would like to convey heartfelt thanks to the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Government of Bangladesh for granting the National Science and Technology (NST) Fellowship, which played a crucial role in facilitating this research during 2018-19. Special appreciation is also given to the Supervisor for providing research materials and resources through the Grant for Advanced Research in Education (GARE), offered by the Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh, as part of the project titled “Establishment of Plant Disease Clinic at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.”

Conflict of interest

The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

This study does not include human or animal subjects.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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A Survey of Marigold Farmers in Jashore District, Bangladesh: Insights into Farming Practices and Challenges

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Abstract

Introduction

Materials and method

Experimental Site

Study Size

Data Collection

Data Analysis

Results

Economic and social status of survey participants

Overview of practices in marigold farming

Perspectives from farmers: Occurrence, sources, and management strategies for marigold diseases

Perspectives from farmers: Ensuring safety, applying nutrients, and utilizing growth enhancers for marigold cultivation

Discussion

Conclusions

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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