Bridging the Diagnostic Gap in Neuropsychiatry: The Role of Neuro Acoustic Therapies in Accurate Diagnosis

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Bridging the Diagnostic Gap in Neuropsychiatry: The Role of Neuro Acoustic Therapies in Accurate Diagnosis

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5358685/v1

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Neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, significantly impact global health, posing challenges in diagnosis and treatment. Traditional diagnostic methods often rely on subjective clinical observations, necessitating more precise and objective tools. The research was carried out at the Kashmir Advanced Scientific Research Centre, a DSIR-recognized institute.

The treatment methodology comprises seven phases: registration of Patients, Case History Formulation, therapy awareness, Loop Selection in Active Mode, Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG), Comparing Resonance Value, and Checking for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders and treatment Provisions. Each phase is designed to ensure comprehensive data collection, patient engagement, and accurate diagnosis using sound frequencies. Initial results from a sample of 50 patients previously diagnosed with psychiatric disorders indicate significant diagnostic discrepancies when reassessed with Neuro acoustic loop therapy. Comparative analysis using a confusion matrix revealed that approximately 50% of already diagnosed neuropsychiatric disorders differed from those diagnosed at KASRC.

This research proposes a novel, standardised approach for diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders, integrating Neuro acoustic therapies with conventional methods. The findings suggest that Neuro acoustic stimulation can provide an objective and scalable diagnostic tool, enhancing the accuracy of neuropsychiatric diagnoses and contributing to better patient outcomes. The study aims to establish a robust framework for the effective treatment of neuro psychiatric disorders, advancing mental health care through innovative Neuro acoustic methodologies.

Cognitive Neuroscience

Music

Neuropsychiatric disorders

Frequency modulation test (FMT/EEG)

Neuro acoustic therapy

Non Invasive

Neuropsychiatric disorders, including conditions such as depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, pose significant challenges to global health, affecting millions of individuals and placing a considerable burden on healthcare systems worldwide [1]. Traditional diagnostic methods for these disorders often rely on clinical observations, self-reported symptoms, and behavioural assessments, which can be subjective and prone to variability [2, 14]. Despite advances in neuroimaging and genetic studies, there remains a pressing need for more precise, objective, and scalable diagnostic tools [16].

In recent years, there has been growing interest in using Neuro acoustic stimulation and sound therapy as potential non-invasive treatments for various neurological and Neuropsychiatric conditions. The Neuro Acoustic Research (NAR) project is being implemented at KASRC, Cluster University, JK, India, and seeks to explore the efficacy of such therapies through a structured and systematic approach. This research aims to investigate the potential of Neuro acoustic therapies in diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders through a series of systematically designed phases.

The prevalence and impact of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, present significant challenges to global health. These disorders affect millions worldwide, necessitating the development of precise and objective diagnostic tools to complement traditional methods. Traditional diagnostic approaches often rely on clinical observations and self-reported symptoms, which can be subjective and prone to variability. This literature review examines various aspects of neuropsychiatric disorders, Neuro acoustic therapies, and their potential in diagnosis and treatment.

2.1. Neuro-psychiatric Disorders and Current Diagnostic Methods

Neuropsychiatric disorders encompass a wide range of conditions characterised by emotional and cognitive dysfunctions. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides a comprehensive classification of these disorders, aiding in their diagnosis and treatment [1]. However, diagnostic methods often depend on clinical observations and patient self-reports, leading to potential inaccuracies and diagnosis variability [2]. Schizophrenia, for instance, is diagnosed based on clinical features and conceptualisations, but misdiagnoses are common due to overlapping symptoms with other psychiatric conditions [17].

Advances in neuroimaging, such as positron emission tomography (PET), have improved our understanding of neuropsychiatric disorders by revealing functional abnormalities in the brain [16]. However, these techniques are often expensive and not widely accessible. The need for more accessible, non-invasive diagnostic tools remains critical.

2.2. Neuro Acoustic Therapies and Their Potential

Neuro Acoustic stimulation and sound therapy have emerged as promising, non-invasive treatments for neurological and psychiatric conditions. The therapeutic effects of sound on the nervous system have been explored, demonstrating potential benefits in neurorehabilitation [9]. Neuro Acoustic therapies involve using specific sound frequencies to stimulate neural activity, which can aid in diagnosing and treating psychiatric disorders.

One promising approach is Neuro acoustic loop therapy, which involves exposing patients to sound frequencies that can modulate neural activity. This method aligns with rhythm and music therapy principles, which have been shown to influence brain function and improve clinical outcomes [18]. Neuro Acoustic therapies offer a potential pathway for developing objective diagnostic tools for neuropsychiatric disorders, addressing the limitations of traditional methods.

2.3. Electroencephalography (EEG) and Frequency Modulation Tests (FMT)

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a widely used technique for detecting electrical activity in the brain, providing valuable insights into neural function. EEG recordings capture brain wave patterns, which can indicate the presence of neuropsychiatric disorders [5]. Frequency modulation tests (FMT) involve using EEG to assess the brain's response to specific sound frequencies, offering a non-invasive means of diagnosing psychiatric conditions.

Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of EEG in identifying abnormalities in brain function associated with psychiatric disorders. For example, EEG has been used to detect changes in brain activity in patients with schizophrenia, providing objective data to support clinical diagnoses [6]. Integrating FMT with EEG can enhance diagnostic accuracy, comprehensively assessing neural responses to Neuro acoustic stimulation.

2.4. Comparative Data Analysis and Confusion Matrix Evaluation

Comparative data analysis is crucial for evaluating the effectiveness of new diagnostic methods against established ones. Confusion matrices are commonly used to compare the performance of different diagnostic tools, highlighting discrepancies and identifying areas for improvement [19]. This approach was employed in the Neuro Acoustic Research (NAR) project, where Neuro acoustic loop therapy was assessed against traditional diagnostic methods.

Preliminary results from the NAR project revealed significant discrepancies in diagnoses, with approximately 50% of patients already diagnosed with psychiatric disorders showing different results when reassessed using Neuro acoustic loop therapy. The confusion matrix analysis highlighted the need for a standardised approach to diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders, integrating Neuro acoustic therapies with conventional methods [20].

2.5. Evaluation Metrics

Various metrics comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic methodologies, including sensitivity, precision, false discovery rate, false negative rate, accuracy, and F1 score. Sensitivity measures the ability of the test to correctly identify patients with the disorder, while precision indicates the proportion of actual positive results among all positive results. The false discovery rate and false negative rate provide insights into the test's reliability and accuracy, which measures the overall correctness of the test. The F1 score balances precision and recall, offering a single metric to evaluate the test's performance [13].

2.6. Potential for Standardizing Neuropsychiatric Diagnosis

The integration of Neuro acoustic therapies with traditional diagnostic methods holds significant potential for standardising the diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders. Neuro Acoustic therapies can complement clinical observations and patient self-reports by providing objective, non-invasive diagnostic tools, reducing variability and improving diagnostic accuracy. This approach aligns with the broader goal of developing a robust framework for diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders, ultimately enhancing patient outcomes [12].

The literature highlights the potential of Neuro acoustic therapies as a complementary tool for diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders. While traditional methods remain essential, integrating acoustic stimulation and sound therapy can provide objective, scalable, and non-invasive diagnostic options. The NAR project’s preliminary findings underscore the need for further research and standardisation, paving the way for innovative approaches in mental health care. Combining Neuro acoustic therapies with conventional methods can enhance the accuracy and efficacy of neuropsychiatric diagnoses, contributing to better patient outcomes and advancing mental health care.

Neuro Acoustic loops, consisting of specific sound frequencies, play a pivotal role in diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders within the framework of the Neuro Acoustic Research (NAR) project. Their therapeutic potential lies in their ability to modulate neural activity, providing diagnostic insights and therapeutic benefits. This section explores the mechanisms through which acoustic loops function, their application in various phases of the treatment process, and their overall impact on patient outcomes.

3.1. Mechanisms of Neuro-Acoustic Loops

Acoustic loops operate on the principle that specific sound frequencies can influence brain wave patterns and neural activity. This concept is rooted in neuro-acoustics, which studies the interaction between sound and the nervous system. The human brain naturally produces electrical activity, which can be measured through brain waves. Different types of brain waves, such as alpha, beta, delta, and theta waves, are associated with various states of consciousness and cognitive functions [5].

The rationale behind Neuro-Acoustic loop methodology (NALM) lies in the understanding that brain wave patterns are closely linked to cognitive function and neurological disorders. By utilizing sound waves at specific frequencies, this approach aims to influence these brain wave patterns in a targeted manner, potentially mitigating the cognitive decline observed in Dementia and AD. Importantly, NALM is non-invasive and has the potential to be delivered in various settings, making it a promising candidate for widespread adoption in clinical practice.

Acoustic loops target specific brain wave frequencies, thereby inducing desired neural responses. For example, particular frequencies may promote relaxation and reduce anxiety by enhancing alpha-wave activity, while others might stimulate cognitive functions by increasing beta-wave activity [9]. By carefully selecting and administering these sound frequencies, acoustic loops can modulate brain activity in beneficial ways for diagnosing and treating neuropsychiatric disorders.[21]

3.2. Application in Treatment Phases

The NAR project's treatment methodology involves the use of acoustic loops across several phases, each tailored to leverage their therapeutic potential:

3.3. Therapies Awareness

Patients are introduced to Neuro acoustic therapies and the specific loops they will undergo. Counselling ensures that patients are mentally prepared for the treatments, enhancing the efficacy of the Neuro acoustic loops.

3.4. Loop Selection in Active Mode

Acoustic loop stacks, pre-identified for various ailments, are selected for patients in active mode. This phase involves actively administering sound frequencies, meaning patients consciously listen to the loops. Active engagement helps accurately assess neural responses and determine the severity of psychiatric disorders [18].

3.5. Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG)

Acoustic loops are used in conjunction with EEG to perform frequency modulation tests. These tests detect how the brain's electrical activity responds to specific sound frequencies, providing critical diagnostic information. The combination of acoustic stimulation and EEG allows a detailed analysis of the patient's neural function and potential psychiatric conditions [6].

3.6. Comparing Resonance Value

The resonance values represent the brain's response to acoustic stimulation and are compared to establish a qualitative diagnostic mechanism. This comparison helps understand the extent of neural modulation the acoustic loops achieve and its correlation with psychiatric disorders [18].

3.7. Checking for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders & Treatment Provisions

Based on the diagnostic data from previous phases, acoustic loop-based treatments are tailored for each patient. These treatments involve ongoing exposure to specific sound frequencies designed to modulate brain activity and alleviate symptoms of neuropsychiatric disorders. The personalised approach ensures that treatments are targeted and effective [12].

The integration of acoustic loops in the diagnostic and treatment process offers several benefits, potentially leading to improved patient outcomes:

4.1. Non-Invasive and Scalable: Acoustic therapies are non-invasive, making them a safe and accessible option for many patients. Their scalability allows for broad application across various settings, from clinical environments to home-based care.

4.2. Objective Diagnostic Tool: Acoustic loops offer an objective means of diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders by providing measurable data on brain wave activity. This reduces the reliance on subjective clinical observations and enhances diagnostic accuracy [9].

4.3. Personalised Treatment: The ability to tailor acoustic loops to individual patients' needs ensures that treatments are specific and practical. This personalized approach can lead to better management of symptoms and overall improvement in mental health [18].

4.4. Complementary to Traditional Methods: Acoustic loops can be used alongside traditional diagnostic and treatment methods, providing a holistic approach to mental health care. This integration can enhance the overall efficacy of treatment plans and improve patient adherence and satisfaction [1].

Acoustic loops represent a promising innovation in neuropsychiatric treatment. By leveraging the therapeutic potential of sound frequencies, they offer a non-invasive, objective, and personalised approach to diagnosing and treating mental health disorders. The NAR project's ongoing research and implementation of acoustic loop therapies aim to establish a standardised framework that can significantly advance mental health care and improve patient outcomes.

The proposed treatment methodology is composed of seven distinct phases: registration of Patients, Case History Formulation, Therapies Awareness, Loop Selection in Active Mode, Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG), Comparing Resonance Value, and Checking for Psychiatric Disorders and treatment Provisions. Each phase is meticulously crafted to ensure comprehensive data collection, patient engagement, and accurate diagnosis, leveraging the therapeutic potential of sound frequencies [9].

5.1. Phase 1: Registration of Patients

The initial phase involves registering patients who wish to be screened for psychiatric disorders. Ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of patient information is paramount. Accurate and complete patient registration forms the foundation for practical subsequent phases and helps maintain up-to-date patient demographics at each visit [19].

5.2. Phase 2: Case History Formulation

The psychiatrist formulates a detailed case history in this phase, incorporating past test readings and vital statistics. This phase facilitates an open dialogue and collects comprehensive and current information, essential for accurate diagnosis and personalised treatment planning [15].

5.3. Phase 3: Therapies Awareness

Patients are informed of the acoustic therapies they will undergo based on their case history. Proper counselling is provided to prepare patients emotionally and psychologically, ensuring they are well-informed and comfortable with the proposed treatments [12].

5.4. Phase 4: Loop Selection (in Active Mode)

Each patient is selected for an acoustic loop stack consisting of specific sound frequencies. These loops are designed to be administered actively, stimulating the patient's neural systems and providing diagnostic insights into the presence and severity of psychiatric disorders [18].

5.5. Phase 5: Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG)

The FMT/EEG phase involves using electroencephalography to detect electrical activity in the brain. This non-invasive test captures the brain's electrical impulses, offering critical data on the patient's neural function and identifying potential neuropsychiatric disorders [5].

5.6. Phase 6: Comparing Resonance Value

In this phase, resonance values are compared to establish a qualitative mechanism for diagnosing Neuro psychiatric disorders. This comparison provides a deeper understanding of the patient's neural responses to acoustic stimulation [6].

5.7 Phase 7: Checking for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders & Treatment Provisions

Based on the collected data and resonance value comparisons, a conclusion regarding the presence of Neuro psychiatric disorders is reached. Subsequently, tailored acoustic loop-based treatments are determined for each patient, ensuring a personalised approach to therapy [9].

The research further involves a comparative data analysis between KASRC and ADP, using a confusion matrix to evaluate diagnostic discrepancies. Preliminary results indicate a significant variance in diagnoses, with approximately 50% of ADP-diagnosed cases showing discrepancies when re-assessed using acoustic loop therapy. The study also measures critical parameters such as sensitivity, precision, false discovery rate, false negative rate, accuracy, and F1 score, providing a comprehensive evaluation of the diagnostic methodology [20].

This research holds the potential to revolutionise the diagnosis and treatment of neuro psychiatric disorders by introducing a standardised, objective, and scalable approach. By integrating acoustic therapies with traditional diagnostic methods, this study aims to develop a robust framework that can enhance the accuracy and efficacy of neuro psychiatric diagnosis and treatments, ultimately contributing to better patient outcomes and advancing the field of mental health care [13].

The data shown in Fig. 3 has been recorded and tabulated from around 50 random patients/subjects who have already been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. These already diagnosed patients (ADP) have been re-assessed using Neuro acoustic Loop Therapy for any psychiatric disorder. Data has been collaborated on an Excel sheet and analysed using Python data frames in a standardised template. Duplicate data and outliers from the same study samples have been identified and removed. As the results are being gathered from two sources (ADP & KASRC), two separate collaborations have been made, whose confusion matrix is shown below:

6.1. Confusion Matrix Between ADP and KASRC Data

The confusion matrix for the data shows that around 50% of patients who have been already diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder (ADP) have been differently diagnosed as per KASRC, as shown in Fig. 2. These tests accumulated for the diagnosis have been conducted using Acoustic Loops, FMT, followed by biochemical analysis, and are shown in the chart below:

6.2. Comparative Analysis Based on FMTI and FMTF Values

The chart in Fig. 3 tabulates the values of FMTI (Frequency Modulation Test Initial) and FMTF (Frequency Modulation Test Final). It identifies the variation in data, where 50% of cases have been diagnosed with psychiatric disorders. The neuro acoustic-based study demonstrated variability in the prevalence of these psychiatric disorders when these tests were conducted on the subjects. The comparative results between ADP and KASRC in terms of sensitivity, precision, F1 score, etc., are shown in Table 1 below:

Table 1

Evaluation of Various Parameters
S. No.	Parameter	Value
1	Sensitivity	0.5
2	Precision	1.0
3	False Discovery Rate	0.0
4	False Negative Rate	0.5
5	Accuracy	0.5
6	F1 Score	0.6667

In this study, the sensitivity is 0.5. This indicates that 50% of the patients who have a psychiatric disorder were correctly identified by the acoustic loop therapy. While this shows that the technique can identify half of the actual cases, it also highlights that 50% of confirmed cases are missed, suggesting room for improvement in detecting all true positives. The precision for this study is 1.0, meaning that every patient identified as having a psychiatric disorder by the acoustic loop therapy indeed has the disorder. This high precision indicates a low rate of false positives, making it a highly reliable metric when a positive diagnosis is given. An FDR of 0.0 means no false positives in this study. This complements the high precision value, indicating that the acoustic loop therapy does not misidentify patients as having a psychiatric disorder when they do not.

In this study, the FNR is 0.5, indicating that 50% of the patients with a psychiatric disorder were missed by the acoustic loop therapy. This high FNR is a significant drawback, implying that half of the cases go undiagnosed. The accuracy in this study is 0.5, indicating that only half of the total diagnoses (both positive and negative) are correct. This relatively low accuracy suggests considerable room for improvement in the overall diagnostic capability of the acoustic loop therapy. An F1 score of 0.6667 indicates that the acoustic loop therapy has a moderate balance between precision and sensitivity. This score shows that while the technique is exact when identifying a disorder, it is less effective in identifying all actual cases. The proposed research could also aid in the qualitative scaling of these neuropsychiatric disorders. These disorders are diagnosed primarily based on observation and patient behaviour, with a concrete methodology often missing. The proposed research can help formulate a standard scaling mechanism to quantify a neuropsychiatric disorder.

The integration of Neuro acoustic loops in the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders presents a promising advancement in mental health care. This research, conducted under the Neuro Acoustic Research (NAR) project, highlights the potential of acoustic therapies to provide objective, non-invasive, and scalable diagnostic tools. The structured treatment methodology, encompassing phases from patient registration to tailored acoustic loop-based treatments, demonstrates a comprehensive approach to addressing the challenges of traditional diagnostic methods.

The preliminary results indicate significant discrepancies in diagnoses when comparing traditional methods with those involving acoustic loops, underscoring the need for a standardised approach. Frequency Modulation Tests (FMT) combined with electroencephalography (EEG) provide valuable insights into the brain's response to acoustic stimulation, offering a more objective means of diagnosing neuropsychiatric disorders. The evaluation metrics, including sensitivity, precision, false discovery rate, false negative rate, accuracy, and F1 score, highlight the effectiveness and reliability of this innovative diagnostic method.

The proposed research aims to improve diagnostic accuracy and establish a robust framework for personalised treatments using acoustic therapies. By modulating neural activity through specific sound frequencies, these treatments can address the unique needs of individual patients, leading to better management of symptoms and overall mental health outcomes.

Future research should focus on several key areas to further validate and expand the use of acoustic loops in neuro psychiatric diagnosis and treatment:

8.1. Large-Scale Clinical Trials: Conducting large-scale, multi-centre clinical trials to validate the efficacy and reliability of acoustic loop therapies across diverse populations and settings. These trials should include a broad range of neuropsychiatric disorders to establish the generalizability of the findings.

8.2. Longitudinal Studies: Implementing longitudinal studies to assess the long-term effects of acoustic loop therapies on patients' mental health. These studies should examine the sustainability of therapeutic benefits and the potential for preventing relapse in chronic conditions.

8.3. Technological Advancements: We are exploring advancements in neuro-acoustic technology to enhance the precision and customisation of acoustic loops. Innovations such as real-time feedback mechanisms, adaptive algorithms, and personalised sound profiles could further improve the efficacy of these therapies.

8.4. Mechanistic Studies: Investigating the underlying neural mechanisms through which acoustic loops influence brain activity. Understanding the pathways and processes involved can provide deeper insights into how sound frequencies modulate neural function and contribute to therapeutic outcomes.

8.5. Integration with Other Therapies: Examining the synergistic effects of combining acoustic loop therapies with other established treatments, such as pharmacotherapy, cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), and neurofeedback. Integrated treatment approaches may enhance overall efficacy and provide comprehensive care for patients with complex neuropsychiatric disorders.

8.6. Standardisation and Protocol Development: Developing standardised protocols and guidelines for implementing acoustic loop therapies in clinical practice. This includes establishing best practices for patient selection, treatment duration, and frequency modulation parameters to ensure consistent and practical application.

8.7. Ethical Considerations and Patient Consent: Addressing ethical considerations and ensuring informed consent in the use of acoustic loop therapies. As these treatments gain wider acceptance, upholding ethical standards and protecting patient rights is crucial, particularly in vulnerable populations.

8.8. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: Conducting cost-effectiveness analyses to evaluate the economic viability of widespread implementation of acoustic loop therapies. Understanding the cost-benefit ratio can inform healthcare policy decisions and support the adoption of these innovative treatments in routine clinical practice.

This study has been reviewed and approved by the Institutional Review Board Govt Medical College Srinagar J&K India with the approval number IRBGMC/KASRC160, as required for all research involving human participants. The study adheres to the ethical guidelines set forth by the IRB and complies with all applicable regulations to ensure the protection of participants' rights and welfare.

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The authors declare no competing interests.

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Bridging the Diagnostic Gap in Neuropsychiatry: The Role of Neuro Acoustic Therapies in Accurate Diagnosis

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Abstract

Figures

1.0 Introduction

2.0. Literature Review

2.1. Neuro-psychiatric Disorders and Current Diagnostic Methods

2.2. Neuro Acoustic Therapies and Their Potential

2.3. Electroencephalography (EEG) and Frequency Modulation Tests (FMT)

2.4. Comparative Data Analysis and Confusion Matrix Evaluation

2.5. Evaluation Metrics

2.6. Potential for Standardizing Neuropsychiatric Diagnosis

3.0. Role of Neuro Acoustic Loops in Treatment

3.1. Mechanisms of Neuro-Acoustic Loops

3.2. Application in Treatment Phases

3.3. Therapies Awareness

3.4. Loop Selection in Active Mode

3.5. Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG)

3.6. Comparing Resonance Value

3.7. Checking for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders & Treatment Provisions

4.0. Impact on Patient Outcomes

5.0. Treatment Methodology

5.1. Phase 1: Registration of Patients

5.2. Phase 2: Case History Formulation

5.3. Phase 3: Therapies Awareness

5.4. Phase 4: Loop Selection (in Active Mode)

5.5. Phase 5: Frequency Modulation Test (FMT/EEG)

5.6. Phase 6: Comparing Resonance Value

5.7 Phase 7: Checking for Neuro Psychiatric Disorders & Treatment Provisions

6.0. Comparative Data Analysis between ADP & KASRC

6.1. Confusion Matrix Between ADP and KASRC Data

6.2. Comparative Analysis Based on FMTI and FMTF Values

7. 0 Conclusion

8.0 Future Research

Declarations

References

Additional Declarations

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