Effect of an Aggressive New Race Broomrape (Orobanche Cumana L.) on Agronomical and Technological Traits of the Sunflower in Mediterranean Environments

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363730/v1

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Effect of an Aggressive New Race Broomrape (Orobanche Cumana L.) on Agronomical and Technological Traits of the Sunflower in Mediterranean Environments

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5363730/v1

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Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is the most important edible oil crop in Turkey as 85% of the edible oil consumed is made from it. A major limiting factor in sunflower-producing countries is infestation by the parasitic plant Orobanche cumana. In all regions of Turkey where sunflower is grown, sunflower plants exhibiting various degrees of infestation by this parasite and various invasive groups of this parasite have been observed. The aim of this study was to assess the tolerance of sunflower varieties to the new aggressive parasitic race and to determine its effect on agronomical and technological traits of the sunflower. Our results over a two-year study of agronomically important traits indicate that the hybrids, HA-4 and HA-5, are fully resistant to the parasite under field conditions and had significantly higher seed yield and oil content than the standards. Therefore, new sources of genetic resistance and herbicide-resistant sunflower hybrids are required against highly invasive races for this region.

Agronomy

Broomrape

oil content

oleic acid

seed yield

sunflower

Sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) is a holoparasitic plant occurring in the wild from south–eastern Europe to central Asia, and parasitizes few species belonging to the family Asteraceae, mainly Artemisia spp. It parasitizes sunflower in many sunflower-producing countries, such as central and eastern Europe, Spain, Turkey, Israel, Iran, Kazakhstan, and China (Fernández-Martínez et al., 2015), and is one of the crops most serious production constraints. The Mediterranean region is one of the most important centers of biodiversity; new records indicate that the genus Orobanche is represented by 39 species in Turkey (Zare et al., 2009). After infecting sunflower roots, the parasite easily takes nutrients and water from the soil through the plant’s roots, thus damaging the crop and reducing yields by up to 100% (Kaya et al., 2011). This leads to considerable decrease in yield and low quality of produce (Shindrova, 2006).

Over two decades, the aggressiveness of the parasite increased substantially with the appearance of new physiological races after a relative stable period of broomrape race E. For the host spots infested with race G, it is not recommended to plant race E resistant hybrids because of the drastic yield decreases. Hybrids resistant to race F also register drastic yield decreases in these areas. Broomrape, thus, substantially reduced seed and oil production. Moreover, ıt is not recommended to grow sunflower hybrids with resistance genes for race E or F in locations infested with race G or G+ (Dicu et al., 2011). South–east Romania is infested with the most invasive races of O. cumana (G, H, and others) (Gabriel et al., 2023). Recent studies show that the most aggressive Orobanche race, resistant to the varieties and hybrids commonly used in production, occurs in Adana on Mediterranean coast of Turkey (Uncuoglu et al., 2018; Kilic et al., 2016; Kilic et al., 2021; Coque et al., 2016).

The invasion of 11 populations of the parasites in Hungary, Romania, Spain, and Turkey was assessed after the infection of sunflower inbred lines to differentiate races of the parasite under glasshouse conditions. Analyses of molecular diversity detected race F in Hungary, Spain, and Turkey, and, the most invasive race, G in Turkey (Molinero-Ruiz et al., 2014). Increasingly invasive populations classified as races G and H are becoming predominant in countries surrounding the Black Sea (Kaya, 2014). The new broomrape races detected in the sunflower crop in Turkey seem to be more invasive than the races occurring in other countries (Kaya et al., 2004).

The eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey has very fertile soils and has experienced a gradual increase in acreage and production of sunflower because of the economic interest the crop has stimulated in local farmers. Although no Orobanche has been detected in sunflower fields in the region so far, infestation is possible as the parasite naturally occurs in this region. Orobanche ramose, O. aegyptiaca, and O. crenata were identified infecting tomato, lentil, and fava bean fields in this region respectively. It is important to train growers on how to prevent the broomrape infestation from spreading to sunflower fields in the eastern Mediterranean region (Bulbul et al., 2009). In countries, such as Romania, Turkey, Ukraine, Bulgaria, and Russia, Broomrape races A–E overcoming all the known resistance genes were also identified, and have been named F, G, and H (Fernández-Martínez et al., 2008; Păcureanu-Joita et al., 2009; Škorić et al., 2010). Broomrape epidemic breaks out every 20 years (1960, 1980, and 2000) and overcomes the resistance of sunflower cultivars grown in that region (Bulbul et al., 1991; Kaya, 2003). The parasitic interaction between sunflower and O. cumana generally follows a gene for gene model, with resistance in sunflower (Vranceanu et al., 1980).

Sunflower grows widely in Turkey and in other countries as it is highly adaptable, the cultivation is highly mechanizable, it is easy to market, and it is one of the most preferred vegetable oil for consumption in Turkey. Weeds and the broomrape parasite are the devastating biotic stress factors that limit seed and oil yield in sunflower production (Kaya et al., 2018).

Estimation of the effects of broomrape infestations on the sunflower under field conditions is difficult as non-infected control plots are necessary (Domingues, 1996).

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of newly-discovered highly-invasive O. cumana races that started to appear on the Mediterranean coast of southern Turkey on the yield and quality of sunflower varieties.

Genetic Material, Experiment Location, Design

Nine sunflower hybrids were used as genetic material in this experiment. Seven of the hybrids were obtained from the Limagrain Tohum A.S. Company and two were registered hybrids that were used as check varieties. Field experiments of the research study were conducted at two locations in Adana, Turkey with a randomized complete block design and four replicates. The field experiments were conducted in the spring of 2018 and 2019 in Sagkaya District (37°09'55.8"N 35°43'11.0"E and 37°11'22.1"N 35°41'45.1"E) and Dedeler Disctrict (37°04'48.8"N 35°33'15.6"E and 37°02'51.6"N 35°33'17.0"E ) in Adana Province, Turkey. The Adana Province is located on the Mediterranean cost and has an average annual rainfall of 668,1 mm and a mean monthly temperature of 19°C. In this region, the total rainfall received in the growing period of sunflower (March–July) constitutes about 29% of the annual precipitation.

Table 1. Some meteorological parameters in the experimental area in Adana in 2018 and 2019

Cultural Practices, Measurement Parameters, Statistical Analysis

At all locations, optimal agrotechnical practices were applied for sunflower cultivation. The experimental varieties and checks were planted in a well prepared soil in four rows with a length of 7,5 m. Plant spacing was 70 cm between rows and 30 cm between plants within a row, resulting in a total plot area of 21 m². The two rows in the middle of each plot were selected for the hybrids for observations and harvest. For each hybrid, head diameter and seed yield were measured. Oil content as a percentage was determined in the laboratory by Bruker minispec XL NMR. Oleic acid content was also measured by Spinlock SLK-200 NMR. Variance analysis was performed for all data obtained from the field experiment using the JMP-7 software.

Observations on broomrape included frequency (F), intensity (I), and attacking rate (AR) based on the Pustovoit method. The plants were regarded as resistant if frequency was 0–10% and AR values were 0–1 (Vranceanu et al., 1980).

Frequency of plants with Orobanche (F) was calculated as a percentage as follows:

F(%) = number of plants infected with Orobanche/Total number of plants in a row × 100)

The mean number of Orobanche per infested plant was calculated as follows:

I = Total number of Orobanche/Total number of plants infested with Orobanche in the row

AR = The number of Orobanche in one plant in the row = F × I/100.

Seed Yield

The results indicated that seed yield was significantly affected by year, variety, and location × year interaction (p ≤ 0.01) (Table 2). Analysis of variance showed statistically significant location × variety × year interaction (Table 2). The second year (2019) had lower seed yield in sunflower infected with broomrape than the first year (2018). Observed broomrape frequency was higher in 2019 than in 2018 in Dedeler (Table 3).

Figure 1. Effect of broomrape on seed yield (kg/ha−¹) in sunflower varieties in 2018 and 2019

Infection of sunflower with broomrape affected yield (Fig. 1). The Pustovit method showed that varieties Check2 and HA-7 had high tolerance against broomrape attacks in 2018; however, both varieties were susceptible in 2019 due to very high broomrape infection frequency. Varieties Check1, HA-8, and HA-9 were susceptible to broomrape in both years in the broomrape-infected location. Grenz et al. (2008) recorded similar reductions in sunflower yield due to Orobanche infection. According to Piven et al. (2004), low broomrape infestation could cause 5–20% loss of yield, and high infestation could cause over 50% loss of yield. Prodan et al. (2022) reported that the hybrids with good resistance gave good seed yield due to their behavior during the broomrape attack; although, the degree of broomrape attack was higher in 2020 than in 2021. Molinero-Ruiz et al. (2009) reported that an increase in sunflower yield because of the use of resistant hybrids was most noticeable during high field infestations. Stevan et al. (2012) observed that hybrids exhibited different susceptibilities and variable responses to broomrape attack. The seed yield loss in infected sunflower plants varied from 2.6–70%. Acimovic (1998) found that intensity of damage depends on severity of attack, and decrease of the seed yield depends on number of broomrape plants per sunflower plant.

Table 2. Combined analysis of variance for yield and quality traits under Orobanche spp. infection (across two years)

DF¹ degrees of freedom for variance analysis of individual years

DF² degrees of freedom for combined analysis of variance

ns not significant

*p ≤ 0.05

**p ≤ 0.01

Results presented in Table 3 show that in Dedeler in 2018 and 2019, races H and I overcame broomrape resistance standard checks. The effect of the attack depended on genotype, which conferred different tolerances to broomrape.

Table 3. Soil infection by O. cumana in some fields affected yield and limited development of the crop in the Adana region.

In this study, broomrape AR ranged between 0.00% and 7.12% in 2018 and between 0.00% and 23.92% in 2019. Gospodinov (1960) reported that if the number of broomrape plants per sunflower plant is from 1 to 10, the seed yield decreases by 13.8%, and if the number of broomrape plants per sunflower plant are from 111 to 130 seed yield decreases by 70%.

Oil Content

The JMP based variance analysis results showed that oil content was significantly affected by year and variety interactions. Additionally, there was a significant effect of location × year × variety interactions on the oil content (Table 2).

Figure 2. Change in oil content (%) of sunflower varieties with broomrape (Orobanche spp.) infection

Broomrape infection of sunflower affecting oil content was high in 2019 in Dedeler because of high broomrape infection rate. Thus, we concluded that the oil contents decreased in direct proportion to broomrape infection rate and not because of the locations where the infection was either low or absent.

Similar results have also been found by Gisca (2017) who observed that oil content in the hybrids Favorit, Performer, and LG5661 was affected to some extent by the degree of parasite infection. The difference in oil content in sunflower seeds between the uninfected/poorly infested fields and those heavily infested was about 2–3% (Favorit, LG5661) and 5–6% (Performer), respectively. Shindrova et al. (1998) reported that the decrease in oil content of sunflower plants infected by broomrape is directly proportional to the intensity of infection. Lui and Li (1988) observed that oil content in seeds of the plants infected by broomrape drops by 3–18%.

Head Diameter

Location, varieties, location × variety, year, and location × year interactions had significant effects on head diameter (p ≤ 0,01). Head diameter decreased significantly with broomrape infestation in both trial years. The lowest head diameter in the second year was 9.75 cm in broomrape infested fields, whereas it was 11.50 cm in the first year (Fig. 3). In 2018, only a few varieties were affected by broomrape due to low infestation. The hybrids HA-4, HA-5, and HA-6 were an exception, as they had higher diameter than noninfected plants. This could be attributed to the relatively low frequency of broomrape infection in addition to other factors that influence head diameter. Some differences may occur owing to differences in genotypes and environmental differences (Gul and Coban, 2020). Moreover, in 2019, most of the varieties were affected by higher rate of broomrape infection. The most pronounced effect on head development under broomrape stress was found in the HA-9 variety. In this case, the sunflower head diameter was significantly lower (− 34.4%) than that of the checks (Fig. 3).

Figure 3. Change of head diameter of sunflower varieties with broomrape (Orobanche spp.) presence

Broomrape infection directly affects yield components, e.g., decreases of up to 20.40% in the sunflower head diameter compared to check varieties (Glijin, 2013). Similarly, lowest values of head diameter ranging from 13.4 to 17.4 cm were recorded under infection conditions by Gisca et. al. (2017). Shindrova et al. (1998) reported that in sunflower plants infected by broomrape, decrease in head diameter directly depends on the intensity of infection. Duca (2015) reported that broomrape has a negative effect on sunflower development; the infected plants are smaller, the sunflower head diameter is reduced, and up to 80% of yield losses are observed.

Oleic Acid Content

The year’s effect on oleic acid content was not significant; although, there was a significant effect of year × variety interactions on oleic acid content. There was no significance in the location × variety × year interaction in both years and locations (Table 2). However, location and location × year interactions had significant effects on oleic acid content. Oleic acid content is determined by Ol genes and genetic factors and is also highly influenced by environmental factors (Alonso, 1988; Izquierdo et al. 2006). Fatty acid content varies with genetic, climatic, ecological, morphological, physiological, and cultural practices (Baydar and Erbas, 2005).

Figure 4. Effect of broomrape (Orobanche spp.) infection on oleic content (%) of sunflower varieties

Oleic acid content of sunflower varieties was not influenced by broomrape infestations. Similar results were reported by Shindrova et al. (1998) who found no changes in composition quality of the analyzed fatty acids under broomrape infection. Hosni et al. (2020) failed to identify relationship between fatty acid composition and resistance to broomrape infestation. According to Gisca (2017), the content of oleic acid in the hybrids Sandrina, HS5034, and HS3045, with mean resistance, and varieties LG-3, Favorit, and HS3655, with a high resistance to broomrape, varies mainly in relation to the genotype and cultivation conditions, and depends less on infection by the parasite. Sumalan et al. (2016) reported that broomrape parasitism on sunflower plants did not show any impact on palmitic and stearic acid contents, the differences being nonsignificant; however, oleic and linolenic acid levels increased in parasitized plants. Akar et al. (2020) emphasized that besides having high oleic acid content, sunflower cultivars should also have high yield, high oil content, and resistance to Orobanche (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) and mildew in Turkey.

The values of the analyzed productivity indices vary a lot depending on the genotypes of sunflower. Some hybrids (e.g., the hybrid HA-3, HA-4, HA-5, and HA-6) are resistant to broomrape and endure its attack with low losses; however, hybrids HA-8 and HA-9, with the highest degree of infection, were the most affected, showing significantly decreased indices for all the studied characteristics.

Our results indicate that tested hybrids expressed different susceptibility and variable response in seed yield, oil content, and head diameter to broomrape parasitism. The influence of environmental conditions, locations, production years, and broomrape presence on oleic acid content depended on the variety.

By testing the new hybrids for broomrape resistance, seed yield, and oil content simultaneously, the introduction of new high yielding hybrids resistant to broomrape was possible. Additionally, further research and breeding programs should be undertaken urgently to limit O. Cumana’s spread.

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Tables 1 to 3 are available in the Supplementary Files section.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Table.1.png
Table 1.Some meteorological parameters in the experimental area in Adana in 2018 and 2019
Table.2.png
Table 2. Combined analysis of variance for yield and quality traits under Orobanchespp. infection (across two years)
Table.3.png
Table 3. Soil infection by O. cumana in some fields affected yield and limited development of the crop in the Adana region.

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Effect of an Aggressive New Race Broomrape (Orobanche Cumana L.) on Agronomical and Technological Traits of the Sunflower in Mediterranean Environments

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Version 1

Abstract

Figures

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Genetic Material, Experiment Location, Design

Cultural Practices, Measurement Parameters, Statistical Analysis

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Seed Yield

Oil Content

Head Diameter

Oleic Acid Content

CONCLUSION

References

Tables

Additional Declarations

Supplementary Files

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