Population
In this retrospective cohort study, all subjects were collected from inpatient populations in Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital from September 2019 to February 2020.All the cases met the following recruitment criteria on the definition of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza infection, respectively.
Recruitment Criteria
- The admitted participants aged from 1 to14 years.
- The potential participants met the definitions for either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza infections.
Definition for influenza cases in our study: (1) onset of at least one of the following systemic symptoms: fever, headache, myalgia or malaise; (2) At least one of the following three respiratory symptoms: cough (dry cough), sore throat or dyspnea; (3) Laboratory criteria on detection of influenza (A and B) virus nucleic acid in a clinical specimen. Any person meeting the (1) and (3) or (2) and (3) will be regarded as confirmed case of influenza.
Definition for COVID-19 cases in our study. Clinical criteria: (1) Acute onset of fever or cough (dry cough); (2) The respiratory infection with the following symptoms: cough, fever, dyspnea; (3) Radiological evidence showing lesions compatible with COVID-19;
Epidemiological criteria: (1) Once close contact with a COVID-19 confirmed case in the last 14 days prior to onset of symptoms; (2) Residing or working in or travel to an area with high risk of transmission in the last 14 days. Laboratory criteria: A positive result on detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid in a clinical specimen. Any individual meeting the laboratory criteria with either clinical or epidemiological criteria will be regarded as the confirmed case.
Exclusion Criteria
(1) Under the age of 1 or Over the age of 14; (2) Prior receipt of any vaccine in the past 6 months; (3) Have received immunoglobulins and/or any blood products within three months; (4) History of chronic inflammatory disease (rheumatological disease, autoimmune disease); (5) Use of antipyretic medication (acetaminophen or ibuprofen) within 72 hours; (6) Confirmed with SARS-CoV-2/influenza or influenza A/B co-infections; (7) History of hypersensitivity to gentamicin or vancomycin, other aminoglycoside antibiotics; (8) Missing data on medical records; (9) Other medical or psychiatric conditions that may interfere with study participation;
Data Collection
Pharyngeal swab samples were collected in a tube with 150 μL of virus preservation solution, followed by total RNA extraction. Influenza A And B Viruses Real Time PCR Kit (Bioperfectus Technologies Co., Ltd., China) was used for the detection of influenza A and B viruses. Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) RNA Detection Kit (PCR Fluorescence probing) manufactured by Da An Gene Co., Ltd. and approved by China's National Medical Products Administration, was used for SARS-CoV-2 virus testing in pharyngeal swabs. Conditions for the amplifications include reverse transcription at 50°C for 15min, pre-denaturation at 95°C for 15 min, followed by 45 cycles of 94°C for 15 s and 55°C for 45 s for fluoresce detection. The receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the optimal threshold cut-off value. And a cycle threshold (Ct) value ≤40 was defined as a positive test. Demographic and clinical data of involved patients was derived from electronic medical records. The samples for peripheral blood were collected on admission day as well as during the hospitalization. The routine blood test was performed by Sysmex XT-2000i automated hematology analyzer (Sysmex Corporation). Inflammatory biomarker assays were run on ARCHITECT i2000 SR analyzer (Abbot Diagnostics) according to the protocols recommended by the manufacturer. In brief, the assay is a two-step protocol. In step 1, 25 μL of sample was incubated with antigen coated paramagnetic microparticles, followed by a wash step. The second step incorporated the addition of acridinium-labeled conjugate to create a reaction mixture. After a further washing, trigger solutions were added to create a chemiluminescent reaction. The light emission was then measured as a relative light unit which was directly proportional to the amount of target in the sample.
Ethical Approval
This study was approved by Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital Ethics Committee and informed consent in influenza cohort was obtained from parents or guardians. For COVID-19 patients, written informed consent was waived by the Ethics Commission. Any data we collected and analyzed was derived from clinical raw record without any intervention and influence on clinical treatment. And no additional collection of human samples or genetic resource materials was performed in our study.
Study Procedures
Shown as in Figure 1, age- and definition-matched COVID-19 patients and influenza infected patients were recruited as two separate groups. Overall, 4 COVID-19 cases with incomplete information were excluded from further analysis, while complete data were available for 30 COVID-19 cases and 36 influenza cases, respectively. Furthermore, 4 influenza B cases were not taken into consideration because the sample size is too small to yield statistical significances. Totally, 30 SARS-CoV-2 and 32 influenza A confirmed cases were enrolled. In particular, 5 of SARS-CoV-2 infected pediatric patients, matching the inclusion criteria of our previous study, were included in another report [8]. The data were extracted from the electronic medical records, including demographic characteristics (age and sex), clinical signs and symptoms, as well as laboratory tests (routine blood test, blood chemistry and inflammatory marker assays). Fever was defined as an axillary temperature of 37.5°C or higher. All these information were double checked by two researchers independently.
Statistical Analysis
Comparisons were conducted by using the Mann-Whitney non-parametric test. Mean ±standard deviation (SD) and 95% confidence interval were reported for normally distributed, continuous variables. Categorical variables were reported as counts and percentages. While for data not normally distributed, median with interquartile range (IQR) was used. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the relation of inflammatory parameters and body temperatures. All statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 25.