[1] WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) Pandemic. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019 (accessed July 14, 2020).
[2] Tian S, Hu N, Lou J, et al. Characteristics of COVID-19 infection in Beijing. J Infect. 2020;80(4):401-406.
[3] Guan W, Ni Z, Hu Y, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. Published online February 28, 2020. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1708-1720
[4] Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and Important Lessons From the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239-1242
[5] Yang X, Yu Y, Xu J, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a single-centered, retrospective, observational study. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(5):475-481
[6] Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-1062
[7] Shi S, Li H, Liu M, et al. Mortality prediction to hospitalized patients with influenza pneumonia: PO(2) /FiO(2) combined lymphocyte count is the answer. Clin Respir J. 2017;11(3):352-360
[8] Viasus D, Pano-Pardo JR, Pachon J, et al. Factors associated with severe disease in hospitalized adults with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 in Spain. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. 2011; 17, 738-746
[9] Guo L, Wei D, Zhang X, et al. Clinical Features Predicting Mortality Risk in Patients With Viral Pneumonia: The MuLBSTA Score. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2752
[10] Ranieri VM, Rubenfeld GD, Thompson BT, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome: the Berlin Definition. JAMA. 2012; 307: 2526-2533
[11] WHO. Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) technical guidance: Patient management.https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/tech nical-guidance/patient-management (accessed July 14, 2020)
[12] Singer M, Deutschman CS, Seymour CW, et al. The Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA.2016; 315 (8), 801-810
[13] Khwaja A. KDIGO clinical practice guidelines for acute kidney injury. Nephron Clin Pract. 2012; 120: c179-184.
[14] Russell CD, Parajuli A, Gale HJ, et al. The utility of peripheral blood leucocyte ratios as biomarkers in infectious diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2019; 78(5): 339-348
[15] Hui DSC, Zumla A. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome: Historical, Epidemiologic, and Clinical Features. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2019; 33 (4), 869-889
[16] Kim ES, Choe PG, Park WB, et al. Clinical Progression and Cytokine Profiles of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection. Korean Med Sci. 2016; 31 (11), 1717-1725
[17] Forget P, Khalifa C, Defour JP, et al. What is the normal value of the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio? BMC Res Notes. 2017; 10(1):12
[18] Chung M, Bernheim A, Mei X, et al. CT Imaging Features of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Radiology. Published online February 4, 2020. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2020200230
[19] Beigel JH, Tebas P, Elie-Turenne MC, et al; IRC002 Study Team. Immune plasma for the treatment of severe influenza: an open-label, multicentre, phase 2 randomised study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017; 5:500-511.
[20] Cao B, Wang Y, Wen D, et al. A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382(19):1787-1799
[21] Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020; 395 (10223):497-506
[22] Wang D, Hu B,Hu C, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061-1069
[23] Qin C, Zhou L, Hu Z, et al. Dysregulation of immune response in patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. Clin Infect Dis. Published online March 12, 2020. doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa248
[24] Leung GM, Rainer TH, Lau FL, et al; Hospital Authority SARS Collaborative Group. A clinical prediction rule for diagnosing severe acute respiratory syndrome in the emergency department. Ann Intern Med. 2004;141(5):333-342
[25] Alfaraj SH, Al-Tawfiq JA, Assiri AY, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection: A cohort study. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2019;29:48-50.
[26] Naess A, Nilssen SS, Mo R, et al. Role of neutrophil to lymphocyte and monocyte to lymphocyte ratios in the diagnosis of bacterial infection in patients with fever. Infection. 2017;45(3):299-307.
[27] Honigsbaum M.Legionnaires' Disease: Revisiting the Puzzle of the Century. Lancet. 2016; 388 (10043), 456-457
[28] Schuetz P, Haubitz S, Christ-Crain M, et al; ProHOSP Study Group. Hyponatremia and Anti-Diuretic Hormone in Legionnaires' Disease. BMC Infect Dis. 2013;13:585
[29] Kinoshita-Katahashi N, Fukasawa H, Ishigaki S, et al. Acquired Fanconi syndrome in patients with Legionella pneumonia. BMC Nephrol. 2013;14:171
[30] Lan J, Ge J, Yu J, et al. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor. Nature. 2020;581(7807):215-220
[31] Pan X, Xu D, Zhang H, et al. Identification of a potential mechanism of acute kidney injury during the COVID-19 outbreak: a study based on single-cell transcriptome analysis. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(6):1114-1116
[32] Arabi YM, Arifi AA, Balkhy HH, et al. Clinical course and outcomes of critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(6):389-397
[33] Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of Cardiac Injury With Mortality in Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. Published online March 25, 2020. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2020.0950
[34] Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(4):420-422.
[35] Yao X, Li T , He Z, et al. A Pathological Report of Three COVID-19 Cases by Minimally Invasive Autopsies. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2020;49(5):411-417.
[36] Chen G, Wu D, Guo W, et al. Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019. J Clin Invest. 2020;130(5):2620-2629