Synthesis and Characterization of PVA Assisted Sr-Hydroxyapatite Using Hydrothermal Coupled Microemulsion Method

doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-576758/v1

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Synthesis and Characterization of PVA Assisted Sr-Hydroxyapatite Using Hydrothermal Coupled Microemulsion Method

https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-576758/v1

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Hydroxyapatite is a bioceramic material and it is one of the most important inorganic compounds which are extensively used in several forms as a bone substitute material. Hydroxyapatite is chemically represented as (Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂), and is chemically and crystallographically similar to the human hard tissue. The hydroxyapatite nanoparticle is mainly used in orthopaedic and dental applications due to its properties of bioactivity, osteoconduction, biocompatibility and non-toxicity. In this research work, poly vinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite nano powders was synthesised by conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method using dimethyl sulfoxide and hexane. It is well known that strontium stimulates bone formation, reduction bone resorption and it is also used to osteoporosis diseases, while poly vinyl alcohol (PVA) helps in controlling the morphology and it is beneficial for artificial bone formation and possess excellent bioactivities properties. The structure, chemical composition and morphology were investigated by different techniques such as XRD, FTIR, SEM and MTT assay. The results indicated that the poly vinyl alcohol assisted Sr substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticle has a uniform spherical morphology, smaller particle size and with no impurities. The biomedical application studies of the as-synthesised material are yet to be studied.

Biopolymers

Polymer Science

Hydroxyapatite

Biomaterials

Strontium

PVA

hydrothermal method

Microemulsion method

The significant research findings reported in this paper are as follows

√ Polyvinyl alcohol assisted Sr substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized through conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method using DMSO/cyclohexane/water combination as a novel technique.

√ PVA play an important role in controlling the morphology and also the reduction of particle size that can result in fine nanometer sized hydroxyapatite powders.

√ The PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder has showed excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity due to the addition of strontium.

√ Strontium plays an important role in osteoporosis treatment and enhancement of bone demineralization as it is related with an increase in bone formation and decrease in bone resorption.

√ This novel biocompatible and bioactive hydroxyapatite prepared by using strontium as a template is promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is the most important mineral form of calcium phosphate salt existent as inorganic phase in human classified tissues i.e., bone and teeth [1] and it is chemically represented as Ca₁₀ (PO₄)₆(OH)₂. The capability of the human body to redevelop bone components that are damaged or lost is restricted. For this purpose, materials are to be developed that can sufficiently change bone tissue, specially mineralized tissue includes teeth and bone. Therefore researches on the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles has grown with much importance currently as bone mineral contains hydroxyapatite in the form of spherical/rod like nanoparticles. The synthesized hydroxyapatite powders have excellent properties such as biocompatibility, osteoconductivity, bioactivity and non-inflammatory as well as non-toxicity behaviour [2–6]. Therefore, HAP is an appropriate material for biomedical applications and it has been commonly used for hard tissue regeneration and repair [7]. HAP has also been used for several applications including drug and gene delivery, gas sensor, chromatography, water purification and photo catalytic [8–10] etc. Meanwhile the application of HAP truly depends on the morphology, precursor sources, particle size, crystallinity and phase purity of nanoparticles etc. [11]

Strontium can exist in the mineral phase of bone, mainly at regions of high metabolic turnover and its useful effect in the osteoporosis treatment [12, 13]. Accordingly, several methods are reported for the non-stoichiometric hydroxyapatite that can be prepared with incorporation of anionic and cationic substitution including Na⁺, Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺, Zn²⁺, F⁻, OH⁻ etc., Among these ions, the strontium element has been established to develop vital function in growing and also bone repair [14]. It can regulate the degradation, improve the mechanical strength of the hydroxyapatite [15], and positively control their bioactive properties including osteoconduction. Strontium is well-known to act an significant role in both the stimulation of bone growth in osteoporotic treatment and reduction of bone resorption during bone remodelling [16], which naturally exists in bone and teeth [17, 18]. The strontium and calcium share the properties of group 2A elements, without much difficulty. Furthermore, strontium substituted hydroxyapatite has attracted enormous attention because it is a bone seeking element that appears a beneficial influence on bone growth and its excellent physical, chemical and structural parallel to Calcium in hydroxyapatite [19].

There are many techniques present in the literature for the preparation of hydroxyapatite and substitute hydroxyapatite nanoparticles such as ultrasound system [20, 21], precipitation method [22], sol-gel method [23], hydrothermal system [24, 25], microemulsion technique [26], hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method etc. [27, 28]. Nevertheless, most of the methods suffer from achieving the spherical morphology, uniform size distribution, more agglomeration, uncontrolled long term aging and aggregation due to stringent processes. Amongst these methods, the hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method is suitable for the preparation of HAP nanoparticles. Hydrothermal methods provides well crystallinity, phase purity and improved control over stoichiometry but more agglomeration and a very big size distribution [29], while microemulsion method offers controls the particle size, uniform morphology and to avoid agglomeration, ease of preparation with produced nano-particles. Consequently, combining these two methods may offer better preparation method for hydroxyapatite nanoparticles.

The present work mostly focuses on the formation of hydroxyapatite with crystallized and controlled morphology of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles using PVA by hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method. Polyvinyl alcohol is a polymer, non-ionic surfactant with good biocompatibility, excellent bioactivities, non-toxicity, more elastic modulus and water content [30–32,] as well as biodegradable polymer [33]. The polyvinyl alcohol hydrogel possesses high potential for their use in tissue engineering and it can also play as a feasible alternative of current artificial bone. Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) is widely used in biochemical, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications [34–37] including orthopaedic devices, wound dressings, drug delivery devices [38] and artificial organs [39]. The polyvinyl alcohol is most effective templates because it controls the morphology and reduces the particle size with preventing agglomeration.

In the current work, we report that the preparation of polyvinyl alcohol assisted Sr substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method using DMSO/cyclohexane/water combination. The results have shown that, the preparation of strontium substituted HAP powder has well phase purity with crystallinity and do not show more agglomeration with impurity, uniform spherical morphology and smaller particle size was reached through hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method. The as-achieved hydroxyapatite powders were characterized by different analytical techniques.

2.1 Chemicals and Reagents

In the conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion synthesis, analytical grade Ca(NO₃)₂·4H₂O, and (Na₂HPO₄), were used for preparing calcium and phosphate precursor materials for hydroxyapatite synthesis and polyvinyl alcohol, strontium nitrate, hexane, DMSO and ammonia (NH₃) were purchased from Merck, India was used as such. The entire chemicals were of analytical grade and deionized water (DI) was used during the experimental process.

2.2 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite powder

Hydroxyapatite nano-particles and polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite powders were synthesised by hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method according to the following process: 0.5 M Ca (NO₃)₂.4H₂O and strontium nitrate were dissolved in (DI) water with continuous stirring for 30 minutes to make it homogeneous and 0.3 M Na₂HPO₄ solution was dissolved in deionized water. The Ca (NO₃)₂.4H₂O with strontium nitrate solutions were subsequently added drop by drop into Na₂HPO₄ solution. This solution was used for the aqueous phase and to maintain the Ca²⁺ /PO₄³⁻ ratio as 1.67. PVA was added as a surfactant while dimethyl sulfoxide was used as a co-surfactant and hexane as an oil phase. These solutions were dissolved in (DI) water with continuous stirring for 1 h to produce an oil phase. The obtained oil phase was then added dropwise into the calcium phosphate mixture. The obtained white suspensions were strongly stirred for 2h until a clear solution was obtained. The pH of the solution was adjusted to 10 by adding NH₃ solution. Then the resulting solutions were transferred to autoclaves followed by heated at 120°C for 3 hrs. Afterwards the white precipitate was filtered and washed many times with (DI) water and ethanol followed by drying at 100°C for 3hrs. The obtained powder was then calcined and sintered finally to achieve nano-hydroxyapatite powder. The preparation of hydroxyapatite was repeated without the addition of surfactant and with PVA. The obtained product was characterized with different analytical techniques.

3.1. FTIR analysis

The hydroxyapatite powder and polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite powder synthesised by conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method was investigated by FTIR technique. The characteristic peaks of phosphate group, hydroxyl group and absorbed water are clearly detected in Fig. 1. The ν₁ group frequency is detected at 966 cm^− 1 which is due to symmetric stretching vibrational mode of phosphate group and the ν₂ vibration of phosphate group was found at 475 cm^− 1 which could be attributed to symmetric bending mode of phosphate group. The high intensity peaks occurs at 1040 and 1096 cm^− 1 is due to asymmetric stretching vibration mode of phosphate group ν₃. The peaks found at 559 & 606 cm^− 1 corresponds to asymmetric bending mode of the phosphate group ν₄. The sharp peak at 3580 cm^− 1 corresponds to symmetric stretching vibration of the hydroxyl group while the medium peak observed at 624 cm^− 1 is due to OH group. The broad peak detected at 3433 cm^− 1 is assigned to the adsorbed lattice water. The peak observed at 1635 cm^− 1 corresponds to OH bending mode. The obtained values for Fig. 1 (a and b) are shown in Table. 1. In Fig. 1 (a-c) all characteristic peaks for hydroxyapatite are present in FTIR spectrum and no impurities were noted [40]. Hence the FTIR result suggests that the quality of our sample is good.


Table 1 FTIR spectral assignment of the functional groups
Functional group and Vibrational frequency
Sample	OH			Phosphate
	Stretching	Lattice water	Bending	ν₁	ν₂	ν₃	ν₄
HAP	3560 & 639	3441	1643	985	489	1022 & 1078	588 & 601
HAP-PVA	3524 & 633	3496	1625	956	486	1023 & 1070	550 & 605
Sr-HAP-DMSO	3580 & 624	3433	1635	966	475	1040 & 1096	559 & 606

3.2. XRD analysis

The phase purity and crystallinity of as obtained hydroxyapatite powder was assessed by X-ray diffraction studies. The XRD pattern of the prepared hydroxyapatite powder and polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite powder is shown in Fig. 2 (a-c). The sharp and major characteristic peaks are detected at 2θ values in the range of 25.90, 31.79, 32.21, 32.91, 34.08, 39.52, 46.67, 49.44 and 53.16 assigned to 002, 211, 112, 300, 202, 310, 222, 213 and 004 planes respectively in pure hydroxyapatite. Correspondingly, lightly broader diffraction peaks appeared at 2θ values in the range of 25.85, 31.76, 32.18, 32.86, 34.05, 39.44, 46.50, 49.34 and 53.10 correspond to 002, 211, 112, 300, 202, 310, 222, 213 and 004 planes respectively in strontium substituted HAP. It can be seen that, the preparation of PVA assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite powder are well matched with the standard diffraction data for hydroxyapatite (JCPDS file No 09-0432) and it belong to hexagonal structure [41], no extra peaks of any other phases like TCP can be observed in Fig. 2 (a-c) and hence it could be known that pure nano-sized hydroxyapatite particle could be obtained. It can be clearly observed that, the addition of PVA act a major role in the development of HAP nano-particles and decreases the particle size. The PVA assisted strontium substituted HAP powder indicates well crystallized, smaller particle size with phase purity when compared to HAP powder obtained without surfactant. The grain size of the PVA assisted Sr-substituted HAP powder is found to be lesser when comparing to HAP. Crystallite size are shown below in Table 2 and particle size (D) was calculated by scherrer formula [42],

D = 𝑲×𝝀 /𝜷×𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (1)

Table.2 Average particle size hydroxyapatite powders by scherrer formula.
Sample code	Average particle size (nm)
HAP	30
HAP-PVA	16
HAP-PVA-Sr	14

3.3. Scanning electron microscopic studies

The particle size and the surface morphology of the prepared samples were determined by scanning electron microscopic technique. The morphology of the PVA assisted Sr-HAP and hydroxyapatite powders prepared by the conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method are presented in Fig. 3 (a-c). From the SEM images, it can be observed that the synthesised HAP powder without addition of surfactant exhibits a greater numbers of disordered, tightly aggregated particles and the powder is non-uniform in size with an irregular morphology. In Fig. 3 (b and c) shown, the influence of polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium-HAP powder has resulted in a relatively uniform size distribution, lesser particle size and highly regular morphology when compared to HAP powder obtained without additives. It can be seen that the elongated morphology converted into spherical morphology due to the influence of polyvinyl alcohol and strontium. This was achieved because the surfactants like polyvinyl alcohol have reacted with inorganic substance (calcium and phosphate) in microemulsion system by electrostatic force to form spherical hydroxyapatite. The spherical micelles play as nucleating agent for the development of hydroxyapatite powder and during the reaction, the polyvinyl alcohol-hydroxyapatite compound are produced and it could be control the morphology and also the reduction of particle size of obtained hydroxyapatite powder. The spherical nano-hydroxyapatite powder was obtained after the removal of surfactant using calcination and sintering [43]. As a typical result, the preparation of PVA assisted Sr- HAP powder indicated well control particle size and uniform morphology.

3.4. In Vitro assay for Proliferation Study: (MTT assay)

The invitro biocompatibility of PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite sample was evaluated by MTT assay test on osteoblast cell line MG-63 and the effect of PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder was analysed based on cell viability of human bone cells. The MG-63 cells lines were cultured with PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder for 1 day, 2 days and 3 days and are shown in Fig. 4 (a-l). This MTT assay was carried out in different concentration of PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite particles ranging from 0.7–1000 µg/ml. The obtained results indicate that PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder MG-63 cell line viability has markedly increased compared to that of control at lower concentration (0.7µg/ml). The results suggested that the synthesised PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder are non-toxic, biocompatibility and bioactivity and therefore quite suitable for cell growth and adhesion in bone tissue engineering. The result also reveal that the PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder exhibited about 344% cell viability for higher concentration after 72 h of incubation which suggests for fairly well cytocompatibility of the strontium substituted hydroxyapatite.

The MTT assay shown in Fig. 4 (72 h) indicates that the hydroxyapatite powder exhibit no visible cytotoxicity because greater number of osteoblast cell is visible and uniformly distributed. The result indicates that, after 72 h treatment, the MG-63 cell viability was reached a maximum in all the concentration compared to 24 h and 48 h and it is evident from the Fig. 5. The PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder showed excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity due to the addition of strontium. As a typical result, the MTT assay showed the cell viability graded in the order: 344%<259%<241% for 72h, 48h and 24h. It was found that these polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substitution hydroxyapatites were favourable to the proliferation and differentiation of MG-63 cells. This novel biocompatible and bioactive hydroxyapatite prepared by using strontium as a template is promising candidates for biomedical applications.

Polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite nanoparticle have been successfully synthesized through conventional hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method. The results shown that, the synthesised polyvinyl alcohol assisted strontium substituted hydroxyapatite powder was well crystallized with hexagonal structure and does not show impurity peaks as evident from the FTIR and XRD. The SEM images exhibited that the obtained powders were found to possess improved structural and morphological features such as uniform particle size and size distribution due to the addition of PVA. Hence, it can be concluded that, the hydrothermal coupled microemulsion method with PVA play significant role in regulatory the morphology and also the reduction of particle size that can result in fine nano-sized hydroxyapatite powders. The PVA assisted strontium-hydroxyapatite powder has showed excellent biocompatibility and bioactivity due to the addition of strontium. The obtained HAP powder could well serve as favourable candidate in biomedical applications and hence this technique could be a novel approach to synthesis HAP nanoparticles.

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Synthesis and Characterization of PVA Assisted Sr-Hydroxyapatite Using Hydrothermal Coupled Microemulsion Method

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Research highlight

1. Introduction

2. Materials And Methods

2.1 Chemicals and Reagents

2.2 Preparation of Hydroxyapatite powder

3. Results And Discussion

3.1. FTIR analysis

3.2. XRD analysis

D = 𝑲×𝝀 /𝜷×𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽 (1)

3.3. Scanning electron microscopic studies

3.4. In Vitro assay for Proliferation Study: (MTT assay)

Conclusions

References

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